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1、初中英语语法要点归纳(最容易混淆的知识点)一 used to+ 动原，“过去常常”，He used to drank.be used to译为“被用来”，后接动原。It is used to cut things.be used to译为“习惯于”，后接动词ing或名词/代词。如：Hes used to working late. We are all used to following others. be used for+ 目的（名词或动词ing） 如：English is used for business./Knives are used for cutting things.In
2、most cases, this module should only be used for debugging purposes.在大多数情况下，这个模块只是用于调试目的。However, it will need many more studies before the technique used in this study can be used for diagnosis.不过，在这项研究采用的技术能够被用于临床诊断之前，还需要进行更多的研究。Theoretically, they could still be used for chewing, but in one third
3、of people, they can come in sideways, impacted, or can cause pain and infection. 理论上来说，它们现在仍然可以用于咀嚼，但是大约三分之一的人的智齿从侧面萌出，就可能会导致疼痛和感染。二 on，in和with的用法和区别on：表示使用通讯工具、信息或传媒，乘坐交通工具等；I dont want to talk about it on the phone.in：使用语言文字等媒介；Can you speak it in English?with：借助具体的手段或工具。Dont write it with a red p
4、en.Do you like to hobnob with me?你愿意和我一起喝两杯吗?I have something to talk with you.我有点儿事要和你谈一谈。I have something to square up with you.我有点事要和你商谈解决一下。三 at , on , in 三者都可以表示“在的时候”。at：表示在哪个时刻用；I get up at six oclock in the morning. at night(特殊用法)on：表示在哪一天，哪一天的早上（下午、晚上）；on Wednesday , on Sunday morning , on
5、May I , on a cold morning in 1936in：表示在哪一年（季、月），在上午，下午等。in September , in the morning , in the afternoon， in autumn四 spend, pay, cost, take的用法和区别 sb. spend on sth. 某人花了（时间、金钱）在某事上。 Sb.spend. (in) doing sth. 某人花了（时间、金钱）做某事。We should not spend our fortune.我们不能浪费钱财。You really shouldnt spend so much eff
6、ort on it.你真不该在这件事上花费这么大的精力。He used to spend all his money on food and drink; now he lives a simple life.他过去把钱都花在吃喝儿上，现在可节省了。 sb. pay for sth. 某人为某物花了钱。We will not pay for your crisis.我们不会为你们的危机付款。All this may be the price we pay for progress.这一切都可能是我们为进步付出的代价。Ill settle with you, you have to pay fo
7、r your insulting.我早晚要找你算这笔账的，你得为你的侮辱行为付出代价。 sth. cost sb. 某物花了某人钱。Did you reckon in the cost of the taxi?你把坐计程车的费用计算在内了吗?They deducted the cost of the broken window from his allowance.他们从他的津贴中扣除损坏窗户的费用。We have to weigh the cost of the new system against the benefits it will bring.我们必须权衡一下起用新系统所需的成本和
8、它将带来的效益。It takes/took sb. to do sth. 花了某人（时间、金钱）做某事五 too much. too many, much too的用法和区别too much+ 不可数名词They bumped her off because she knew too much.因为她知道太多，所以他们把她干掉了。Seeing too much violence on television can desensitize people to it.在电视上看太多暴力，会使人对暴力麻木不仁。They bumped him off because he knew too much
9、about their illegal activities.他们把他谋杀了， 因为他对他们的非法活动知道得太多了。too many+ 可数名词： They have too many restrictions.他们有很太多的限制。One reason for my decision was that all too many people advised me not to do it.我之所以做出这样的决定，原因之一就是有太多的人不想让我来这里。Versatility is another of your strong points, but dont overdo it by havin
10、g too many irons in the fire.你还有一个长处是多才多艺， 但不要揽事太多而太露锋芒。much too+ 形容词 很，非常.One of the big mistakes that I think people make is to do too much too soon.我认为人们常犯的一个大的错误就是在太短的时间里做得太多了。Look, he said to his people, the Israelites have become much too numerous for us.对他的百姓说：“看哪，这以色列民比我们还多，又比我们强盛。For exampl
11、e, all of these elements are unlikely to be implemented as a single component, since theyre much too complicated for this to be the case.例如，所有这些元素都不可能作为一个单一的组件被实现，但是这对于一个用例来说太过复杂了。六 not until，until的区别和用法until表示动作、状态的持续，强调“一直到为止”，或强调某个动作或状态一直持续到另一个动作或状态出现之前。常与表示延续性动作的动词连用。如：He banged on the door unti
12、l she let him in.他砰砰打门，一直到她开门让他进去为止。She pored over the problem until she solved it.她深入地思考了这个问题，直到把它解决为至。The letter passed from one to another until everyone had read it.这封信从一个人转手到另一个人直到每个人都看过。not until表示“到为止；直到才”，常与表示瞬间性动作的动词连用。Not until we pointed out their fault to them did they realize it .直到我们向他
13、们指出了他们的错误，他们才意识到。 Well never find Truth in her entirety, at least not until the Second Coming, and who knows when that will be?我们永远找不到完整的真理，至少在第二次到来之前不能，谁知道那将是什么时候呢？Therefore let us realize that it is not until we have cultivated the better qualities in ourselves that we can expect to find them in o
14、thers.因此，我们要意识到在我们自己身上培养出更好的品质之前，我们不能希望在其他人的身上找到这样的品质。七 few, a few; little , a little的用法和区别（1）few, a few是可数的, little, a little是不可数的。（2）a few, a little含肯定意味，few, little含否定意味。I met few people congenial to me in the department.在那个单位里我没碰到几个意气相投的人。The thief mooched few apples when we are not looking.那个小偷
15、乘我们不注意偷了几个苹果。Year by year a few of these slang terms prove so useful that they graduate into respectable society.年复一年， 这些俚语中的一些证明是十分有用的， 因而逐渐进入了上流社会。They have a little ink, dont they?他们有一点墨水，是吗？They have little ink, do they?他们几乎没有墨水，是吗？She has a few Chinese friends, doesnt she?他有几位中国朋友，是吗？She has fe
16、w Chinese friends, does she?他几乎没有几位中国朋友,是开吗She has a little dog.她有一只小狗。八 can, be able to表示能力这一意义时can和be able to基本相同,但can只有两个时态即现在时(can)与过去时(could)而be able to有多种形式。对未来的能力做决定时,一般用can. 用于过去时态时，See if you can go with us.考虑一下，看是否能和我们一起去。What can I do for you?我能帮你什么忙吗?Do it how you can.你尽可能试着做做看。be able t
17、o与can意义不完全相同,was able to意为“有这种能力，而且利用这种能力设法做成了某事”，而could只单纯地表达有某种能力。I know someone who should be able to fix you up.我知道有个人能提供你所需要的东西。Manufacturers must be able to juggle demands of all kinds.制造商必须能够应付各种需求。For once you have mastered that you will be able to do anything.因为一旦你掌握了它你将可以做到任何事情。九 must, hav
18、e to的用法和区别must表示说话人的主观看法；Then you must be my cousin.那么你一定是我的远亲了。You must compensate me for this loss.你必须补偿我的这个损失。We must start at once.我们必须马上出发。而have to则表示客观需要。mustnt意为不可以;不允许；dont have to 意为不必。You have to consider what to do next.你必须考虑下一步该做什么。I have to complain to the manager about it.对这件事我不得不向经理申诉
19、。You have to keep after your son if he refuses to be housebroken.如果你儿子不服管教的话，你必须整天跟在他的身边。十 after, in的用法和区别after+时间段 表达过去一段时间以后，常用于过去时态的句子；I received the letter after two days .我是两天以后收到这封信的。After you left, we all missed you.你走了以后， 我们都很想你。He headed for me after I called him.叫了他一声之后，他朝我走过来了。After I tol
20、d her the news, she stared at me in astonishment.我把消息告诉她之后，她惊骇得睁大了眼睛盯着我。after+时间点 表示将来一段时间以后，用于将来时态的句子。 He will arrive after four oclock.四点之后他将到来。in+时间段 以现在为起点，表示将来一段时间以后，常用于将来时态的句子。You will receive the letter in three days.你三天以后将收到这封信。十一 ago , before的用法和区别ago立足于现在，表示从现在起，若干时间之前；ago 通常与一般过去时连用不能与完成时
21、连用；I met him three years ago .（距今）三年前，我遇到他。I met her once several years ago.几年前我曾见过她一面。They checked out ten minutes ago.他们十分钟前就结账走了。He and his wife busted up three months ago.他和他妻子三个月前就关系破裂了。before立足过去，表示从过去某一时刻起，若干时间以前。before通常与过去完成时连用。I had met him three years before .（距当时）三年前我见到他一次。Write her befo
22、re you go.你去之前先给他写封信。I have seen him before.我以前曾经见到过他。You should hibernate before I contact with you.在我与你联系之前，你得潜伏不动。十二 alone, lonely的用法和区别alone是表语形容词，只能作表语用。Though I am alone, I am not lonely. 虽然我孤独一人,但我并不感到寂寞.Winking back her tears,she left alone.她眨眨眼忍住眼泪，独自离开了。They leave their daughter alone in t
23、he house on weekdays.平时他们把女儿独自留在家中。 He traversed alone the whole continent of Africa from east to west.他独自一人从东到西横越整个非洲大陆。 lonely除了有“孤独的”意思外，还有“寂寞的”意思。另外说明特点时还有“人迹稀少的”，“荒凉的”意思。He was taken to a lonely house . 他被带到一个荒无人烟的房子内。I am lonely without you.没有你，我是孤独的。She has a soft place in her heart for all l
24、onely people.她同情所有孤独的人。Even if we are otherwise lonely, we go through life in the company of this ever-expanding society of artists, characters and images, each of them chosen by us.即使我们是孤独的，我们都在这个不断扩大的社会陪伴之下走完了一生，而其中的艺术家，角色与影像都是由我们自己挑选的。十三 arrive , reach , get to 三者都有“到达”之意。reach为及物动词。 They reached
25、 Tianjin yesterday. 昨天他们到达天津。arrive为不及物动词，后面接介词in或at。We must clear the room before our guests arrive. 我们必须在客人到达之前把房间收拾好。Workers in a factory must clock in when they arrive.工厂工人到达工厂时必须记录上班时间。You must hook up with Mr. Ordway once you arrive there. 你一到那儿必须马上与奥德韦先生联系。get to常用于口语，可代替前二者。They employed the
26、 best lawyer they could get to plead their case.他们聘请了能请到的最好的律师为他们陈述案情。You have to reflect on how to answer his questions before you get to his house.在你到达他家之前你必须考虑好如何回答他提出的问题。How do you plan to keep all of your reasons in mind so that you can get to where you want to be? 你打算怎样记住自己的那些理由到达自己想要到达的地方？ 我很
27、乐意在评论里听听你的想法十四 because , because of“因为”because是连词，引导状语从句。We stayed at home because it rained.因为下雨，我们呆在家。I did it because they asked me to do it!我做这事是因为他们请我做啊！They bumped her off because she knew too much.因为她知道太多，所以他们把她干掉了。We could not reason out which way the robbers escaped, because we were unable
28、to find any trace of them.我们推断不出这些强盗是从哪个方向逃走的，因为我们找不到他们的任何踪迹。because of是短语介词，后面接名词性词语。We stayed at home because of the rain.因为下雨，我们呆在家。Many motorists were forced to stop over in that town because of floods.由于发大水， 许多开车旅游的人被迫停留在那个镇上了。His business went under because of competition from the large corpor
29、ations.由于大公司的竞争，他的生意陷入了困境。Because of the snow, the pilot had to land the plane at an airport in another city.由于大雪，飞行员只得把飞机降落到另一座城市的一个飞机场。十五 begin , start“开始”一般可以通用，但start较为口语化。It has begun（started）raining .已经开始下雨了She is very honest, to begin with.首先，她很诚实。Begin the job the day after tomorrow.后天开始干这活吧
30、。I shall count up to ten and then we can begin.我数到十然后我们就开始。start还可表示“动身”、“开动”等意思，而begin则不能这样用例如：They start for Beijing tomorrow.他们明天动身去北京。I should be instructed when to start.应当通知我出发的时间。He warmed to the disabled from the start.他从一开始就同情那个残疾人。Though he had a good start, I rowed him down at last.虽然他开始时
31、划得很好，但最后我还是赶过了他。十六 borrow , lend 二者都有“借”的意思。borrow是“借入”，lend是“借出”。例如：Can I borrow your pen?我可以借你的钢笔吗？Could I borrow your pen?我可以借用你的笔吗?May I borrow your pen?我可以借你的笔吗?Could I borrow your bike from you until next week?我借用你的自行车，直到下周还你，好吗? Lend me your pen, will you?把钢笔借给我用用，可以吗？Could you lend me your d
32、ictionary?你能把字典借我用用吗?He promised to lend me some money,but he has ratted on me.他答应借给我一些钱，但是他说了话不算数。All these plans presuppose that the bank will be willing to lend us the money.这些计划是预先假定银行会愿意借钱给我们而制定的。十七 finally , at last , in the end 它们都有“最后”、“终于”的含义。但用法不同。finally用于动词之前，表示人们长期以来期待的某事最后实现了。He tried
33、many times and finally succeeded.他试验了多次,最后成功了。at last也有此义，但期待的感情更强烈一些。At last he has understood it.最后他终于明白了这个。in the end表示经过许多变化或周折，最后发生了某事。例如：We made several different plans for our holiday, but in the end we had a summer camp again. 我们制定了好几种不同的度假方案，但最后我们还是选定了再来一次夏令营活动。 He calmed down in the end. 他
34、的情绪终于平定下来。I had to ask him several times for my money, and he paid up in the end.我不得不向他讨了几回账，他最后终于还清债了。His research in cancer that spanned 15 years has made considerable headway in the end.他对癌症持续15年的研究终于取得了极大的进展。十八 find , look for， find out二者都有“寻找”的意思。find是look for的结果。What are you looking for?你在找什么？
35、look for是find之前的寻找过程。Have you found your pen?你找到你的钢笔了吗？Find out指经过一番努力最终找到。I found out she was wrong. 我发现她错了。How do we find out about it?我们怎么去发现这一点？But if they lie, I find out.但如果他们骗人，我会发现的。They need to interview some people and find out if they like their jobs.他们需要接见一些人并且查明是否他们喜欢他们的工作。十九 join , tak
36、e part in, join in二者都有“参加”的意思。join多指参加某组织、党派或社会团体，成为其中的一个成员。He joined the League in 1985.他在1985年入团。join in 参加正在进行的竞赛,娱乐,谈话等活动。如: join us in the match;take part in指参加活动、群众性活动或会议，并在其中起一定作用。The old man took part in the Long March.这位老人参加过长征。When you take part in any performance, you get out as much as y
37、ou put in.你参加任何活动，你投入多少力量就会得到多少收获。Students should do surveys, visit museums, take part in charity work and hand in reports for teachers to decide on their marks.学生应该通过做调查，参观博物馆，参加公益劳动，上交给老师的这些活动的报告，决定他们的成绩。But Australia is a resource producer, so we have the advantage of being able to take part in t
38、he additional supply of things that are in strong demand.This helps our incomes.但澳大利亚是资源生产者，因此我们有这个优势，能够去参与那些有着强劲需求的东西的额外供应，这增加了我们的收入。二十 in front of, in the front of的用法与区别in front of意思是“在前面”，指甲物在乙物之前，两者互不包括；其反义词是behind（在的后面）。如：He walked in front of me.他走在我的前面。 There are some flowers in front of the
39、house.房子前面有些花卉。 in the front of 意思是“在某一空间内的前部”，即甲物在乙物的范围之内；其反义词是at the back of（在范围内的后部）。如：There is a big desk and a blackboard in the front of our classroom.我们的教室前边有一张大桌子和一块黑板。Our teacher stands in the fount of the classroom.我们的老师站在教室前 He sat in the front of the classroom.他坐在教室的前面。（在教室里面）The girl is
40、 standing at/in the front of the bus.这个女孩站在公共汽车的前部。(在车内)Actually with a huge hole in the front of my shirt since I still refuse to go shopping.事实上，衬衫的前面应该还有个大洞，因为我一直不愿去买件新的。二十一 how long, how often, how far, how soon的用法和区别how long意为“多久、多长时间”，主要是对一段时间进行提问，答语通常是（for）three days/weeks/months等时间段，它可用于各种时态
41、。How long do you stay in Beijing every year?每年你在北京住多久？how often意为“多久次、是否经常”，用来提问在某一特定的时间进行某个动作的次数，答语通常是always，usually，often，sometimes，once/twice a day/month等。How often do you get to school very early?你多久早到校一次？how far意为“多远”，对距离提问时用。How far is that?那有多远？how soon意为“还要多久”，是对从某个基本时间到将来某动作结束或某动作发生这段时间提问，常
42、用在一般将来时态的句子中，其答语通常是“in + 一段时间”。How soon can you finish the work?还要多久你能完成这项工作？In half an hour.半小时后。 二十二 whether，if这两个连词都作是否解,引导宾语从句时,两者通常可以互换。但在下列几种情况下, 不可用if 代替whether。1)当whether 与or not连成词组时。 I dont know whether or not they will come for our help.我不知道他们是否来帮助我们。 2)whether 用在不定式前面时。She hasnt decided
43、whether to go or not.她还没有决定去还是不去。 3)whether引导的从句放在句首时。Whether this is true or not, I cant say.这是不是真的,我不说(或我说不准)Think it over and let me know whether you agree with me. 好好考虑一下， 然后告诉我你是否同意我的意见。Whether we will go there tomorrow depends on the weather.我们明天是否去那里取决于天气。John and his wife clashed on the ques
44、tion of whether they should have another child.约翰和他的妻子在是否应再生一个孩子这个问题上意见有分歧。ifconj. （表条件）如果；即使；是否；（表假设）假如 n. 条件；设想What is to become of me if you go away?如果你走的话，我的结果将是怎样呢?If he winks at you,you may wink back as well.如果他向你使眼色的话，你也可以使眼色以示回答。If you take this medicine,all your symptoms will fall away.如果你使
45、用这种药物，你的所有症状将会消失。 二十三 have sb.do，have sb.or sth.doing，have sth.done（了解）have sb.do 作“使某人做某事”解，have 后作宾语补足的不定式通常不带 to。have sb./sth.doing 与 have sb.do 的意思大致相同，只是现在分词作宾补强调动作在进行，而不定式作宾补只表示发生了某件事。试比较下面两个句子：The boss had his workers working all day long .那老板让工人们整天（不停地）干活。The boss had his workers work fourte
46、en hours a day.那老板让工人们一天干14小时的活。在 have sb.or sth.doing 结构中，have 如被否定，往往作“允许”、“容忍”解。如：I wont have you saying such things.我不允许你讲这样的话。Have/get sth done 作“（有意识地）让别人替自己做某事”解，过去分词表示的动作赏由别人完成，宾语是过去分词所表示地动作的承受者。I will have my hair cut tomorrow.明天我将去理发。还可批无意识的被动行为，have 作“受到”、“遭受”解。如：I had my pen stolen.我的钢笔被人偷了。二十四 either,eitheror,neither, neithernor, both and 的用法及区别either其意为两者中的任何一个。There are many shops on either side of the street.街道两边有许多商店。either用