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1、1/28 概念特征会计会计是 以货币为主要计量单位,以凭证为依据,借助会计的专门技术方法,对一定主体的 经济过程及其结果进行全面、综合、连续、系统地核算和监督,并向有关方面提供真实可靠会计信息的一种经济管理活动。以货币为主要计量单位但并不是唯一按一系列专门的会计方法(会计核算方法、会计分析方法、会计检查方法)对经济活动进行反映具有核算和监督的基本职能本质就是管理活动会计的基本职能会计核算职能会计以货币为主要计量单位,通过确认、计量、记录和报告等环节,对特定主体的经济活动进行记账、算账、报账,向有关各方提供会计信息的首要职能方法:设置会计科目复式记账填制与审核凭证登记账簿成本计算财产清查会计报表
2、分析与利用两大基本职能关系密切、相辅相成;核 算 是 监 督 的 基础,监督是核算的质量保证核算的具体内容款项和有价证券的收付;财务的收发、增减和使用;债权、债务的发生和结算;资本的增减;收入、支出、费用、成本的计算;财务成果的计算和处理;需要办理会计手续、进行亏阿基核算的其他事项。会计监督职能会计人员在进行会计核算的同时,对特定主体经济活动的合法性、合理性和会计资料的真实性所实施的审查主要通过价值指标来进行;对经济活动进行事前(合法合规)、事中(纠正偏差和失误)和事后监督(对核算资料进行审查和分析)会计对象会计核算和监督的内容即资金的运动(资金的投入资金的循环与周转资金的退出)资金的运动:资
3、金从货币资金形态出发,通过循环周转,最终又回到货币资金形态的过程资金的运用:将资金运用于生产经营过程就形成了资金的循环与周转;包括供应,生产和销售。资金的退出:资金离开本企业,退出资金的循环与周转,是资金运动的终点。退出过程主要包括还债,缴税和利润分配等。会计基本假设:会计确认、计量、报告的前提,是对会计核算所处时间、空间环境所做出的合理假设四项基本假设相互依存、相互补充。会计主体会计所核算和监督的特定单位或者组织,界定了从事会计工作和提供会计信息的空间范围明确会计主体,才能划定会计所要处理的各项交易或者事项的范围明确会计主体,才能将会计主体的交易或者事项与会计主体所有者的交易或者事项及其他会
4、计主体的交易或者事项区分开来法律主体必然是会计主体;会计主体不一定是法律主体持续经营会计主体在可以预见的将来,将根据正常的经营方针和既定的经营目标持续经营下去。企业应当以持续经营为基本前提。会计分期将一个会计主体的生产经营活动划分成若干个相等的会计期间,以便结算账目和编制财务会计报告分为年度和中期货币计量会计主体在会计核算过程中采用货币作为统一的计量单位,综合反映会计主体的财务状况和经营成果。核算以人名币作为记账本位币会计基础:会计确认、计量、报告的基础权责发生制会计确认、计量、报告应当以权责发生制为基础,亦称应收应付制企业按收入的权利和支出的义务是否归属本期来确认收付实现制以收到或支付的现金
5、作为确认收入和费用等的依据凡本期实际收到款项的收入和付出款项的费用都归属本期2/28 会计要素:根据交易或者事项的经济特征确定的财务会计对象所进行基本分类。按性质分为:资产、负债、所有者权益、收入、费用、利润六大会计要素。事业单位会计要素分为:资产、负债、净资产、收入、支出五大会计要素。文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5
6、H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1
7、 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5
8、H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1
9、 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5
10、H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1
11、 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F23/28 经营成果:企业在一定期间内从事生产经营活动所取得的最终成果,是
12、资金运动显著变动状态的主要体现。会计要素的计量主要由计量单位和计量属性构成。计量属性主要包括历史成本、重置成本、可变现净值、现值、公允价值等。定义分类资金运动形态流动非流动反映企业的财务状况资产企业 过去 的交易或者事项形成的企 业 拥 有或 控 制 的资源预期会给企业带来经济利益 的资源库存现金、银行存款、应收及预付款项、存货等长期股权投资、固定资产、无形资产等静态运动负债企业 过去 的交易或者事项形成的预期会导致经济利益流出企业的 现时义务短期借款、应付及预收款项等长期借款、应付债券、长期应付款等所有者权益企业资产扣除负债后由所有者享有的剩余权益(所有者投入的资本包括注册资本和股本,也包括
13、投入资本超过注册资本部分的金额,即资本溢价或股本溢价,计入资本公积)按其构成不同分为实收资本(或股本)、资本公积、盈余公积和未分配利润(留存收益)取决于资产、负债、收入、费用等会计要素的确认和计量反映企业的经营成果收入企业在日常活动 中形成的会 导 致 所有 者 权 益增加 的与所有者投入资本无关的经济利益的总流入按照企业从事日常活动的性质分为:销售商品收入、提供劳务收入、让渡资产使用权收入、建造合同收入等按照企业从事日常活动的重要性分为:主营业务收入、其他业务收入等动态运动利得企业在非日常活动中形成的会 导 致 所有 者 权 益增加 的与所有者投入资本无关的经济利益的流入费用企业在日常活动
14、中发生的会 导 致 所有 者 权 益减少 的与所有者分配利润无关的经济利益的总流出期间费用:管理费用、财务费用、销售费用损失企业在非日常活动中发生的会 导 致 所有 者 权 益减少 的与所有者分配利润无关的经济利益的流出利润企业在一定会计期间的经营成果。包括收入减去费用后的净额,直接计入当期利润的利得和损失等。按构成分为营业利润、利润总额、净利润文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:C
15、J1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7
16、T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:C
17、J1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7
18、T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:C
19、J1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7
20、T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F24/28 历
21、史成本(实际成本):取得或制造某项财产物资所实际支付的现金或其等价物。重置成本(现行成本):按照 当前市场条件,重新取得同样一项资产所须支付的现金或现金等价物金额。可变现净值:在正常生产经营活动过程中,以预计售价减去进一步加工成本和预计销售费用相关税费后的净值。现值:对未来现金流量以恰当时折现率进行折现后的价值,是考虑资金、时间价值的一种计量单位。(资产按照预计从其持续使用和最终处置中所产生的未来净现金流入量的折现金额计量。)公允价值:在公平交易中,熟悉情况的交易双方自愿进行资产交换或者债务清偿的金额计量。会计科目:为了满足会计确认、计量、记录和报告的要求,根据企业内部会计管理和外部信息的需要
22、,对会计要素具体内容进行分类的项目;原则:合法性(设置符合国家统一的会计制度规定)、相关性(设置应当为提供有关各方所需的会计信息服务,满足对外报告和对内管理的要求)、适应性(设置应当符合单位自身的特点,满足单位实际需求)。按归属会计要素分资产类负债类所有者权益类成本类损益类流动库存现金、银行存款、原材料、应收账款、材料采购短期借款、应付账款、应付职工薪酬、应交税费、应付票据按所有者权益的形成和性质可分为反映资本的科目和反映留存收益的科目按照不同内容和性质分为反映制造成本的科目和反映劳务成本的科目包括收入要素和费用要素非流动长期股权投资、长期应收款、固定资产、在建工程、无形资产等长期借款、应付债
23、券、长期应付款等反映资本的科目:实收资本(或股本)、资本公积;反映留存收益的科目:盈余公积、本年利润、利润分配制造成本:生产成本、制造费用;劳务成本:劳务成本等收入:主营业务收入、其他业务收入、营业外收入;费用:主营业务成本、其他业务成本、管理费用、财务费用、销售费用、所得税费用按 提 供 信 息 详 细 程度及统驭关系分总分类科目(又称一级科目或总账科目)明细分类科目(又称明细科目)关系定义对会计要素内容进行总括分类、提供总括信息的会计科目反映各种经济业务的概括情况,进行总分类合算的依据对总分类科目作进一步分类、提供更详细、更具体会计信息的科目企业一般自行设定(可在总分类科目与明细科目之间设
24、置二级或多级科目)总分类科目对所属明细科目具有统驭和控制作用;明细科目是对其所属的总分类科目的补充和说明包括应收账款、应付账款、原材料等,由财政部统一规定应收账款按债务人名称、姓名设置的明细科目等原材料按类别、品种、规格设置的明细科目共同反映经济业务既总括又详细的的情况文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:
25、CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O
26、7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:
27、CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O
28、7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:
29、CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O
30、7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F25/28 会计等式:各会计要素在数量上存在着特定的平衡关系,这种平衡关系用等式表达,称为会
31、计等式。是复式记账法、试算平衡、编制资产负债表的理论基础。会计的基本等式(产权关系和基本财务状况),静态会计等式所有者权益又称剩余权益,所有者是企业风险的最终承担者某一时期的经营成果说明了企业利润的实现过程一定期间的经营成果必然影响一定时点的财务状况,六要素联系得到的等式资产=权益资产=负债人权益+所有者权益即资产=负债+所有者权益收入-费用=利润(动态会计等式)(编制利润表的理论基础)资产=负债+所有者权益+(收入-费用)资产=负债+所有者权益+利润资产权益资产负债所有者权益在实际工作中,收入不包括利得,费用不包括损失。所以,收入减去费用,并经相关利得和损失调整后,才等于利润。期末,利润按比
32、例分给投资者经济业务对等式的影响(企业在任何时点全部的资产总额总是等于负债总额与所有者权益总额之和)+不变资产减少,负债增加;另一部分+-不变-不变形成企业的盈余公积和未分配利润-+不变+归入所有者权益不变+-不变-期末,结账后+-不变不变会计等式恢复基本形式不变+-不变不变不变+-任何经济业务都不破坏这一平衡关系不变+-不变-+复式记账:在设置会计科目的基础上,开设具一定结构的账户,采用一定的记账方法对经济业务进行连续、系统、全面的记录,为管理者提供各种有用的信息。账户的四个结构要素:期初余额、本期增加发生额、本期减少发生额、期末余额。期初余额+本期增加发生额=本期减少发生额+期末余额,账户
33、余额与增加额在同一方向记录。会计科目是账户的名称,也是账户设置的依据;账户是会计科目的具体应用。单式记账法是指对发生的每一项经济业务,只在一个账户中加以登记的记账方法。各类会计科目结构会计科目之间的相互对照关系,彼此称为对应科目。记账规则:有借必有贷,借贷必相等收入类(余额转本年利润贷方)、费用类(余额转本年利润借方)一般无余额资产类成本类借方损益费用类会计科目贷方负债类所有者权益类借方损益收入类会计科目贷方会计分录:某项经济业务发生时,标明其应借应贷科目及其金额的一种简明记录,简称分录。包括:会计科目(账户名称)、记账符号(方向)、金额。期初余额(费用无)期初余额(收入无)书写上习惯先借后贷
34、本期增加发生额本期减少发生额本期减少发生额本期增加发生额借贷分行写、文字和金额的数字都应该前后错开借:银行存款 40000 应收账款 16000 文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T
35、6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ
36、1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T
37、6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ
38、1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T
39、6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ
40、1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F26/28 本期发生额合计本期发生额合计本期发生额合计本期发生额合计贷:主营业务收入 56000 期末余额期末余额编制会计分录的步骤:分析经济业务所设计的会计科目确定所涉及的会计科目是记增加还是减少根据科目的性质和结
41、果确定哪些会计科目记借方,哪些记贷方确定应借应贷科目是否正确,借贷金额是否相等试算平衡(依据资产=负债+所有者权益)复式记账法:以资产与权益平衡关系作为记账基础,对于每一笔经济业务,都要在两个或两个以上相互联系的账户中进行登记,系统地反映资金运动变化及其结果的一种记账方法。分为借贷记账法、收付记账法和增减记账法三种。世界各国普遍采用借贷记账法。借贷记账法是以“借”、“贷”为记账符号,对每一笔经济业务在两个或两个以上相互联系的账户中以相反的方向,相等的金额全面地进行记录的一种记账方法。发生额及余额试算平衡表(试算并不是万能的,不平衡一定有错,平衡不一定对)会计科目期初余额本期发生额期末余额借方贷
42、方借方贷方借方贷方合计全部借方期初余额合计=全部贷方期初余额合计全部借方期初发生额合计=全部贷方期初发生额合计全部借方期末余额合计=全部贷方期末余额合计总科目期初余额合计=分类科目期初余额合计总科目期初发生额合计=分类科目期初发生额合计总科目期末余额合计=分类科目期末余额合计总分类会计科目与明细分类会计科目:所反映的经济业务类型相同、登记会计科目的原始依据相同,但反映经济业务的详细程度不同、作用不同。总分类会计科目与明细分类会计科目平行登记要做到:所依据会计凭证相同(依据相同)、借贷方向相同(方向相同)、所属会计期间相同(期间相同)、计入合计金额相等会计凭证:简称凭证,是记录经济业务发生和完成
43、情况的书面证明,也是登记账簿的依据区别:填制人员、依据、方式、发挥作用不同原始凭证(是会计核算的原始资料或依据)记账凭证(登记会计账簿的直接依据)概念又称单据,是在经济业务发生或完成时取得或填制的,用以记录或证明经济业务发生或完成情况,并明确有关经济责任的文字凭据,具有法律效力又称记账凭单,是由会计人员根据审核无误的原始凭证或汇总凭证进行归类整理而编制的,并据以确定会计分录后填制的会计凭证会计凭证的作用:记录经济业务,提供记账依据;明确经济责任,强化内部控制;监督经济活动,控制经济运行。分类按来源分:外来和自制(一次、累计、汇总)原始凭证按内容分:收款、付款和转账凭证按格式分:通用凭证和专用凭
44、证填制方式分:单项(借项、贷向)、复式凭证基本内容原始凭证名称、填制凭证日期、凭证的编号、接收凭证的单位名称(抬头人)、经纪业务的内容(数量、单价、金额等)、填制单位的签章、有关人员签章、填制单位名称或填制人员姓名、凭证附件记账凭证名称,填制凭证日期,凭证的编号,经济业务事项的内容摘要,经纪业务所涉及的会计科目及其记账方向,经纪业务事项的金额,记账标记,所附原始凭证的张数,填制、审核、记账、会计主管等有关人员的签章,收款和付款凭证应增加出纳人员签章会计档案的保管:会计凭证登账后的整理、装订和归档存查。填 制 的 基记录要真实,内容要完整,手续要完备,书写要清楚规凭证日期(填制记账凭证当天)、摘
45、要(真实准确,简明扼要)、会会计凭证的传递:会计凭文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P
46、5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B
47、1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P
48、5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B
49、1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P
50、5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B1 HZ3T7D8O7T6 ZR9R5P5H4F2文档编码:CJ1Z3F3L7B