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1、2014 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业硕士学位联考英语试卷注：答案详解在后边SectionIUseof EnglishDirections:Read the followingtext. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D onANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Thinner isn talways better.A number of studies have _1_ that normal-weight people arein factat higher
2、risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are healthconditions for which being overweight is actually _2_. For example, heavier women are less likelyto develop calcium deficiency than thin women. _3_, among the elderly, being somewhat overweightis often an _4_ of good hea
3、lth.Of even greater _5_ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often _6_body mass index, or BIMI_7_ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BIMIof18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 to 30 is overweight. And over 30 isconsi
4、dered obese. Obesity, _8_ can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and veryseverely obese.While such numerical standards seem _9_, they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter ofweight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit. _10_ others with a lowBMI may
5、 be in poor _11_.For example, many collegiate and professional football players _12_ asobese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may havehigh body fat but a_13_ BMI.Today we have a(n) _14_ to label obesity asa disgrace. The overweight are sometimes _15_ i
6、nthe media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of willpower, and lower prospects for success.Teachers, employers, and health professionals have beenshown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_ very young children tend to look down on theoverweight, and te
7、asing about body build haslong been aproblem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_ in health concerns have stimulated a number of anti-obesity_19_, My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. many employers haveinstitutedweightloss and fitness initiatives,Michel
8、leObama has launched a high-visibilitycampaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national securitythreat!1. A deniedB conducedC doubledD ensured2. A protectiveB dangerousC sufficientDtroublesome3. A InsteadB HoweverC LikewiseD Therefore4. A indicatorB objectiveC o
9、riginD example5. A impactB relevanceC assistanceD concern6. A in terms ofB in caseofC in favor ofD in respectsof7. A measuresB determinesC equalsD modifies8. A in essenceB in contrastC in turnD in part9. A complicatedB conservativeC variableD straightforward10. A soB unlikeC sinceD unless11. A shape
10、B spiritC balanceD taste12. A startB qualityC retireD stay13. A strangeB changeableC normalD constant14. A optionB reasonC opportunityD tendency15. A employedB picturedC imitatedD monitored16. A comparedB combinedC settledD associated17. A EvenB StillC YetD Only18. A despisedB correctedC ignoredD gr
11、ounded19. A discussionsB businessesC policiesD studies20. A forB againstC withD withoutSectionIIReadingComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the followingfour passages.Answer the questions below each passageby choosing A, B, C orD. Mark your answerson ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1What would you do
12、with$559m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-year-oldwidowwho recently emerged from her small, un-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggestundivided lottery jackpot in history. If shehopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings orfulfillment.Shecould do worse than re
13、ad Happy Money by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral researchto show that the most rewarding waysto spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasiesof great wealth often involve visions of fancy carsand extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with thesematerna
14、l purchaseswears off fairly quickly. Whatwas Once exciting and new becomes old hat; regret creeps in, It is far better to spend money onexperiences, say Ms Dun and Mr. Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to thecinema. These purchasesoften become more valuable with time as ston
15、es or memories-particularlyif they involve feeling more connected to others.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get themost ” happiness bang for your buck. ” It seemsmost people would be better off if they could shortentheir commutes to work, spend mor
16、e time with friends andfamily and less of it watching television(something the averageAmerican spendsa whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollierfor it). Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself,and luxuries are most enjoyable when t
17、hey are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reasonMcDonald srestricts the availabilityof its popular McRib-a marketing trick that hasturned the porksandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of Happy Money are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfilment,not hunger. Moneymay not quite
18、 buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those inpoor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seenamong richand poor people around the world. and scarcity enhancesthe pleasure of most things for most people.Not everyone willagre
19、ewith the authorspolicy ideas, which range from mandating more holidaytime to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers, But most people willcome away fromthis book believing it was money well spent.21. According to Dumn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?AA big
20、houseBA special tourCA stylish carDA rich meal22.The author sattitude toward Americans watching TV isAcriticalBsupportiveCsympatheticDambiguous23. Macrib is mentioned in paragraph3 to show thatAconsumers are sometimes irrationalBpopularityusually comesafter qualityCmarketing tricks are after effecti
21、veDrarity generally increasespleasure24. According to the last paragraph, Happy MoneyAhas left much room for readerscriticismBmay prove to be a worthwhile purchaseChas predicted awider income gap in the usDmay give its readers a senseof achievement25. This text mainly discusseshow toAbalance feeling
22、 good andspending moneyBspend large sums of money won in lotteriesCobtain lasting satisfaction from money spentDbecome more reasonablein spending on luxuriesText 2An article in Scientific America haspointed out that empirical researchsaysthat, actually, youthink you re more beautiful than you are.We
23、 have a deep-seatedneedto feel good about ourselvesand we naturally employ anumber of self-enhancing strategies to researchinto what the call theabove averageeffect, or illusory superiority, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rateourselves as above averagein leadership, 93% in driving and85% at
24、getting on well with othersallobviously statistical impossibilities.We rosetint our memories andput ourselves into self-affirming situations. We becomedefensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypesto others to boost our own esteem,westalk around thinking we re hot stuff.Psychologist and b
25、ehavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw akey studying intoself-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compresswithothers, he askedthem to identify an original photogragh of themselvesfrom a lineup includingversions that hadbeenaltered to appearmore and le
26、ssattractive. Visual recognition, readsthe study,is an automatic psychological processoccurring rapidly andintuitivelywith little or no apparentconscious deliberation. If the subjectsquickly chosea falsely flattering image- which must did-they genuinely believed it was really how they looked. Epley
27、found no significant gender differencein responses.Nor was there any evidence that, those who self-enhance the must (that is, theparticipants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make upfor profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images highe
28、r up the attractiveness scalewere real directly corresponded with thosewho showed other makers for having higher self-esteem.I dontthink the findings that we having haveare any evidence of personal delusion, saysEpley.Itsa reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves.If you ared
29、epressed,youwontbe self-enhancing. Knowing the results of Epley sstudy, it makessensethat why people heatphotographs of themselves Viscerally-on onelevel, they donteven recognise the person in thepicture asthemselves, Facebook therefore ,is aself-enhancersparadise, where people can shareonlythe most
30、 flattering photos, the cream of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyle it snot thatpeople sprofiles aredishonest, saysCatalina Tomaof WisconMadison university ,but theyportray an idealized version of themselves.26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that _.A
31、 our self-ratings areunrealistically highB illusory superiority is baselesseffectC our need for leadership is unnaturalD self-enhancing strategiesare ineffective27. Visual recognition is believed to bepeople s_A rapid watchingB conscious choiceC intuitive responseD automatic self-defense28. Epley fo
32、und that people with higher self-esteem tended to_A underestimate their insecuritiesB believe in their attractivenessC cover up their depressionsD oversimplify their illusions29. The word Viscerally(Line2,para.5) is closestin meaning to_.AinstinctivelyBoccasionallyCparticularlyDaggressively30. It ca
33、nbe inferred that Facebook is self-enhancersparadise becausepeople can _.Apresent their dishonest profilesBdefine their traditional life stylesCshare their intellectual pursuitsDwithholdtheir unflattering sidesText 3The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution,bu
34、t thisphenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. Andyet, it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boomand bust cycle. Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology hassuch
35、an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon willcontinue to restructureour economy in ways we cant immediately foresee.When there is exponential improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs thatwere once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become threat
36、ened. This argument hasattracted a lotof attention, via the success of the book Race Againstthe Machine, by ErikBrynjolfsson andAndrew McAfee, who both hail from MITs Center for Digital Business.This is a powerful argument, and ascary one.And yet, JohnHagel, author of The Power of Pulland other book
37、s, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reasonwhy these jobs are so vulnerable totechnology in the first place.Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U.S. that tend to be tightlyscripted and highlystandardized ones that leave no room for individualinitiative or creativity.In short, theseare thetyp
38、es of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings. That is how we have putagiant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says.Its time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we arestill relying on a very20th century notion of work, Hagel says. In our
39、 rapidly changing economy, we more than ever needpeople in the workplace who can take initiativeand exercise their imaginationto respond tounexpected events. Thats not something machines are good at. They are designed to perform verypredictable activities.As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee inde
40、ed touched on this point in their book. We needto reframe raceagainst the machine as racewith the machine. In other words, we need to look at theways in which machines can augment human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is notreally about technology, but rather, how do we innovate ou
41、r institutions andour work practices?31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would _.Aease the competition of man vs. machineBhighlightmachines threat to human jobsCprovoke a painful technological revolutionDoutmode our current economic structure32. The authors of RaceAgainst the Ma
42、chine arguethat _.Atechnologyis diminishing mansjob opportunitiesBautomation is accelerating technological developmentCcertain jobs will remain intact after automationDman will finally win the raceagainstmachine33. Hagel arguesthat jobs in the U.S. are often _.Aperformed by innovative mindsBscripted
43、 with an individual styleCstandardized without a clear targetDdesigned against human creativity34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed_.Athe predictability of machine behavior in practiceBthe formula for how work is conducted efficientlyCthe ways machinesreplace human
44、labor in modern timesDthe necessity of human involvement in the workplace35. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?AHowto Innovate Our Work PracticesBMachines will Replace Human LaborCCan We Win the RaceAgainst MachinesDEconomic Downturns Stimulate InnovationsText 4
45、When the government talks about infrastructurecontributingto the economy the focus isusually on roads, railways, broadband and energy.Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not beengood at communicating the real value that housing
46、can contribute to economic growth. Then there isthe scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to jostle for attention among multibillion-poundinfrastructure projects, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps themost significantreason is that the issue has alway
47、s been so politicallycharged. This governmentdoes not want to seea return to large-scale provision of council housing, so it is naturally wary ofmeasuresthat will lead us down that route.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the timeand we are simply
48、 not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectifythis. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgenthousing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The
49、communities minister, DonFoster, has hinted that George Osborne may introduce more flexibilityto the current cap on theamount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. The cap, introduced in2012 as part of the Housing Revenue Account reform, has been a major issue for the s
50、ector.Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap werelifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which wouldhave a significantimpact on the ability of registered providers to fun