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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Unit 1 2. How did the Norman Conquest and the Renaissance influence the English vocabulary . The transitional period转型时期from Old English to Modern English is known as Middle EnglishME 1100-1500, which is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Co
2、nquest in 1066, French was used for all state affairs and for most social and culture matters, which influenced English in daily life. The English language from 1500 to the present is called Modern English. In the early stage of this period the Renaissance文艺复 兴 brought great change to the vocabulary
3、. The renewed复兴的study of Greek in the Renaissance not only led to the borrowing of Greek words indirectly through the medium 媒介of Latin, but also led to the introduction of some Greek words directly into English vocabulary. Greek borrowings were mostly literary, technical and scientific words,page 4
4、5 3.Enumerate the causes for the rapid growth of neologisms新词,旧词新意,新词的制造者 /使用者 after World War . Give four examples for each cause. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 41 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - marked progress of science and technology. Example: to blast off 炸掉,炸毁 ,to countdown ,capsule,launching pad soc
5、io-economic社会经济, political and cultural changes. Example:roller-hockey ,surfriding,skydiving 跳伞运动 ,disignated hitter the influence from other cultures and languagespage67Example:cosmonaut ,discotheque小舞厅,迪斯科舞厅,ombudsman 调查官员舞弊情形的政府官员, apartheid 种族隔离 . 4.What are the fundamental features of the basic
6、 word stock 词库 of the English vocabulary . 1. National character 全民通用性 ：Words of the basic word stock belong to the people as a whole, not to a limited group. 2. Stability 稳固性 :As words in the basic word stock denote the commonest things necessary to life, they are likely to remain unchanged. Howeve
7、r, a certain number of Old English words have dropped out of the basic word stock, while new words have joined the rank of basic words, following social and technological changes. 3. Word-forming ability new words. 构词：Basic words are very active in forming 4. Ability to form collocations 搭配才能：Basic
8、words combine readily with other words to form habitual expressions and phrases. Since the great majority of the basic word stock are native words, they are 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 41 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - naturally the ones used most frequently in everyday speech and writing.Page 10 paragra
9、ph 4 , 5 ,7 , 8 and Page 11 paragraph 2 5. What are the characteristics of the English vocabulary as a result of its historical development . The historical development of English language shows that English is a heavy borrower; it has adopted words from almost every known language, especially from
10、Latin, French and Greek.page 18.6.Why do we say that native words are the core of the English vocabulary. First, because the native words form the great majority of the basic word stock of the English language. And the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over a number of
11、 epochs. Second, they make up the most familiar, most useful part of the English vocabulary. So we say that native words are the core of the English vocabulary for its importance. Page 10 paragraph 2, and Page 19 paragraph 27.What do we mean by literary and common words . 1 Common or popular words a
12、re words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. The great 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 41 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - majority of English words are common words . The core of the common words is the basic word stock. They are stylistically 在文 体上 neutral , and hence
13、 they are appropriate in both formal and informal writing and speech. Page 11 paragraph 6 2 Literary words are chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated上升的,提高的,崇高的style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. They are comparatively seldom used in ordinary convers
14、ation.Page 12 paragraph 1 Chapter 2 Q1:Explain the following terms and provide example: a. Morphemic 形位 b. Allomorph 形位变体 c. free and bound morphemic d. hybrid 混合词 Morphemic: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. Example: nationpage21 ,p
15、aragraph2, line 1 Allomorph: any of the variant forms of a morphemic as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. Example: books, pigs. page22 , paragraph 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 41 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 3, line 4 Free morphemic: one that can be uttered alone with meaning. Example: man,re
16、ad, faith page23 , paragraph2, line 1 To2 Bound morphemic: cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance表达 ; it must appear with at least one other morphemic. Example: unkind page23 , paragraph2, line4 Hybrid: a word made up of elements form two or more different language. Example: goddess, rewrite
17、. page27 , paragraph2, line 4 Q2. What are the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes.P26 页第 4 段开头P29 页第 4 自然段末尾Inflectional affixes 屈折词缀 are related to grammar only. Derivational affixes派生词缀are subdivided into prefixes and suffixes, which are related to the formation of new words
18、. Roots, prefixes 前缀 and suffixes 后缀. are the building blocks with which words are formed. The number of derivational affixes, although limited, is much larger than that of inflectional affixes. Q3:In what two ways are derivational affixes 派生词缀 classified. p26 Derivational affixes are classified in
19、prefixes 前缀 and suffixes后缀. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 41 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Q4:How are words classified on the morphemic 语素的level. P29 paragraph 5 On the morphemic level, words can be classified into simple, complex and compound words复合词 . Chapter III Explain 1、 p32Word-formation rules: The
20、 rules of word-formation define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words 2、Root, stem and base. Analyze the word denationalized into root, base and stem. Denationalized Root：nation stem：denationalize base：nationalized Compounding 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 41 页精选学习资
21、料 - - - - - - - - - 1 、 What are the relative criteria of a compound. p35-p36Orthographic criterion Phonological criterion Semantic criterion Derivation 1、What is derivation. p42-p43Derivation is a word- formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both to an al
22、ready existing word. 2、What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base. Prefixes modify the meaning of the base, but they do not generally alter its word-class. Every prefix has a specific meaning of its own; prefixes are therefore clas
23、sified according to their meanings. Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 41 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - the base. Suffixes frequently alter the word-class of the base. Therefore, suffixes are classified according to the class of word they form into noun-forming
24、 suffixes, verb-forming suffixes, etcp66 3、How are the major living prefixes classified. Give a few examples to illustrate each kind. P44 The major living prefixes are classified into the following eight categories by their meaning : 1negative prefixes un- , non- , in- , dis- , a- . eg , unhappy ,no
25、nhero , injustice ,disadvantage , atypical 2 reversative or privative prefixes un - , de - , dis - . eg , unwrap , decentralize ,disunite 3 prejorative prefixes mis - , mal - , pseudo - .eg. mistrust , maltreat, pseudo-science 4 prefixes of degree or size arch - , super - , out - , sub - , over - ,
26、under - , hyper - , ultra - , 名师归纳总结 mini - eg, archbishop , supercurrent 第 8 页,共 41 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - hyperactive, outlive , ultra-conservative 5 prefixes of attitude co - , counter - , antic - , pro - eg, cooperation, anti-nuclear , pro-student , counterpart 6 locative prefixe
27、s super-, sub- ,inter- , trans- eg. Subarctic , superacid, transcode 7 prefixes of time and order fore - ,pre - , post - , ex - , re - forehead , reconsider ,prereading , post-war 8 number prefixes uni - / mono - , bi - / di - , multi - / poly - multi-purpose , monocle , bi-media 4 、 How can you for
28、m deverbal nouns, denominal nouns, deadjective verbs, and denominal adjectives by suffixation. P50answer：1deverbal noun suffixes: verb-noun suffixes , such as er in writer , -ee in employee, -ation in exploitation and ment in development . 2 denominal noun suffixes : noun noun suffixes , such as hoo
29、d in boyhood , - ship in 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 41 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - scholarship , - let in booklet , and dom in stardom . 3 deadjective verb suffixes : adjective verb suffixes , such as ify in simplify , - ize in modernize , and en in quicken 4 denominal adjective suffixes: noun adject
30、ive suffixes, such as full in helpful, -less in limitless, -y in silky and ish in foolish. 5、Give the meaning of the following words and analyze the structure of each word: P51 answer: 1 a driver means a person who drives 2 a lighter means a machine used for lightering 3 a gardener means a person wh
31、o garden 4 a New Yorker means a person from New York 5 a villager means inhabitant of village 6 a diner is7 a lifer isa dining carriage on a trainslang. A person sentenced to 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 41 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - imprisonment for life 8 a dresser means Analyse : as for 1、2、3 ,aff
32、ixed to a verb ,the suffix forms agent nouns with the meaning of one who performs an action as for 4、5 ,this affix may also be joined to the means of cities , countries , and to other place names . as for 6、7、8 colloquial and slangy . Conversion 1、what is the difference between conversion此类转化法and su
33、ffixation 加后缀 . P55 介绍 conversion 的第一段 ：Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero-derivation. e.g. bottle n. - bottle v. , buy v. - buy n., tutor n. - tutor v. 例子
34、也可名师归纳总结 以举其他的如attack第 11 页,共 41 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - P49 介 绍Suffixation的 第 一 段 ：Suffixation: Its the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually changing the word-class of the base.e.g.boy n. + -ish - boyish adj. boy n. +hood - boyhood n
35、. 2、In a conversion pair, how can you determine which of the two is the base and which the derived word 派生词 . P56 中间三个例子.The base is derivation by zero suffix. Spy a deverbal noun without suffix, meaning one who spies. .The derived word is derivation by suffix Wirter-a deverbal noun with -er suffix
36、,meaning one who writes 3、Illustrate the axiom 原理 ,The actual grammatical classification of any word is pendent upon its use. P57最终一段Notice how the word-class of 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页,共 41 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - round varies in accordance with its use in the following sentence: i.e. The seco
37、nd roundn回合was exciting. Any roundadj 圆的 plate will do. Some drivers roundv绕行coners too rapidly. The sound goes round and roundphrase. 旋转 The above examples tell us a very important fact: because word order词序 is more fixed in Modern English than ever before, the function shifts within sentence struc
38、tures are possible without causing any confusion in intelligibility 可懂度, 可懂得性 .这一段可 不要4、Why is the conversion from noun to verb the most productive process of conversion. 5859 页 Firstin contemporary English, there is a tendency of “a preponderance of nouns aver verb”. 名师归纳总结 Second, there are only a
39、 few 第 13 页,共 41 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - verb-forming affixes in English. They are be-, en-, -ify, -ize and en. 5、What are the major semantic types under noun to verb conversion. a“ to put in/on N ”b“ to give N, to provide N ”c“ to deprive of N; or to remove the object denoted by the
40、noun from something”d“ To .with N ”e“ Tobe/ act asN with respect to”1verbs from human nouns 2verbs from animal nouns 3verbs from inanimate nouns f“ To make/change into N”g“ To send/goby N”1mail 2bicycle h“ To spend the period of time denoted by N”名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页,共 41 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - -
41、 - - 6、Why is the poor an example of partial conversion. 62 页 It is used as noun when preceded by the definite article; yet the converted noun takes on only some of the features of the noun; i.e. It does not take plural and genitive inflection, nor can it be preceded by determiners like a, this, my,
42、 etc. 8 、 Pick out the converted words in the sentences below and state1the word-class of the converted words and their meanings; 2to what word-class the base of each of the converted words belongs: 1They are going to summer in Guilin. the converted word: summerv.the word-class of it: conversion mea
43、ning: 避暑；过夏天 the base of the word of the word-class belongs: summern. 2They hurrahed his wonderful 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 15 页,共 41 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - performance. the converted word: hurrahv. the word-class of it: conversion meaning: 欢呼,叫好,为 -喝彩 the base of the word of the word-class belongs:
44、 hurrahn. 3You have to round your lips in order to make the sound/u:/. the converted word: roundv. the word-class of it: conversion meaning: 弄圆,使 -成圆形the base of the word word-class belongs: roundn. of the 4 They are great sillies.the converted word: sillyn. the word-class of it: conversion meaning:
45、 傻瓜 the base of the word of the word-class belongs: sillyadj. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 16 页,共 41 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 5 She dusted the furniture every morning. the converted word: dustv. the word-class of it: conversion meaning: 拂去灰尘 the base of the word of the word-class belongs: dustn. 6 It is a good b