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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 一、名 词表示某一事物,有详细的和抽象的之分；分为可数名词和不行数名词；强调：不行数名词都默认为单数,所以总是用 some 、any 、a lot of 等词去作判定,以免受误导；1、可数名词如何变“ 复数形式” ：is 或者 was;最好不要依据a.一般情形下,直接加 -s,如： book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ; 读音：清辅音后读,浊辅音和元音后读 z ；b.以 s. x. sh. ch 结尾,加-es ,如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watc
2、h-watches ; 读音： iz ；c.以“ 辅音字母 +y ” 结尾,变 y 为 i, 再加 -es ,如： family-families, strawberry-strawberries ; 读音： z ；d.以“ f 或 fe” 结尾,变 f 或 fe 为 v, 再加 -es ,如：knife-knives ,thief-thieves;读音： z ；e.以“o” 结尾的词,分两种情形1有生命的 +es 读音： z 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 如： mango-mangoes tomato-tom
3、atoes hero-heroes 2 无生命的 +s 读音： z 如： photo-photos radio-radios f. 不规章名词复数： man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen,snowman-snowmen,mouse-mice,child-children,foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 2、不行数名词没有复数；假如要运算不行数名词所表达的数量,就得在数
4、词和不行数名词之间加上 “ 量词 +of ” ；例如：a glass of water, a piece of paper, a bottle of juice. 二、冠 词冠词是一种虚词,不能独立使用,通常放在名词的前面,分为“ 不定冠词”和“ 定冠词” 两种；1、不定冠词： a、an；用在单数名词前,表示“ 一个,一件 ” ；an 用在以元音“ 音素” 开头的单词前；如：English watch, an houran e-mail, an orange, an old man, an 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - -
5、 - - 2、定冠词： the ；用在单数或者复数名词前； the 没有详细意思,有时翻译为这、那；它的基本用法：1用来表示特指某 些人或某 些事物；如： The map on the wall is new. 2表示说话者双方都知道的人或事物；如：3表示再次提到前面谈过的人或事物；如：beautiful. Look at the picture, please. This is a stamp. The stamp is 4用在表示世界上独一无二的事物前；如：the sun 太阳 the moon 月亮the earth 地球5用在由一般名词构成的专出名词前；如：the Great Wall
6、 长城6用在江河、湖海等专出名词前；如：the Changjiang River 长江7此外,序数词、形容词最高级、乐器名称等词前面和一些习惯用语中一般都用定冠词 the ；如： the first day, the best boy, play the piano, in the same class 确定用 a、an 仍是 the 时可依据汉语意思；中学英语语法学问点详解及练习：宾语从句一个句子假如加上宾语从句, 句子明显变复杂了, 也变的 difficult 了,其实,你大可不必发愁；只要把握好宾语从句的用法,一切问题就迎刃而解了；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共
7、15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 宾语从句 由关系代词或关系副词引出；我们依据引导宾语从句的连词不同,可把宾语从句分为三类；以 that 引导的宾语从句；examination. Good luck. 如： I hear that you have passed the 以 if 和 whether 引导的宾语从句；如：I dont know if you can come tomorrow. 以连接代词或连接副词 引导的宾语从句；如：Please tell me how you can get here. 运用宾语从句要留意以下几点：宾语从句的语序肯定是陈述句语序；主
8、句的谓语动词的时态假如是过去时态,应的过去某一种形式；宾语从句谓语动词的时态要选用相假如宾语从句表示的是客观真理,事实时, 即使主句是过去式, 从句仍用一般现在时；练习：1. She asked me if I knew _. A. whose pen is it B. whose pen it was C. whose pen it is D. whose pen was it 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2. I dont know _ he still lives here after so many
9、years. A. whether B. where C. what D. when 3. I dont know _ he will come tomorrow. _ he comes, Ill tell you. A. if, whether B. whether, whether C. if, That D. if, If 4. The small children dont know _. A. what is their stockings in B. where is in their stockings C. where is their stocking in D. what
10、in their stockings 形容词和副词比较等级用法【速记口诀】名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1. 比较级与最高级：两者比较than 相连,三者比较the 在前；2. 同级比较：同级比较用原形,not so as,后强前弱不看齐；as as 永不离 ;as as 加 not ,只言两者是同一,如是【妙语诠释】比较级通常和than 连用,而最高级通常跟有定冠词the; 同级比较一般用 as as 表示“ 与 一样” ,这时谁强谁弱不能比较出来,而 比前者强,翻译为“ 不如 ” ；not so as 就表
11、示后者如何变时态：直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整；现在时它需改为过去时态 ; 过去时态改为完成时 ; 过去完成时就保留原先的时态；如：1She said. I have lost a pen. She said she had lost a pen 2She said. We hope so. She said they hoped so. 3 She said. He will go to see his friend friend； She said he would go to see his 1 一般现在时变为一般过去时 2 现在进行时变为过去进行时3 一般将来时变为过
12、去将来时 4 现在完成时变为过去完成时5 一般过去时变为过去完成时 6 过去完成时不变,仍为过去完成时但要留意在以下几种情形下；在直接引语变为间接引语时,时态一般不变化；直接引语是客观真理；the earth, the teacher told me. The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth； Jack said. John, where were
13、you going 直接引语是过去进行时,时态不变；如：when I met you in the street. him in the street； Jack asked John where he was going when he met 直接引语中有详细的过去某年、某月、某日作状语, 变为间接引语时, 时态不变； 如：Xiao Wang said. I was born on April 2l, 1980 on April 20, 1980； Xiao Wang said he was born 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - -
14、 - - - - - - 直接引语假如是一般现在时；表示一种反复显现或习惯性的动作,变间接引语, 时态不变；如：He said, I get up at six every morning morning ； He said he gets up at six every 假如直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式 例：ought to , had better, used to和已经是过去时的形式时, 例： could, should, would, might 不再变；如：Peter said. You had better come have todaythere that day；冠词基
15、本用法【速记口诀】名词是秃子,常要戴帽子,可数名词单,须用 a 或 an,辅音前用 a, an 在元音前,如为特指时,就须用定冠,复数不行数,泛指 the 不见,遇到代词时,冠词均不现； Peter said I had better go 【妙语诠释】冠词是中考必考的语法学问之一,也是中考考查的主要对象；以上口诀包括的意思有：名词在一般情形下不单用,经常要和冠词连用; 表示不确指的可数名词单数前要用不定冠词a 或 an,确指时要用定冠词the; 如复数名词表示泛指,名词前有 this ,these ,my, some等时就不用冠词；考点一：语法一样原就【考例 1】Both Jim and K
16、ate in Beijing 年,广东汕头 now. They both _ from America. 2022A. is;come B. are;come C. is;comes D. are;comes 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 【简析】 B；both.and连接并列主语时,谓语用复数形式,排除A、 C;其次空主语是they ,both 是其同位语,谓语仍用复数形式,应选 B；【考例 2】Swimming in the pool with friends _ very interesting. 202
17、2年,四川攀枝花 A. has B. have C. is D. are 【简析】 C；主语是动名词短语swimming in the pool,谓语用单数形式,不受修饰语with friends的影响；【点拨】主语在语法上一样即谓语动词与主语的单复数形式保持一样；1. 如主语是单数形式,谓语也用单数形式; 如主语是复数形式,谓语也用复数形式；2. 不定代词 each 作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,而当 each 作主语的同位语时,谓语动词用复数形式；3. 当主语后面跟有 with ,along with ,as well as,but ,except ,besides ,including等
18、连接短语时,谓语的人称和数仍应与原先的主语保持一样,而不受这些短语的影响；4. 由 and 或 both.and考点二：意义一样原就连接的并列成分作主语时,谓语用复数形式；【考例 1】The Greens_ dinner in the kitchen now. 2022 年,四川巴中 A. is having B. having C. are having 【简析】 C；主语 the Greens表示格林夫妇或格林一家人,谓语用复数形式,选C；【考例 2】_ of the money_been spent recycling the rubbish. 2022年,内蒙古包头 A. Three
19、fourths;has B. Three fourths;have C. Three fourth;has D. Three fourth;have 【简析】 A ； money是不行数名词,谓语用单数形式,排除 就可知选 A；B、D;再依据分数的构成规【考例 3】 A number of students_ in the dining hall. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Let me count. The number of the students_ about 400. 2022 年,黑龙江 A.
20、are;is B. is;are C. are;are 【简析】 A；a number of students 意为“ 很多同学” ,谓语用复数形式 ;the number of students 表示“ 同学的数量” ,谓语用单数形式,应选 A；【点拨】 主语和谓语在意义上的一样指的是依据句子意思主语的人称和数应是单数或复数,从而谓语动词应与其保持一样；1. family ,class ,group ,team 等集合名词作主语时,假如作为一个整体看待,谓语用单数形式,如指其中每个成员,强调个体时,谓语用复数形式；2. “ 分数或百分数+of+ 名词”构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词要依据后面的
21、名词而定；名词是复数,谓语动词用复数形式3. 表示抽象概念的不定式式；; 名词是单数或不行数,谓语动词就用单数形式； 短语 / 动名词 短语 或主语从句作主语时,谓语用单数形4. 不定代词 all ,some,any,none 等作主语时,谓语应依据这些词代表的意义来确定谓语的单复数形式；假如它们代表复数名词,谓语就用复数; 假如它们代表单数名词或不行数名词,谓语就用单数形式；但由 every ,some,any,no 等构成的复合不定代词作主语时,谓语常用单数形式；5. 表示时间、金钱、 距离等的名词作主语时,常表示整体概念,谓语动词用单数形式；6. “ the+ 姓氏名词的复数” 表示“
22、一家” 或“ 夫妇” ,作主语时,谓语常用复数形式；7. 有些以 -s 结尾的名词如 news, maths ,physics ,means, the United States 等作主语时,谓语常用单数形式 ; 但 trousers,shoes,glasses 等复数名词作主语时,谓语用复数形式,但其前面有 a/this pair of 等修饰时,谓语用单数形式；8. “ the number of+ 复数名词” 表示“ 的数量” ,作主语时,谓语用单数形式 ;“ a number of+ 复数名词” 表示“ 很多 ” ,作主语时,谓语用复数形式；考点三：就近一样原就【考例 1】Neithe
23、r the students nor the teacher _going to Beijing next month. 2022 年,广西来宾 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - A. is B. are C. was D. were 【简析】 A；neither.nor 符合主谓一样的就近原就,谓语由 nor 后的主语 the teacher打算 , 用单数形式 , 排除 B、D;由时间状语 next month 可知,选 A；【考例 2】 Look. There _ lots of traffic in thi
24、s city. _ we should be careful when we cross the street. A. is;But B. are;But C. is;So D. are;Or 【简析】 C；第一空谓语应与主语 traffic 对应,用单数形式,排除 B、D; 其次空依据句意“ 由于交通拥挤,所以过公路要当心” 表示因果关系 , 应选 C；【点拨】就近原就指谓语的人称和数与最靠近它的那个主语保持一样；1. 在 there be 句型中或以 here 开头的句子中 , be 动词应与后面的名词保持一样 , 当后面的名词不止一个时 , be 的人称和数应与其最靠近的那个名词的人称和
25、数保持一样；2. either.or,neither.nor,not only.but also,not.but, or 等平行结构连接并列主语时,谓语动词的人称和数应和与其最靠近的那个主语保持一样； 河南 段青付 3. 复合句 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句；主句是句子的主体,从句是句子的一个成分,不能独立使用；下面总结一下中学阶段的主要从句；1 宾语从句 宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语；引导宾语从句的连接词有以下几种形式：1 由 that 引导,只起连接作用,不充当句子成分,没有实际意义,可以省略；如：We know that there are two kinds o
26、f sports. He decided that he was not going to say anything about it 2 由 whether 或 if是否 引导,只起连接作用,不充当句子成分,但不能省略；如：No one knows whether/if they have decided on the date of the meeting. 3 由连接代词who,whom, what ,which ,whose 和连接副词when,where,why,how等引导的宾语从句, 这些连接词除了起连接主句和从句的作用外,不能省略；如：仍可在句中充当某个成分,名师归纳总结 -
27、- - - - - -第 10 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Could you tell me how I can get to the nearest subway station. She told me what she had seen in the museum. 4 由 it 作形式宾语的从句；如：I think it necessary that everybody should try his best to help fight pollution. 5 由形容词 sorry, afraid, sure, glad等引出的宾语从句；如：W
28、e were surprised that Peter was the first to come. I am sure that you will be a success in the future. 2 状语从句 在复合句中作状语的句子叫状语从句；常用状语从句有以下几种类型：1 由 when, while, as, since, until, as soon as等连词引导的时间状语从句；如：Its more than ten years since they came to Shanghai. Please send me an E-mail as soon as you arrive
29、 in Switzerland. 2 由 if ,unless 等词引导的条件状语从句；如：We shall go for a picnic if it doesnt rain tomorrow. I wont buy the dress unless it fits me well. 3 由 because, since, as, now that等词引导的缘由状语从句；如：He asked for leave because he had to see the dentist. Now that everyone is here, shall we begin our discussion
30、. 4 由 though/although引导的让步状语从句； 如： Although it was very late, he went on working. 5 由 so that, in order that引导的目的状语从句；如：He ran as fast as he could so that the people in Athens could learn the news earlier. 6 由 so. that, such. that等词引导的结果状语从句；如： He ran so quickly that we couldnt keep up with him. The
31、 bus broke down, so we had to walk to the cinema. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - English is such a useful language that it is spoken in many countries. 7 比较状语从句；常用的句型有as. as 与 more than 结构； 参见形容词、副词一章 3 定语从句 在复合句中作定语的从句称为定语从句；定语从句一般直接跟在被修饰的名词之后； 被修饰的名词称为 “ 先行词”；定语从句一般由关系代词
32、 who, whom, that, which引导,它位于先行词与定语从句之间,本身又在定语从句中充当某个成分；如：The boy who/that is reading under the tree is my elder brother. 先行词关系代词作主语The present which/that you gave me for my birthday is very nice. 先行词关系代词作宾语1 who和 whom指人, who在从句中作主语,不能省略；而whom在从句中作宾语,一般可以省略；如：The woman who will give us a talk tomorr
33、ow is a famous professor. Do you know the girl whom we met outside the school gate. 2 which 指物,在定语从句中可以作主语或宾语；作宾语时可以省略；如：The story which tells about three monkeys is very interesting. The magazine which I borrowed from the library was newly published. 3 that 指人或物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语；作宾语时可以省略；如：The pictures
34、 that hang on the back wall were all painted by her. The restaurants that they have set up are welcomed by children. 4 假如先行词被序数词、形容词最高级、不定代词 all, everything, nothing 等以及only 修饰时,关系代词必需用 that ；如： All that we need is fresh water. Ill never forget the first job that I found. Judy is the most honest gir
35、l that I have ever seen. 一般将来时的用法考查名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 表示将来时态的结构很多；主要有以下几类：1、be going to do 表示方案 , 准备做某事,例如： Im going to visit my grandparents next Friday evening. 也可以表示根据目前情形很可能要发生的事；例如：Its cloudy. Its going to rain. 2、一般现在时,可以用来表示一个按规定,方案, 支配或时刻表要发生的情形,一般都有一个表
36、示将来时间的状语；例如：My cousin finishes school next year. 3、现在进行时可以表示一个在最近按方案或支配要进行的动作；例如：Are you going to the wetlands photo show next week. 4、一般将来时,will/ shall do. ,在第一人称I/ We的句子中,可以用shall引导 ; 各种人称都可以用will表示一般将来时；留意： 1、时间,条件状语从句中,从句一般用一般现在时表示将来,而主句要用一般将来时；例如：I will go shopping when I am free. 2、暂时打算要做某事通常用
37、一般将来时；例如： -Tom is ill in hospital. -Oh, Im sorry to hear that. I will go and see him. 3、将来时态常见的时间状语有：常见的时间状语：next Tuesday, next week, the coming Sunday, this afternoon, tomorrow, tonight 等；过去完成时的用法考查过去完成时表示过去某个行为或某件事发生之前就已经发生的动作或情形；例如：Hepburn had been a model before she became a Hollywood superstar.
38、 【中考链接】1. -Did you see Mr. Chen yesterday afternoon. -No. When I got to school, he_ already.2006 年扬州 A. left B. has left C. was leaving D. had left 简析： D；到达学校为过去的动作,在这个行为发生之前陈老师已离开了；过去完成时表示过去的过去；现在完成时的用法考查现在完成时主要有以下用法：1、谈论开头于过去某个时候而且连续到现在的一个动作；例如： Eddie has lived with Millie since he was born. 2、谈论过
39、去发生的动作,并且和现在存在联系； 即过去的某个动作对现在产生影响；Eddie has eaten my food. Eddie ate the food and now Hobo has nothing to eat. 但是假如单纯谈一个过去的动作,不涉及它对现在的影响时,通常用一般过去时；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 现在完成经常见的时间状语有：for+ 一段时间 ;since+ 过去的某个时间;so far, yet, recently, over/in the last/past +一段时间 ;onc
40、e, twice, three times, never, ever, up to now, these days 例如： I havent seen him these days./ Have you ever seen each other before. 【中考链接】1.-Hello,this is Lily speaking.Could I speak to Mr. Black. -Sorry.He_ the Xuanwu Lake Park.2007 年南京 A. has been to; B. went to C. has gone to D. will go to 简析： C；说
41、话者此时不在,说明此时已去了玄武湖公园,用现在完成时表示到目前为止仍在连续的动作；has been to表示已去过某个地方,而现在不在那个地方了；2. -Would you like to see the film with me. -Im sorry I _it twice. 2007 年北京 A. see B. will see C. have seen D. am seeing 简析： C；从 twice 可知说话者已看过这部电影两次了；表示到目前的结果,用现在完成时；3. In the past few years there _ great changes in my hometow
42、n.2007年天津 A. have been B. were C. had been D. are 简析： A；over/in the last/past +一段时间为现在完成时的时间状语；4. -Kitty, will you go to see the film -Cold Mountain this evening. -No, I wont. I _ it already.2006 年南京 A. saw B. have seen C. see D. will see 简析： B；用现在完成时表示过去的行为对现在造成影响；不去看电影的缘由是由于已经看过了；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 15 页,共 15 页