《英语语法 形容词的分类及用法归纳详解.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英语语法 形容词的分类及用法归纳详解.docx(20页珍藏版)》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、英语语法形容词的分类及用法归纳详解.品质形容词:英语中大量形容词属于这一类,他们表示人或 物的品质,如:Hes the happiest man on earth.他是地球上最快乐的人。The play was boring.那出戏很枯燥乏味。1 .类属形容词:这类形容词表示属于哪一类,如:These subjects reflect our daily lives.这些题材反映我们的日 常生活。这类形容词一般都不能用于比拟级。2 .颜色形容词:有少数表示颜色的形容词,如:His face went purple with rage.他的脸气得发青。这类词前面还可加light, pale, d
2、ark, deep, bright等词,如:light brown hair 淡蓝色头发 a pale green dress 淡绿色裙.强调形容词:有些形容词起强调作用,如: 1 have perfect trust in his judgment.我绝对信任他的判断力。天气越来越热了.Its pity he is getting poorer and poorer.真可怜他越来越穷了。The computer is cheaper and cheaper.计算机越来越廉价。She is getting more and more beautiful.5)比拟级的倍数:”倍数+asas或倍数
3、+比拟级+than或倍数+相应的名 词三种结构。This table is three times the size of that one.This table is three times as large as that one.This table is twice larger than that one.6)比拟级范围是由of引出两者之间的比拟,比拟级前要用定冠 词。He is the taller of the two.两人中他高一点。He is the younger of the two.两人中他年轻一点。5.形容词最高级的用法:1)主语+谓语(系动词)+ the +形容词最
4、高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句。She is the best student in her class.她是班上最好的学生。Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.上海是中国最大城市之一。This is the biggest apple I have ever met.这是我见到的最大的苹果。Tom is the tallest boy in his basketball team.汤姆是他们篮球队中个子最高的孩子。2 )比拟级句型和同级比拟句型中出现否认词no , never , nothing等,也可表达最高级含义。I love
5、nothing better than swimming .(二 I love swimming best.)I have never seen as old a car as this. (= This is the oldestcar Ive ever seen.)!1!1!.有关形容词的几个特殊用法:1 ) most同形容词连用而不用the,表示“极,很,非常,十分”, 这时无范围;有范围时用最高级。She is a most lovely girl, (most = very )She is the most lovely girl in our class. (fi)2 ) “the
6、 +形容词表示一类人或事物。He always helps the poor.他经常帮助穷人。I like to have a talk with the young.我喜欢同年轻人谈话。He expects me to do the impossible.他指望我做不可能的事。3)几个短语的含义:no more than = only 或 as . as 只有,仅仅not more than = at most 至多,不超过no less than有之多not less than不少于no more than和no less than也是固定词组,分别表示只不 过“和“有之多、“多达”。(带
7、有感情色彩)I have no more than ten dollars.我只有 10 块钱。(有嫌少 的意思)In our school there are no less than 250 teachers.我们学校里的教师有250位之多。(强调多)not more than 和 not less than , not more than(=at most) 表示“不多于“、“至多”,not less than(=at least)表示不少于、至少”。(表示客观事 情)The experiment was done by not more than 5 persons.做这个试验的人不到
8、5个。There were not less than one hundred people at the meeting.到会的至少有100人。4)同形的副词和形容词fast train快车hard workers干活卖力的工人run fast跑得快work hard干活卖力,工作努力right answer正确的回答enough food足够的食物do everything right样样事情做得对large enough足够大 in the late afternoon 黄昏 in the early morning 一大早 work late工作得晚come early来得早其他如st
9、raight wide, high, low也都能用作形容词和副词。例 如:He drew a straight line on the paper.他在纸上戈U了一条直线。He went straight to the room.他径直朝那房子走去。5)具有两种形式的副词英语中有些副词有两种形式,但其意义不同。The station is quite near.车站就在附近。(near用作形容词)He lives near.他就住在附近。(near用作副词)Its nearly nine oclock.将近九点钟了。(nearly 用作副词,但 其含义是:将近、几乎)The cake is
10、hard.这蛋糕太硬。(用作形容词)The test is hard.测验太难。He is a hard worker.他是一个干活卖力的工人。We all work hard.我们都努力工作。(hard用作副词)I can hardly understand you.我不太懂你的意思。意为:几 乎不There was hardly a cloud in the sky.天空几乎没有云彩。He is late.他迟到了。(late用作形容词)He went to bed late last night.他昨晚很晚才睡觉。(late 用 作副词)Have you seen her lately?
11、你最近看见过她吗?(lately意为: 最近)6)几个形容词修饰一个名词时的语序当同时用几个形容词来修饰一个名词时,一般可按照以下顺序:限定词(a, one s)+描绘性形容词+大小、长短、高低+时间、年龄+颜色+国籍、出处+材料+被修饰名词。如:a beautiful young Chinese girl 一位年轻貌美的中国姑娘two short old Japanese businessmen 两位矮个子日本老商人a little white stone bridge 一座白色小石桥a small round yellow French wooden writing desk 张黄色法国木
12、制小圆书桌7)英语中有些形容词一般只能作表语,不能放在名词前作定语,如以 a-开头的形容词,afraid, asleep, alone, awake, aliveo 另 外,ill, glad, sorry, sure, well也不能放在名词前作定语。注意:sick (患病)与ill不同,sick既可以作表语也可以作定语而ill那么不能,试比拟:These children are ill / sick.这些孩子病了。The nurse is taking care of the sick children.护士正在 照料患病的孩子们。(不能用川)另外,在度量衡用语中,形容词通常放在度量单位
13、之后。例如:Im 1.80 metres tall,我身高 1.80 米。The room is 32 feet wide.这间房子有32英尺宽。8)某些以-ly结尾的形容词英语中有一些以-ly结尾的形容词,不要误以为是副词。deadly致命的friendly友好的lonely孤单的likely可能的lovely可爱的lively愉快的brotherly兄弟般的fatherly父亲似的ugly难看的silly愚蠢的还有一些与时间有关的词,虽以-ly结尾,但既可以用作形容词又可以用作副词,如:daily每日(的)weekly每周一次(的)monthly每月一次(的)yearly每年一次(的)9)
14、 can not .too / can not .enough 怎么.也不为过You can not be too careful. / You can not be careful enough.越细心越好。I can not thank you too much. /1 can not thank you enough.我对你感激不尽。10)形容词作状语形容词作状语表示伴随或结果,并不表达动词的方式。He lay in bed, cold and hungry.He returned home, safe and sound.He lay in bed, wide awake.基本句型一
15、此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整 的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。S+V (不及物动词)The sun | was shining.1. The moon | rose.2. The universe | remains.3. We all | breathe, eat, and drink.4. Lucy and Mary | get up early every morning.5. What he said | does not matter.6. They | had talked for half an hour when
16、 I came in.7. His parents | have worked in the factory for more than ten years.基本句型二此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个 完整的意思,必须加上一个说明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合 谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分 两类:be, look, keep, seem 等属一类,表示情况;get, grow, become, turn等属另一类,表示变化。be本身没有什么意义, 只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其局部词义。 S+V(是系动词)+ P1. This |
17、 is | an English-Chinese dictionary.2. The dinner | smells | good.3. He | fell | in love.4. Everything | looks | different.5. He | is growing | tall and strong.6. The trouble | is | that they are short of money.7. Our well | has gone | dry.8. His face | turned | red.附:联系动词(Link Verb )本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语
18、,后 边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性 质、特征等情况。有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。( fell是系动词,后跟补 足语,说明主语情况。)He fell off the ladder.他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动 词,单独作谓语。1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be 一词,例如:He is a teacher.他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语 的身份。) 2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, sta
19、y, lie, stand,例如:He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery. 止匕事仍是一个谜。3)表像系动词用来表示“看起来像这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look,例 如:He looks tired. 他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。4)感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste,例如:This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。5. -ing形容
20、词 1)有大量现在分词正在或已经变为形容词,如:It was a tiring journey.这真是一趟累人的旅行。2 )一些-ing形容词并不与动词有关,如:a cunning trick狡猾的计谋-ed形容词1)大多数-ed形容词都与及物动词有关,是由它们的过去分词 变过来的,一般有被动意义,多数为品质形容词,如:I felt depressed.我感到很沮丧。2 )有些-ed形容词可说是类属形容词,也由动词的过去分词变 来,但不能用于比拟级,如:。She is a trained nurse.她是一个受过训练的护士。3 )有少数-ed形容词,不是由动词,而是由名词变来的:skilled
21、 workers 技术工人)有些-ed的形容词包含有副词: a well-equipped army 一支装备精良的部队This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来彳艮香。5)变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.He became mad after that.自那之后,他疯了。She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富 To6)终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out,表达证实, 变
22、成”之意,例如:The rumor proved fa Ise.这谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)基本句型三此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生 的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的 承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。S+V (及物动词)+OWho | knows | the answer?1. She | smiled | her thanks.2. He | has refus
23、ed | to help them.3. He | enjoys | reading.4. They | ate | what was left over.5. He | said | Good morning.7.1 | want | to have a cup of tea.8. He | admits | that he was mistaken.基本句型四此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能 表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个 是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接,当动作的间接承受者在 动作的直接承受者之前时,这一介词往往被省
24、略。S + V (及物)+10 (多指人)+O (多指物)She | ordered | herself | a new dress.1. She | cooked | her husband | a delicious meal.2. He | brought | you | a dictionary.3. He | denies | her | nothing.5.1 | showed | him | my pictures.6.1 | gave | my car | a wash.7.1 | told | him | that the bus was late.8. He | showe
25、d | me | how to run the machine.基本句型五此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一 个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾 语,才能使意思完整。S+V (及物)+O (宾语)+C (宾未卜)They | appointed | him | manager.1. They | painted | the door | green.2. They | found | the house | deserted.3. What | makes | him | think so?4. We | saw | him | out.5. He
26、| asked | me | to come back soon.7.1 | saw | them | getting on the bus.但常用的英语句子并不都像基本句型这样简短,这些句子除了基 本句型的成分不变外,通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些 修饰语而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词(主要是形容词、副 词和数词),也可以是各种类型的短语(主要是介词短语、不定 式短语和分词短语)。a well-known musician 著名的音乐家7.合成形容词1)形容词在英语中是比拟普遍的,最常见的有:a.开乡容词+名词+ed: good-natured天性善良的b.形容词+现在分词:easy
27、-going好说话的c.名词+现在分词:heart-breaking令人心碎的2)还有一些其他类型的合成形容词,如:a two-piece suit两件套的西服all-out attempt全力以赴的努力3)还有一些三个或更多词构成的合成形容词,如:heart-to-heart talk推心置腹的谈话An out-of-date driving license 过期驾照一.形容词的定义和用法:形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质,状态,和特征。形容词在句中作定语,表语,宾语,补语。She is a good student, and she works hard.她是一个好学生,她学习
28、努力。This bike is expensive.这辆自行车很贵。I am sorry, Im busy now.对不起,我现在很忙。Have you got everything ready for the meeting?你为这次会议做好准备吗?二.形容词在句中的位置:形容词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。如果有两个或两个以 上的形容词修饰一个名词时,那么由它们和被修饰的名词之间的 密切程度而定,越密切的形容词越靠近名词。如果几个形容词的 密切程度差不多那么按音节少的形容词放在前面,音节多的形容 词放在后面。1 .英语单词中,something, anything, nothing等不定
29、代词被 形容词修饰时,形容词放在名词后面。I have something important to tell you.我有重要的事要告诉你。Is there anything interesting in the film. 电影里有什么有趣的内容吗?There is nothing dangerous here.这儿一点都不危险。2 .由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。This is the book easy to read.这是一本容易读的书。3 .用and或or连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们 放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。Everybo
30、dy, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting.每一个人,男女老少,都应该参加会议。You can take any box away, big or small.这些箱子,不管大小,你都可以拿走。=.形容词的原级、比拟级和最高级: 绝大多数形容词有三种形式,原级,比拟级和最高级,以表示形容 词说明的性质在程度上的不同。1 .形容词的原级:形容词的原级形式就是词典中出现的形容词的原形。例如:poor, tall ,great, glad ,bad 等。2 .原级常用结构:主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从 句
31、。表示两者比照相同。This box is as big as mine.这个盒子和我的一样大。This coat is as cheap as that one.这件衣服同那件衣服一样廉价。I study English as hard as my brother.我同我兄弟一样学习努力。3 .形容词的比拟级和最高级形式变化:形容词的比拟级和最高级形式是在形容词的原级形式的基础上变化的。分为规那么变化和不规那么变化。规那么变化如下:1)单音节形容词的比拟级和最高级形式是在词尾加-er和-est构成。great (原级)greater(比拟级)greatest(最高级)2)以-e结尾的单音节形
32、容词的比拟级和最高级是在词尾加-r和-st构成。wide (原级)wider (比拟级)widest (最高级)3)少数以er,ow,结尾的双音节形容词的比拟级和最高级是在 词尾加和-est构成。clever(原级)cleverer(比拟级)cleverest(最高级)narrow -narrower narrowest 4)以-y结尾,但-y前是辅音字母的形容词的比拟级和最高级是把-y去掉,加上-ier和est构成.happy (原形)happier (比拟级)happiest (最高级)5)以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比拟级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加-er和b
33、ig (原级)bigger (比拟级)biggest (最高级)6)双音节和多音节形容词的比拟级和最高级需用more和 most加在形容词前面来构成。beautiful (原级)difficult (原级)more beautiful (比拟级)more difficult (比拟级) most beautiful (最高级)most difficult (最高级) 7)常用的不规那么变化的形容词的比拟级和最高级: 原级比拟级最高级good better best many more most much more most bad worse worstlittle less leastill
34、 worse worstfar farther (further) farthest (furthest)8)形容词前如加less和least那么表示“较不“和“最不“important 重要less important 较不重要least important 最不重要4.形容词比拟级的用法:形容词的比拟级用于两个人或事物的比拟,其结构形式如下:1)主语+谓语(系动词)+形容词比拟级+ than +比照成 分。也就是,含有形容词比拟级的主句+ than +从句。注意从句常 常省去意义上和主句相同的局部,而只剩下比照的成分。Our teacher is taller than we are.我们
35、老师的个子比我们的高。It is warmer today than it was yesterday.今天的天气比昨天暖和。This picture is more beautiful than that one.这张照片比那张照片漂亮。2)比拟级前的修饰语可用表示程度或数量的词或短语,主要有:even, still zmuch, far, rather, any(用于否认句或 疑问句),a lot, a great deal, by far, a little z a bit, three times, two metres 等。Are you feeling any better?r m two years older than you.r m rather taller than you.3 ) The+形容词比拟级,the+形容词比拟级表示越, 就越二The more you study, the more you know.你学的越多,就知道的越多。The more I have, the more I want我越有就越想要有。The more, the better.越多越好。4)形容词比拟级+ and +形容词比拟级,表示越来越Its getting hotter and hotter.