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1、英语语法虚拟语气的知识点归纳 一、虚拟条件句(一)含有if条件句的主从句的虚拟语气与事实相条件从句的谓语形主句的谓语形式反式表示现在过去式(did)Would / could /might / should+ 动情况(be常用were)词原形(do)表示过去过去完成式(hadWould / could / might / should +情况+done)have done表示将来过去式(did)Would / could /might / should+ 动情况should+ d。词原形(do)were to do总结：1. If条件句中谓语动词的虚拟结构是在原来陈述语气所用时态的基 础上倒退
2、一个时态(对将来虚拟的were to do/should do例外)(2)注意It isnz t as if的翻译。如：It isnf t as if he were poor.他不像穷的样子(或他又不穷)。【总结】wish, if only, as if后面的虚拟语气有三种形式：假设表示与 现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；假设表示与过去事实相反，用 过去完成时；表示将来的可能性不大，用would (might, could) + 动词原形。4、It s (high/about) time后的从句用虚拟语气基本用法：从句谓语通常用过去式表示现在或将来，有时也用过 去进行时或should+动
3、词原形(较少见，且should不能省略)，其意为(早)该干某事了。如：It s time we went were going, should go.我们该走了。【注意1】It s time I was in bed.我该上床睡了。(此处不用 were ,用was表状态；如果表示“是的意思时用were.)【注意2】Its (high/about) time”该是的时候了， 表示将来动作的虚拟语气，用should+动词原形“，should不可 以省略。5、would rather后句子用虚拟语气 基本用法:在 would rather, would sooner, would just as s
4、oon后的that从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，其意为宁愿做什么， 具体用法为：一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望；F d rather you went tomorrow (now).我宁愿你明天(现在)去。用过去完成时表过去的愿望。r d rather you hadn t said it.我真希望你没有这样说过。【注意】would rather后的虚拟语气有二种形式。顺便涉及一下：Only位于句首的倒装句Only in this way can you learn English well.只有这样你才能学好 英语。三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气句型：9种类型的动词后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气，其后的
5、虚拟语气仅有一 种形式：should+动词原形。表示“坚持要求”后的宾语从句 主要是指insist的宾语从句，从句谓语由should+动词原形构成, 其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：I insisted that he (should) stay.我坚持要他留下。【注意】动词insist后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈 述语气，两者的区别是：假设谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未 成为事实，意思是“坚持要求，那么用虚拟语气；假设谓语动词所表示 的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，意思是坚持认为，那么要用陈 述语气。比拟：He insisted that I had re
6、ad his letter.他坚持说我看过他的信。He insisted that I should read his letter.他坚持要我看他的信。表示“命令”后的宾语从句主要是指0rder, command的宾语从句，从句谓语由should+动 词原形构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：He ordered that it (should) be sent back.他命令把它送回去。表示“建议”后的宾语从句主要是指 advise, suggest, propose, recommend 等的宾语从句, 从句谓语由should+动词原形构成，其中的should在美国英
7、语 中通常可以省略。如：He suggested that we should leave early.他建议我们早点动身。【注意】与动词insist相似，动词suggest后接宾语从句时，除可 用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别也是：假设谓语动词所表 示的情况尚未成为事实，那么用虚拟语气，此时suggest通常译为建 议；假设谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实，那么要用陈述语气，此时 的suggest通常译为说明、认为、暗示。比拟：He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner.他建议我们留下 吃饭。I suggested that you ha
8、d a secret understanding with him.我 觉得你与他心照不宣。表示“要求后的宾语从句主要是指ask, demand, require, request等后的宾语从句，从句谓 语由should+动词原形构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常 可以省略。如：I ask that he leave.我要求他走开。He requires that I (should) appear.他要求我出场。表示“提议、投票”后的宾语从句主要是指move, vote等后的宾语从句，从句谓语由should+动词 原形构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：I move
9、that we accept the proposal.我提议通过这项提案。表示“敦促”后的宾语从句主要是指动词urge后的宾语从句从句谓语由should+动词原形构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：He urged that they go to Europe.他敦促他们至!J欧洲去。表示安排”后的宾语从句 主要是指动词arrange后的宾语从句，从句谓语由should+动词 原形构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如:He arranged that I should go abroad.他安排我去国外。表示“希望、打算”后的宾语从句主要是指动词desire
10、, intend后的宾语从句，从句谓语由should + 动词原形构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：She desires that he do it.她希望他做此事。表示“指示”后的宾语从句主要是指动词direct后的宾语从句，从句谓语由should +动词原形构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如:The general directed that the prisoners should be set free.将 军指示释放那些俘虏。四、主语从句中的虚拟语气句型：以it作形式主语，在 飞be+adj.+that+从句”结构中表示命令、 号召、要求、惋惜
11、等感情时，that引导的主语从句用should+动 词原形”的虚拟语气。常见的形容词有：It is necessary, important, strange, natural, advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative (绝对必要), impossible, improper, obligatory, possible, preferable, probable, recommended, urgent, vital etc.; It is a pity;
12、 It is requested/suggested/desired/proposed; It worries me that 等。 如： It s important类这一类型主要包括 It is (was) important (necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable)that.句型。It is impossible that he should go home.他不可能会回家去。 It s a pity类It is a pity that she should fare so badly.她竟吃得这么差，真可怜。 It s desired类
13、这种主语从句还常用在 It is (was) desired (suggested, settled, proposed, requested, decided, etc.) that句型。It is requested that a vote be taken.建议付诸表决。 It worries me that.It worries me that we should be blamed for that.我彳门竟要受责 备真让人烦恼。五、表语从句/同位语从句中的虚拟语气句型：在 advice, agreement, command, decision, decree, demand, d
14、etermination, indication, insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation, suggestion, idea, plan, order等名词后的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其 后的虚拟语气用should+动词原形的结构。如：Our suggestion is that you ( should ) be the first to go.我们的 建议是你应该第一个去。六.for fear that （以免），in case （以防）引导的目的状语从句中的虚拟语气
15、句型：在lest, for fear that （以免）,in case （以防）引导的目的状语从 句中用结构should +动词原形表示虚拟语气,should可以省略。如：She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in.她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。Keep quiet in case you （ should ） interrupt him when he is busy.要保持安静，以防打搅他。七、让步状语从句中的虚拟语气句型： 在even if, even though所引导的让步状语从句中，有时可
16、用 虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do.即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.即使华佗在世也救不了他。(2)在 whatever, whichever, whenever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter wh-word等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚 拟语气结构为：may +动词原形（指现在或将来）。
17、如：We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen.不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be.无论 他在哪里，我们都要找到他。I will wait for him no matter how late he may come,不管他来的 多么晚，我都会等他。may +完成式（指过去），主句结构不限。如：You mustn7 t be proud whatever / no matter what great prog
18、ress you may have made.不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲。We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made.不管他犯过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为should +动词原形，主句结构不限。如：Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student.尽管他经常迟到，他还是个好学生。Although / Though he should
19、 be secretary, he must obey the rules.尽管他是书记，他也必须遵守规定。八、原因状语从句中的虚拟语气句型：以 be+amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset 等后 面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：should +原形动词（指现在或将来）。如：He was angry that you should call him by name.他彳艮生气尔 竟然对他直呼其名。sho
20、uld +完成式（指过去）。如：F m very sorry that you should have failed the exam.我彳艮遗憾, 你这次考试竟然失败了。2 .主句要借助于情态动词的过去式，后跟动词原形（现在或将来） 或have done（过去）；if条件句中只出现一个情态动词，即对将来虚 拟的 should.3 .做此类题目时一定要分清是从句还是主句谓语动词的虚拟，还要把 握好时态。注意：1 .在虚拟条件从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用 were,不 用 was。2 .在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词中任何一 个，可省略if，把这三个词提到主
21、语之前，变成：were/should/had +主语+剩余成分。3 .在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的 缩略形式。如我们可说Were I not to do.,而不能说Weren t I to doo.在表示与将来事实相反的条件句中，只能用should ,而不能用 would , could 和 might 等。4 .主句中的should通常用于第一人称，would , could以及might 可以用于各种人称eg ：I was very surprised that father should have known what I did yesterday.我很吃
22、惊，父亲竟知道我昨天所做的事情。虚拟语气知识体系if条件句中的虚拟语气使用虚拟语气的谓语动词的虚拟形式主要句型表现在的虚拟条从句：用动词过去（be多用件句were）主句：would/should/could/might+tj词原形表过去的虚拟条从句：had + PP件句主句:would/should/could/might例句1. If I were you, I should study English.2. I would certainly go if I had time.1. If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed
23、in the test.2. If I had left a例句3. If I were you, I should study English.4. I would certainly go if I had time.3. If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the test.4. If I had left a+have + PPlittle earlier, I would havecaught the train.表将来的虚拟条 从句：用动词过去should 1. If it were to 件句+V 原
24、(were +to do)rain tomorrow,the meeting 主句：_ would be put off. would/should/could/might + 动2. If you came 词原形tomorrow, we would have the省略if的条件句省略if的条件句从句:用倒装形式,即把were, had等置于句首。（并只限 were/ had）主句：根据虚拟的情况采取与 从句相应的形式。meeting.1. Were I in school again(= If I were in school again, I would work harder.)2.
25、 Were it not for the rain,(不能说 Werent it for the rain,) I would goswimming.错综时间条件句（从句与主句所表示时间不一致）根据从句与主句表示的不同 时进行调整。含蓄条件句（虚 拟条件暗含在短 语或上下文之 中，从句不表现 出来）（常见有 but for/but that要不是， without 等）根据句子表达的实际情况选 用相应的虚拟条件句中的主 句的动词形式1. If you had worked hard yesterday, you would be tired nowIf we hadnt been workin
26、g hard in the past few years, things would be going so smoothly.1. Without air, there would be no living things.2.1 would have given you more help, but I was busy now.名词性从句中的虚拟语气wish, “可惜.就好了，悔不该但愿wish后从句：与表 各种时间的虚拟条 件句中的从句动词 形式基本相同。具体：1 ,表与现 在不能实现的愿 望，从句用过去 时，be 用 were” 2.表与过去不能 实现的愿望，从句 用“had+PP 或
27、 could/would +have +PP3 .表与将来不能 实现的愿望，从句 用“could/would + 动词原形1.1 wish I were a bird.2. I wish I had known the answer.would rather 后的宾would rather 后从1.1 would rather they语从句句：动词常用过去came tomorrow.式表示现在和将来 的虚拟语气；用过 去完成时表示过去 的虚拟语气。2. I would rather I had finished the job yesterday.从句谓语用“should+动词原形，shou
28、ld可省。从句谓语用“should+动词原形，should可省。demand, insist, suggest, command, order, require, request, desire 等一类动词后的宾语 从句（suggest表暗示、隐 含等insist表“强调，力 言等不用虚拟语气。）“It is （was）+上述 demand/suggest 等动 词过去分词（或 important, natural, strange, necessary 等形 容词）后的主语从句1.1 suggest you (should) go at once.2. He suggested that h
29、e patients leg should be cut and this suggested that he was not good at the case.(注意两个 suggest的准确翻译)It ordered that the army (should) get there by 4 a.m.1. It is necessary that she (should) be sent there at once.order, suggestion, idea,从句谓语用His demand is that weplan, proposal, advice,should+动词原（shou
30、ld Jfinish thedemand 等名词后的表形”，should 可省。work in 3 hours.语从句或同位语从句特殊句式的虚拟语气as if引导的从句（表与虚拟语气条件中从句1. Tom speaks as示非真实时）但表真动词形式基本相同。if he were a girl.实时，不用虚拟语气。2. He looks as ifhe had been to Beijing.so that, in order that may/might/should +V 原 I live so that 引导的目的状语从句others may livebetter. They got u
31、p early in order that they they first train. A.caught B. will catch C. might catch D. shall catchIt is (the从句谓语动词常用过去It is (high)timevery/high)time that Jn式，有时也可用 should+that we went的定语从句动词原形(should go) tobed. It is time that I were leaving.省去主句的If only (要 与wish后的宾语从句谓If only I hadnt 是就好了)虚拟条语形式相同。l
32、ost the chance!件句(=I wish I hadntlost the chance)某些表祝愿的句子常用原形或May+动词 Long live world原形peace!May you be happy!表委婉客气的是常语情态动词的过去式+动Could I borrow句词原形your bike?Would you please give me a hand?NO.l意义主动语态：可以理解为个人有意识、主动去做的被动语态：可以理解为无意识去做，非个人意愿的N0.2句型主动语态：主语+动词原形（根据时态变化）被动语态：主语+Be + done （过去分词）主动变被动的时候普遍要加b
33、y（或省略）by 的意思是被.: 后面加宾语一般现在时：被动语态：is / am / are +done主动语态：主语+动词原形eg: I eat a slice of cake.（我吃了一块蛋糕）=A slice of cake is eaten by me.一般过去时：被动语态：was / were+done主动语态：主语+动词过去式eg:She bought a book.（他买了一本书）二 A book was bought by her.一般将来时: 被动语态：will +be +done主动语态：主语+will doeg: The concert will be performed
34、 in the pop music and classical music.音乐会将演出古典和流行音乐。现在完成时被动：have been done过去完成时被动：had been doneeg: I have published my book.（我已经出版了我的书本）=My book have been published （by me.）The police had pursued the thief.（警察已追捕小偷）=The thief had been pursued by police.N0.3区别以及考前须知使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：1 .不及物动词无被动语态。The di
35、nosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.2 .有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。This pen writes well. This new book sells well.3 .感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带 to，但变为被动语态时，须加上toomake somebody do something somebody+ be +made to do somethingsee somebody do somethingsomebody +be +seen to do somethingeg: The boss mad
36、e the little boy do heavy work.（老板让/男孩 去做重活）-The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.4 .如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语（物）作主语，那 么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。He gave me a book.A book was given to me by him.He showed me a ticket.A ticket was shown to me by him.5 .一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而 不能丢掉其中的介词
37、或副词。 If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。 I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。在虚拟条件句中，对于与将来事实相反的情形，请注意以下几点：(1)条件从句表示的内容与将来事实相反，实为对将来情况的推测, 用过去时表示虚拟；(2 )条件从句谓语除用过去式外，有时也用should+动词原形俵 示可能性极小，常译为“万一)或were to+动词原形(表示与将 来事实相反的假设)；(3 )条件从句使用should+动词原形这样的谓语形式时，主句 谓语除可用shou
38、ld (would, could, might)+动词原形这样的虚 拟语气形式外，也可用直陈语气或祈使语气。试比拟：If it should rain tomorrow, don t expect me.万一明天下雨, 就不要等我了。(祈使语气)If I should see him, I II tell him.万一我见到他,我就告诉他。(直陈语气)We can7 t laugh at him. He can t be laughed at by us.eg:例题 1 : Could you tell me whom the radio by?-Sorry, I have no idea.A
39、 invents B invented C is invented D was invented解析：题干的意思是你能告诉我收音机是谁创造的吗？，创造收 音机是过去的事 所以用过去时排除A和C ;而radio和invent构 成被动关系，应用被动语态，排除B答案：D例题 2 : The young man was often seen by the lake. A todraw B to drawing C draw D drew解析：看到某人做某事为see sb.d。sth.。句中动词原形是省略 to的不定式，在被动语态中要还原to。答案：A除了以上注意几项，其他时候主动和被动语态可以随意转
40、换表达可运 用在书面表达，口语一般用主动语态居多。当条件从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词假设是系动词be时， 可用were代替was。特别是在倒装虚拟结构及if I were you, as it were中，只能用wereo如：Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad.要是我还年轻十岁的话，我会去国外学习。If I were you, I would try to grasp the chance.要是我是你的 话，我要尽力抓住这次机会。有时虚拟条件句中，主、从句的动作假设不是同时发生时，即错综 时间虚拟条件句。所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即
41、条件从句与主句所指时 间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即指的是现在或将来，此时应根据 具体的语境情况，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调整。 具体分为下面三种情况：从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在 发生的事实不符。如：If they had informed us, we would not come here now.如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。 从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：If he knew her, he would have greeted her.要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。从句的动作与过去发生
42、的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在 发生的情况相反。如：If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now.要是他工作一直努力的话，他现在已进了办公室了。当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时jf可省略,而将were, should, had等词置于句首。如：Should he agree to go there, we would send him there.要 是他容许去的话，我们就派他去。Were she here, she would agree with us.如果她在这儿的话
43、， 她会同意我们的。Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here.如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了。有时句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而须通过上下文或其他方式 来判断。如:I would have come to see you, but I was too busy.我本该来 看你了，然而我太忙了。But for his help, we would be working now.要不是他的帮助, 我们还会在工作呢。But that I saw it, I wouldn, t h
44、ave believed it.要不是我亲眼 目睹，我还不信呢。Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress.要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。【注意】but for后接sth , but that后接从句。有时虚拟条件句中，主、从句可省略其中一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。如：省略从句He would have finished it.他本该完成了。You could have passed this exam.你应该会通过这次考试了。省略主句If I were at home now.要是
45、我现在在家里该多好啊。If only I had got it.要是我得到它了该多好啊。两个常考if虚拟语气句型。这两个句型是 If it weren t for和 If it hadnf t been for., 其意为假设不是（有）、要不是有，可以用But for或Without介词 短语替换。如：If it weren1 t for water, no plant could grow.要是:殳有水植 物就无法生长。If it hadn1 t been for your assistance, we wouldn t have succeeded.=But for your assist
46、ance, we wouldn7 t have succeeded.=Without your assistance, we wouldn t have succeeded.二、虚拟语气的其它句型：1、wish后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气基本用法：动词Wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。假设要表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去 进行时；假设表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时或would / could + have +过去分词；假设表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would (could) +动词原形。特别注意从句的时态只与从句所指的时间有关，而与Wis
47、h的时态 无关。比拟：I wish I were rich.要是我现在有钱就好了。I wish I had been rich.要是那时我有钱就好了。I wished I were rich.当时我后悔自己没有钱。I wished I had been rich.当时我后悔自己曾经没有钱。2、讦。nly后面的句子用虚拟语气基本用法：if only与I wish基本用法：if only与I wish样，也用于表示与事实相反的愿望，其后所虚拟语气的时态与wish后所接时态的情况相同。如:If only she had had more courage!她再勇敢一些就好了。If only I had listened to my parents!我要是当时听了父母的 话就好了。If o