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1、实验名称:用透射光栅测定光波波长实验目的:1、理解光栅衍射的基本原理与特点;2、掌握分光仪、光栅的调节要求与方法,掌握各步调节的目的和实现的判据;3、认识光栅光谱的分布规律,并能正确判别衍射光谱的级次;4、利用光栅测定光栅常量、光波波长。实验仪器:分光计透射光栅双面反射镜汞灯实验原理:若以单色平行光束垂直照射光栅,通过每个狭缝的光都会发生衍射,这些衍射光又在一些特殊方向上被透镜会聚于焦平面上一点后,因干涉加强而型成各级亮线,如图1,若衍射角为 的光束经透镜会聚后互相加强,则角必须满足关系式,.)3,2,1,0(,sinkkdk即光程差必须等于光波长的整数倍。式中为单色光波长,k 是亮条纹级次,
2、k为 k 级谱线的衍射角。此式称为光栅方程,它是研究光栅衍射的重要公式。汞灯的光栅光谱示意图如果入射光是复色光,由于各色光的波长各不相同,则由公式(41-1)可以看出,其衍射角k也各不相同,经过光栅后,复色光被分解为单色光。在中央0k,0k位置处,各色光仍将重叠在一起,形成 0 级亮条纹。而在中央亮条纹两侧,各种波长的单色光产生各自对应的谱线,同级谱线组成一个光带,这些光带的整体叫做衍射光谱。如图所示,它们对称地分布在中央亮条纹的两侧。1、测量光栅常数用汞灯光谱中的绿线(546.07nm)作为已知波长测量光栅常数d。测量公式sinkkd2、测量波长用上面求出的光栅常数,测量光谱线的波长。测量公
3、式sinkdk3.光栅的角色散角色散是光栅的重要参数,它表示单位波长间隔内两单色谱线之间的角距离。汞灯光谱中双黄线的波长差之差=2.06nm,两条谱线偏向角之差和两者波长之差之比:D对光栅方程微分可有cosdkD由上式可知,光栅光谱具有如下特点:光栅常数d 越小,色散率越大;高级数的光谱比低级数的光谱有较大的色散率。实验内容1、光栅的调节(1)调节分光计,使望远镜对准无穷远,望远镜轴线与分光计中心轴线相垂直,平行光管出射平行光。调节方法见光学实验常用仪器部分。狭缝宽度调至约1 毫米。(2)安置光栅,要求入射光垂直照射光栅表面,平行光管狭缝与光栅刻痕相平行。(3)调节光栅使其刻痕与转轴平行。注意
4、观察叉丝交点是否在各条谱线中央,如果不是,可调节螺丝予以改正,调好后,再回头检查光栅平面是否仍保持和转轴平行。如有了改变,就要反复多次,直到两个要求都满足为止。2、测定光栅常数以汞灯为光源,测出K=1 波长为 5460.7nm 绿光衍射角,求 d。但应注意:+1 与-1级的衍射角相差不能超过几分,否则应重新检查入射角是否为零。3、测定未知光波波长及色散率用上法在 K=1 时测出汞的紫、双黄线的衍射角,求出它们的波长。3、测定未知光波波长求出汞的两条黄线1 及2 的衍射角角之差,求出1 及 2 并计算出,再文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码
5、:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9
6、HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 Z
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8、编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V
9、9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5
10、 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8
11、文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8求出光栅的角色散率。实验数据处理1、测量光栅常量测量次数绿色光谱线角坐标衍射角111114LLRR衍射角平均值1K=-1 K=+1 1L1R1L1R1 2 3 1sind2、测量光波波长谱线颜色测量次数光谱线角坐标衍射角111114LLRR波长/nm平均波长/nmK=-1 K=+1 1L1R1L1R紫1 2 3 黄内1 2 3 黄外1 2 3 与教材
12、P3给出的相应波长进行比较3、测定光栅的角色散=-=1cosDDd内外外内黄(内)黄(外)将两者进行比较思考题1、光栅方程和色散率的表达式中各量的物理意义及适用条件?2、平行光管的狭缝很宽时,对测量有什么影响?文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH
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17、档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3
18、V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I8文档编码:CP5V1Z8A3V9 HZ7N4M9B5J5 ZH7C7K10K7I83、光计主要由哪几部分组成?为什么说望远镜的调整是分光
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