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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 文献翻译题目蜂窝无线通信系统的争论名师归纳总结 同学党勇第 1 页,共 14 页专业班级通信工程 12-01 班学号541207040104 院 系电脑与通信工程学院指导老师职称黄立勋讲师完成时间2022 年 5 月 30 日- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 蜂窝无线系统的争论蜂窝无线通信系统的争论摘要蜂窝通信系统答应大量移动用户无缝地、同时地利用有限的射频radio frequency, RF 频谱与固定基站中的无线调制解调器通信；基站接收每一个移动台发送来的射频信号,并把他们转换到基带或者带宽微波链
2、路,然后传送到移动交换中心MSC ,再由移动交换中心连入公用交换网PSTN；同样的,通信信号也可以从 PSTN 传送到基站,再从这里发送个移动台；蜂窝系统可以采纳频分多址 FDMA 、时分多址 TDMA 、码分多址 CDMA 或者空分多址 SDMA 中的任何一种技术；1 概述人们开发出了很多无线通信系统, 为不同的运行环境中的固定用户或移动用户提供了接入到通信基础设施的手段； 当今大多数无线通信系统都是基于蜂窝无线电概念之上的；蜂窝通信系统答应大量移动用户无缝地、同时地利用有限的射频radio frequency,RF频谱与固定基站中的无线调制解调器通信；基站接收每一个移动台发送来的射频信号,
3、 并把他们转换到基带或者带宽微波链路,然后传送到移动交换中心MSC,再由移动交换中心连入公用交换网PSTN；同样的,通信信号也可以从 PSTN 传送到基站,再从这里发送个移动台；蜂窝系统可以采纳频分多址FDMA 、时分多址 TDMA 、码分多址 CDMA 或者空分多址 SDMA 中的任何一种技术；无线通信链路具有恶劣的物理信道特点,比方由于传播途径中有再大的障碍物,会产生时变多径和阴影； 此外,无线蜂窝系统的性能仍会受限于来自其他用户的干扰,因此,对干扰进行精确的建模就很重要；很难用简洁的解析模型来描述复杂的信道条件,虽然有集中模型的确易于解析求解并与信道实测数据比较相符,不过,即使建立 了完
4、善的信道解析模型, 再把过失掌握编码、 均衡器、分集及网络模型等因素都考虑 再链路中之后,要得出链路性能的解析在绝大多数情形下任然是很困难的甚至是不行 能的；因此,在分析蜂窝通信链路的性能时,经常需要进行仿真；跟无线链路一样, 对蜂窝无线系统的性能分析使用仿真建模时很有效的,这是由于在时间和空间上对大量的随机大事进行建模特别困难；1 这些随机大事包括用户的位名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 蜂窝无线系统的争论置、系统中同时通信的用户个数、 传播条件、每个用户的干扰和功率级的设置 power level settin
5、g、每个用户的话务量需求等,这些因素共同作用,对系统中的一个典型用户的总的性能产生影响； 前面提到的变量仅仅是任一时刻打算系统中的某个用户瞬态性能的很多关键物理参数中的一小部分；蜂窝无线系统指的是, 在地理上的服务区域内,移动用户和基站的全体, 而不是将一个用户连接到一个基站的单个链路；为了设计特定大的系统级性能, 比方某个用户在整个系统中得到中意服务的可能性,就得考虑在掩盖区域内同时使用系统的多个用户所带来的复杂性；因此,需要仿真来考虑多个用户对基站和移动台之间任何一条链路所产生的影响；链路性能是一个小尺度现象, 它处理的是小的局部区域内或者短的时间间隔内信道的顺时变化, 这种情形下可假设平
6、均接收功率不变；在设计过失掌握码、 均衡器和其他用来排除信道所产生的瞬时影响的部件时,这种假设时合理的； 但是,在大量用户分布在一个宽阔的地理范畴内时,为了确定整个系统的性能, 有必要引入大尺度效应进行分析,比方在大的距离范畴内考虑单个用户受到的干扰和信号电平的统计行为 时,忽视瞬时信道特点； 我们可以将链路级仿真看作通信系统性能的微调,而将系统级仿真看作时整体质量水平粗略但很重要的近似,这个水平；任何用户在任何时候都可估量到达通过让移动台在不同的服务区内共享或者复用通信信道,蜂窝系统能到达较高的容量比方,为大量的用户服务 ；信道复用会导致公用同一信道的用户之间产生同频干扰, 这是影响蜂窝系统
7、容量和性能的主要制约因素之一；因此,在设计一个蜂窝系统时,或者在分析和设计排除同频干扰负面影响的系统方法时,需要正确懂得同屏干扰对容量和性能的影响； 这些影响主要取决于通信系统的状况,如共享信道的用户数和他们的位置； 其他与传播信道条件关系更亲密的方面,如路径损耗、阴影衰落或叫阴影、天线辐射模式等对系统性能的影响也很重要,由于这些影响也岁特定用户的位置而转变； 本章我们将争论在同频干扰情形下,包括一个典型系统中的天线和传播的影响；尽管本章考虑的例子比较简洁,但提出的分析方法可以简洁地进行扩展,以包括蜂窝系统的其他特点；2 蜂窝无线系统系统级描述：如图 2-1 所示,通过把地理区域分成一个个称为
8、小区的部分,蜂窝系统可以在这2 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 蜂窝无线系统的争论个区域内供应无线掩盖； 把可用的频谱也分成很多信道,每个小区安排一组信道, 每个小区中的基站都配备了可以同移动用户进行通信的无线调制解调器；从基站到移动台这个发送方向使用的射频信道称为前向信道,而从移动台到基站这个发送方向使用的信道称为反向信道； 前向信道和反向信道共同构成了双工蜂窝信道；当使用频分双 工FDD, frequency division duplex时,前向信道和反向信道使用不同的频率；当使 用时分双工时 TDD, t
9、ime division duplex 时,前向信道和反向信道占用相同的频率,但使用不同的时隙进行传送；图 2-1 蜂窝通信系统的基本结构高容量的蜂窝系统在小区间进行频率复用,同频小区共用相同频率的小区 之间要离开足够的距离以减轻同频干扰；如图 2-2 所示,N 个小区构成一个簇 cluster,又叫“ 区群” ,掩盖地理上的服务区,以实现信道复用,N 是簇的大小；把服务区内可用的无线频谱都安排给每一个簇,使同一个簇内的小区不共用相同的信道；假如服务区内的可用频谱由M 个信道构成,用户匀称分布在服务区内,就每个小区可以分得 M/N 个信道；由于簇在服务区内复制,复用信道将导致同频小区 的层状结
10、构 tier；同频基站和移动台之间的射频能量传播,会引起同频干扰； 例如,假如一个移动台同时接收来自本地小区基站的信号和邻近层的同频小区基站产生的 信号,就会产生同频干扰；本例中,其中一个同频前向链路信号基站到移动台的传 输是我们的有用信号,移动台接收到的其他同频信号就构成了对接机的同频干扰,同频干扰的功率级与同频小区之间的分隔距离亲密相关；假如小区建模为如图2-2 所示的六边形；两个同频小区中心之间的最小距离D 叫做复用距离等于DN3 NR2-1式中 R 式小区的最大半径这个六边形内接在半径为R 的圆中；因此,我们马上可以从图 2-2 看出,小簇小复用距离 D 会引起同频小区间的大干扰；3
11、名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 蜂窝无线系统的争论图 2-2 小区簇：三小区复用模式的描述在一个指定小区中接收到的同频干扰的电平,仍取决于任一时刻活跃的同频小区的数量；如前所述,在我们感爱好的那个特定小区四周,同频小区组成一个个的层；在一个给定层中, 同频小区的数量取决于层的阶次和用来表示小区的几何外形如一 个基站掩盖的面积；对于典型的六边形,最近的同频小区在第一层,有六个同频小 区,其次层有 12 个,第三层有 18 个,以此类推；因此,总的同频干扰时从全部层的全部同频小区发送出的同频干扰信号的总和；但是第一层
12、的同频小区对总的干扰时从全部层的全部同频小区发送出的同频干扰信号的总和；但是第一层的同频小区对总的干扰有较强的影响,由于它们更靠近测量干扰的小区；人们熟悉到同频干扰时制约无线通信系统的容量和链路质量的主要因素之一；在系统容量大尺度系统问题和链路质量小尺度系统问题之间作折中时,它起到举足轻重的作用； 例如,在不增加安排给系统的无线频谱带宽的前提下,得到高容量大量的用户 的一种措施是, 通过减小蜂窝系统簇的大小 然而,削减簇大小又增加了同频干扰,这会降低链路质量；N,来缩短信道复用距离；蜂窝系统中的干扰电平在任何时候都是随机的,必需通过对蜂窝之间的射频传播环境和移动用户的位置进行建模才能仿真；另外
13、,每个用户话务量的统计特性以及基站中信道安排方案的类型打算了瞬时干扰电平和系统的容量；同频干扰的影响可以用通信链路的信干比4 SIR来估量,这里信干比定义为有名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 蜂窝无线系统的争论用信号的功率 S 与总干扰信号的功率I 之比；由于无线传播影响, 用户移动性以及话务量的变化,功率级 S 和 I 都是随机变量, SIR 也是一个随机变量；因此,同频干扰对系统性能产生影响的严峻程度,通常用系统的中断概率来进行分析；在这个特定场合下,中断概率定义为 SIR 低于给定阈值 SIR 的概率,即SI
14、R 0P outpage PrSIR SIR 0 p SIR（x dx2-20其中 p SIRx 是 SIR 的概率密度函数；要留意链路中断概率和系统中断概率之间的区分,前者是依据可接受的声音性能所需的特定误比特率BER或者 Eb/N0 阈值,确定是否为中断,而后者考虑的是一个典型用户可接受的移动性能所需的 SIR 阈值；如前所述,用来估量蜂窝系统中断概率的解析方法,需要已知射频传播影响、用户移动性和话务量变化等随机量的易于处理的模型,以求得pSIRx的解析表达式；然而,由于这些影响和接受信号电平间的复杂关系,很难对这些影响采纳解析模型；因此,主要靠仿真来估量蜂窝系统的中断概率,仿真仍为分析供
15、应了敏捷性；本章我们给出了蜂窝通信系统的简洁仿真例如,着重考虑通信系统的一些系统方面的问题,包括多用户性能、话务量工程和信道复用；为了进行系统级仿真,要考虑单个通信链路的很多方面,包括信道模型、天线辐射模式,以及 性能之间的关系；5 Eb/N0如 SIR和可接受名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 蜂窝无线系统的争论RESEARCH OF CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMUNATION SYSTEMAbstract Cellular communication systems allow a large n
16、umber of mobile users to seamlessly and simultaneously communicate to wireless modems at fixed base stations using a limited amount of radio frequency RF spectrum. The RF transmissions received at the base stations from each mobile are translated to baseband, or to a wideband microwave link, and rel
17、ayed to mobile switching centers MSC, which connect the mobile transmissions with the Public Switched Telephone Network PSTN. Similarly, communications from the PSTN are sent to the base station, where they are transmitted to the mobile. Cellular systems employ either frequency division multiple acc
18、ess FDMA, time division multiple access TDMA, code division multiple access CDMA, or spatial division multiple access SDMA.1 IntroductionA wide variety of wireless communication systems have been developed to provide access to the communications infrastructure for mobile or fixed users in a myriad o
19、f operating environments. Most of todayless systems are based on the cellular radio concept. Cellular communication systems allow a large number of mobile users to seamlessly and simultaneously communicate to wireless modems at fixed base stations using a limited amount of radio frequency RF spectru
20、m. The RF transmissions received at the base stations from each mobile are translated to baseband, or to a wideband microwave link, and relayed to mobile switching centers MSC, which connect the mobile transmissions with the Public Switched Telephone Network PSTN. Similarly, communications from the
21、PSTN are sent to the base station, where they are transmitted to the mobile. Cellular systems employ either frequency division multiple access FDMA, time division multiple access TDMA, code division multiple access CDMA, or spatial 6 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 蜂窝无线系统的争论
22、division multiple access SDMA . Wireless communication links experience hostile physical channel characteristics, such as time-varying multipath and shadowing due to large objects in the propagation path. In addition, the performance of wireless cellular systems tends to be limited by interference f
23、rom other users, and for that reason, it is important to have accurate techniques for modeling interference. These complex channel conditions are difficult to describe with a simple analytical model, although several models do provide analytical tractability with reasonable agreement to measured cha
24、nnel data . However, even when the channel is modeled in an analytically elegant manner, in the vast majority of situations it is still difficult or impossible to construct analytical solutions for link performance when error control coding, equalization, diversity, and network models are factored i
25、nto the link model. Simulation approaches, therefore, are usually required when analyzing the performance of cellular communication links. Like wireless links, the system performance of a cellular radio system is most effectively modeled using simulation, due to the difficulty in modeling a large nu
26、mber of random events over time and space. These random events, such as the location of users, the number of simultaneous users in the system, the propagation conditions, interference and power level settings of each user, and the traffic demands of each user,combine together to impact the overall p
27、erformance seen by a typical user in the cellular system. The aforementioned variables are just a small sampling of the many key physical mechanisms that dictate the instantaneous performance of a particular user at any time within the system. The term cellular radio system,therefore, refers to the
28、entire population of mobile users and base stations throughout the geographic service area, as opposed to a single link that connects a single mobile user to a single base station. To design for a particular system-level performance, such as the likelihood of a particular user having acceptable serv
29、ice throughout the system, it is necessary to consider the complexity of multiple users that are simultaneously using the system throughout the coverage area. Thus, simulation is needed to consider the multi-user effects upon any of the individual links between the mobile and the base station. The l
30、ink performance is a small-scale phenomenon, which deals with the 7 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 蜂窝无线系统的争论instantaneous changes in the channel over a small local area, or small time duration, over which the average received power is assumed constant . Such assumptions are
31、 sensible in the design of error control codes, equalizers, and other components that serve to mitigate the transient effects created by the channel. However, in order to determine the overall system performance of a large number of users spread over a wide geographic area, it is necessary to incorp
32、orate large-scale effects such as the statistical behavior of interference and signal levels experienced by individual users over large distances, while ignoring the transient channel characteristics. One may think of link-level simulation as being a vernier adjustment on the performance of a commun
33、ication system, and the system-level simulation as being a coarse, yet important, approximation of the overall level of quality that any user could expect at any time. Cellular systems achieve high capacity e.g., serve a large number of users by allowing the mobile stations to share, or reuse a comm
34、unication channel in different regions of the geographic service area. Channel reuse leads to co-channel interference among users sharing the same channel, which is recognized as one of the major limiting factors of performance and capacity of a cellular system. An appropriate understanding of the e
35、ffects of co-channel interference on the capacity and performance is therefore required when deploying cellular systems, or when analyzing and designing system methodologies that mitigate the undesired effects of co-channel interference. These effects are strongly dependent on system aspects of the
36、communication system, such as the number of users sharing the channel and their locations. Other aspects, more related to the propagation channel, such as path loss, shadow fading or shadowing, and antenna radiation patterns are also important in the context of system performance, since these effect
37、s also vary with the locations of particular users. In this chapter, we will discuss the application of system-level simulation in the analysis of the performance of a cellular communication system under the effects of co-channel interference. We will analyze a simple multiple-user cellular system,
38、including the antenna and propagation effects of a typical system. Despite the simplicity of the example system considered in this chapter, the analysis presented can easily be extended to include other features of a cellular system. 8 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 蜂窝无线系统的
39、争论2 Cellular Radio SystemSystem-Level Description：Cellular systems provide wireless coverage over a geographic service area by dividing the geographic area into segments called cells as shown in Figure 2-1. The available frequency spectrum is also divided into a number of channels with a group of ch
40、annels assigned to each cell. Base stations located in each cell are equipped with wireless modems that can communicate with mobile users. Radio frequency channels used in the transmission direction from the base station to the mobile are referred to as forward channels, while channels used in the d
41、irection from the mobile to the base station are referred to as reverse channels. The forward and reverse channels together identify a duplex cellular channel. When frequency division duplex FDD is used, the forward and reverse channels are split in frequency. Alternatively, when time division duple
42、x TDD is used, the forward and reverse channels are on the same frequency, but use different time slots for transmission. Figure 2-1 Basic architecture of a cellular communications system High-capacity cellular systems employ frequency reuse among cells. This requires that co-channel cells cells sha
43、ring the same frequency are sufficiently far apart from each other to mitigate co-channel interference. Channel reuse is implemented by covering the geographic service area with clusters of N cells, as shown in Figure 2-2, where N is known as the cluster size. 9 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 14 页精选学习
44、资料 - - - - - - - - - 蜂窝无线系统的争论Figure 2-2 Cell clustering:Depiction of a three-cell reuse pattern The RF spectrum available for the geographic service area is assigned to each cluster, such that cells within a cluster do not share any channel . If M channels make up the entire spectrum available for
45、the service area, and if the distribution of users is uniform over the service area, then each cell is assigned M/N channels. As the clusters are replicated over the service area, the reuse of channels leads to tiers of co-channel cells, and co-channel interference will result from the propagation o
46、f RF energy between co-channel base stations and mobile users. Co-channel interference in a cellular system occurs when, for example, a mobile simultaneously receives signals from the base station in its own cell, as well as from co-channel base stations in nearby cells from adjacent tiers. In this instance, one co-channel forward link base station to mobile transmission is the desired signal, and the other co-channel signals received by the