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1、20132014学年第二学期英语文学作品选读2考试大纲1. 了解熟悉英国20世纪及美国各时期文学特点、代表作家、代表作品及作品概要。2. 重点掌握以下几部作品,包括作家/诗人写作特点，创作理念，作品内容及赏析，人物特点等等： 1) Walt Whitman & “Song of Myself” 2) Nathaniel Hawthorne & The Scarlet Letter 3) Jack London & Martin Eden 4) Ezra Pound & “In a Station of the Metro” 5) Robert Frost & “The Road Not Tak
2、en”, “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”3. 名词解释：1) American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. Americas literary naturalists dismissed the va
3、lidity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the s
4、ensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Althou
5、gh naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.2) Black humour: Also known as Black Comedy, writing that places grotesque elements side by side with humorous ones in an attempt to shock the reader, forc
6、ing him or her to laugh at the horrifying reality of a disordered world.3) Free verse: Free verse is poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure; instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech. While it alternates stressed and uns
7、tressed syllables as stricter verse form do, free verse does so in a looser way. Whitmans poetry is an example of free verse at its most impressive.4). Imagism : A literary movement launched by British and American poets early in the 20th century in reaction against Victorian sentimentalism that adv
8、ocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images.5) Local colorism： Local colorism or Regionalism as a trend first made its presence felt in the late 1860s and early 70s in America. It may be defined as the careful display in speech, dress or behavior peculiar to a geo
9、graphical locality. The ultimate aim of the local colorists is to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities that tell it apart from the world outside. The social and intellectual climate of the country provided a stimulating milieu for the growth of local color fiction in Amer
10、ica. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. They tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life. They formed an important part of the realistic movement. Although it lost it
11、s momentum toward the end of the 19th century, the local spirit continued to inspire and fertilize the imagination of author. 6) Meter: It is measured in units called feet. It is any form of poetic rhythm, determined by the type and number of feet in a line or in a passage of verse. The analysis of
12、the meter is called scansion.7) Modernism: Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century. It was made up of many facets, such as Symbolism, surrealism, cubism, expressionism, and futurism. The modernists consciously
13、 and actively rejected the established rules, traditions and conventions to show their dissatisfaction and disappointment about the realistic society. 8) Oxymoron: A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory ideas or terms. An oxymoron suggests a paradox, but it does so very briefly,
14、usually in two or three words, such as “living death,” “dear enemy,” “sweet sorrow,” and “wise fool.”9) Puritanism : Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding father
15、s of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin a
16、nd total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature.10) Transcendentalism : the emergence of the Tr
17、anscendentalists as an identifiable movement took place during the late 1820s and 1830s, but the roots of their religious philosophy extended much farther back into American religious history. Transcendentalism and evangelical Protestantism followed separate evolutionary branches from American Purit
18、anism, taking as their common ancestor the Calvinism of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe. They stressed the importance of the individual. To them
19、, the individual was the most important element of society. They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, alive, filled with Gods overwhelming presence. Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death c
20、an be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses. Emersons Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as Americas “Declaration of Intellectual.1. It stressed the power of intuition, believing that people could
21、 learn things both from the outside world by means of the five senses and from the inner world by intuition. It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God. All things in nature were symbols of the spiritual, of Gods presence. It emphasized the significance of the individual and believed that the indiv
22、idual was the most important element in society and that the ideal kind of individual was self-reliant and unselfish. Transcendentalists envisioned religion as an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal “Oversoul”.期末试卷题型1. Multiple choice 20%2. True or false 10%3. Define
23、 the following terms 30%4. Poem appreciation and segment reading 20%5. Comments 20%二、 知识点1、了解英国维多利亚时期及20世纪文学特点及代表作家、代表作；a. English critical realism: critical realism was the main current in English novel in the middle of the 19the centuryb. flourished in the forties and in the early fiftiesc. The cr
24、itical realists described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.d. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling cla
25、sses, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people维多利亚时期代表作家及作品：（1）NovelCharles Dickens-the greatest realist of the timeSketches by Boz(博兰特写集) the Pickwick Papers(匹克威克外传)Oliver Twist(雾都孤儿) the old curiosity shop(老古玩店)American notes(国美札记) DOobey and son(董贝父子)David copperfield(大卫科菲波尔) bleak
26、 house(荒凉山庄)Little dorrit (小杜丽) a tale ot two cities (双城记) great expectation(远大前程)William Makepeace Thackeray：1839年：凯萨琳（Catherine） 1840年：水手日记（Coxs Diary） 1840年：悲惨华丽的故事（A Shabby Genteel Story） 1843年：费兹布多佩帕斯（Fitz-Boodle Papers） 1844年：乱世儿女，原名【贝瑞林登】（Barry Lyndon）1847年：我的家园（Our Town） 1848年：名利场（Vanity Fai
27、r） 1850年：丽贝卡与罗薇娜（Rebecca and Rowena） 1852年：男人的妻子们（Mens Wives） 11855年：玫瑰与戒指（The Rose and the Ring） 1857年-1859年：维吉尼亚的人们（The Virginians） 1862年：菲利浦的冒险（The Adventures of Philip） 1864年：丹尼斯狄万（Denis Duval）Charlotte Bronte847年：代表作简爱（Jane Eyre）1849年：雪莉（Shirley）1853年：维莱特（Villette）1857年：教师（The Professor）Elizabe
28、th Gaskell1. Mary Barton (1848 ) 2. The Moorland Cottage (1850) 3. Ruth (1853)4. Cranford (1853) 5. North and South (Household Words, x, 1855)George Eliot乔治艾略特Adam Bede亚当比德The Mill on the Floss弗罗斯河上的磨房.Silas Marner织工马南传Middlemarch 米德尔马契（2）ProseThomas Carlyle托马斯卡莱尔 法国革命The French Revolution论英雄、英雄崇拜和历
29、史上的英雄业绩On Heroes and Hero-Worship过去与现在Past and PresentJohn Ruskin约翰拉斯金现代画家IVModern Painers IV(1843年1960年)建筑的七盏明灯The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849年)威尼斯之石The Stones of Venice (1853年)建筑与绘画Architecture and Painting (1854年)Matthew Arnold马修阿诺德Dover Beach多佛滩（3）PoetryAlfred Tennyson 阿尔弗雷德丁尼生（维多利亚时代最具代表性
30、的伟大诗人）“Break, Break, Break”碎了，碎了，碎了“Ulysses”尤利西斯“The Princess”公主In Memoriam悼念The Idylls of the King国王叙事诗Robert Browning罗勃特白朗宁( dramatic monologue) The Ring and the Book 环与书My Last Duchess我的已故的公爵夫人.Home Thoughts, from Abroad海外乡思（11）Charles Swinburne查尔斯史文朋1. 了解美国各个时期文学特点及代表作家,特别是超验主义，自然主义，现代主义；（1）Tran
31、scendentalism（超验主义）Transcendentalismit is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism（加尔文主义） . It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind.特点：It placed emphasis
32、 on spirit, or the over-soul.It stressed the importance of the individual.It offered a fresh perception of nature as a symbolic of the spirit of overwhelming presence. 代表作家: Emerson & Thoreau; Hawthorne & Melville; Whiteman & Dickenson; Allen Poe（2）Naturalism（自然主义）a new and harsher realism, the end
33、of the century Perception of societys disorders Presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. 特点：The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity an
34、d the environment, the religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 代表作家：Stephen Crane 史蒂芬.克莱恩,Frank Norris 弗朗克.诺里斯, Jack London杰克.伦敦, Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞（3）Modernism现代主义：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary. Strictly, especia
35、lly in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one. 代表作家：埃兹拉庞德Ezra Pound、罗伯特弗洛斯特Robert Lee Frost、尤金奥尼尔Eugene ONeill、F斯科特菲茨杰拉德F Scott Fitzgerald、欧内斯特海明威 Ernes
36、t Hemingway、威廉福克纳William Faulkner、约翰史坦贝克John Steinbeck、辛克莱刘易斯Sinclair Lewis2. 熟悉课内涉及到的各作家写作风格、代表作及作品的梗概，（1）在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor.（2）Benjamin Franklin 本杰明富兰克林1706-1790The Autobiography自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle hum
37、or, sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、（3）Thomas Paine 托马斯佩因1737-1809 Great Common of Mankind 最平凡的人American Crisis美国危机（4）Thomas Jefferson 托马斯杰弗逊drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言（5）Philip Freneau菲利普费瑞诺poet and political journalist诗人和政治方面的新闻记者 has been called the Father of American Po
38、etry美国诗歌之父The Wild Honey suckle野金银花The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地（6）Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文the first great belletrist第一个纯文学作家the first great prose stylist of American romanticism 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家A History of New York 纽约的历史-美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家（7）James Fe
39、nimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀contribution: launched two kinds of immensely popular stories the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga 开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。“The Last of the Mohicans”最后的莫希干人（8）William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特 poet 诗人the first American to gain the stature of a major poet. 第一个获得美国主
40、要诗人称号的作家“To a Waterfowl”致水鸟the most perfect brief poem in the language. 用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗。（9）Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡 “The Raven”乌鸦the title poem of a collection“The Fall of the House of Usher”鄂谢府崩溃记（10）Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England,是把超验主义引
41、入新英格兰的先驱“Nature”论自然、“Self-Reliance”论自助（11）Henry David Thoreau 亨利戴维.梭罗Walden 瓦尔登湖成名作（12）Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑“The Scarlet Letter”红字女主角honest, calmly face fault 诚实，坦然的面对罪过。弗洛伊德人格理论：Id 本我 欲望，只要快乐Roger 女主角的丈夫Ego 自我 分辨对错，受约束，符合现实Hester 女主角Superego 超我 Dim 女主角的情人，牧师女主角的自我成长和自我救赎的过程。Ego growth and red
42、eem by her own of process “The Scarlet Letter” analysis分析：it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against. Young Hester borders on being licentious. Her drive is sexual. She does her best to keep her hold on the magic chain humanity. Her life even
43、tually acquires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen Symbolic of her moral development is the gradual imperceptible change with the scarlet letter undergoes in meaning. At first it is a token of shame, “Adultery” but then the genuine sympathy and he
44、lp Hester offered to her fellow villagers changes it to “Able”. Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying “Angel”. There is reason to agree with the critical observation that A may represent Adamic, or prehistoric, an archetypal vice suggestive of “original sin,” Dimmesdale, on
45、 the other hand, banishes himself form society. Deeply preoccupied with himself, he lives a stranger among his admirers. The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reconstruct her life and win a moral victory, Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual disintegration. Be
46、tween him and Hester they point to a moral as Hawthorne may intend them to do, that the best policy for man is to be true, honest, and ever ready to show ones worst to the outside world.（13）Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔“Moby Dick”白鲸，a tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly super
47、natural white whale.主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事。The book is steeped in symbolism. 本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰。（14）Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗poet 诗人A Psalm of Life人生礼赞 The Song of Hiawatha 海华沙之歌 特点：exercised a great influence in bringing European culture to the U.S., and likewise did much to popular
48、ize American folk themes abroad where his work was immensely popular and widely translated.在引进欧洲文化上起巨大推动作用，也把美国民间文化传播到国外，他的作品还被翻译成多种文字，在海外受到高度评。第二册现实主义（realism）-New York replaced Boston as the nations literary center. 纽约成为新的文化中心。（15）Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼“Leaves of Grass”草叶集1870 the first genuine epic poem. 美国历史上第一部真正的史诗Song of Myself 自我之歌-the most famous piece（16）Emily Dickinson 爱米丽.狄金森“I died for