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1、1/4 一、酸、碱、盐的组成酸是由氢离子和酸根组成的化合物如：硫酸（H2SO4）、盐酸（HCl）、硝酸(HNO3)碱是由金属离子和氢氧根组成的化合物如：氢氧化钠、氢氧化钙、氨水（NH3H2O）盐是由金属离子（或铵根）和酸根离子组成的化合物如：氯化钠、碳酸钠酸、碱、盐的水溶液可以导电（原因：溶于水时离解形成自由移动的离子）二、酸1、浓盐酸、浓硫酸的物理性质、特性、用途浓 HCl 浓 H2SO4气味有刺激性气味无特性挥发性(敞口置于空气中，瓶口有白雾)吸水性脱水性腐蚀性用途金属除锈制造药物人体中含有少量盐酸，助消化金属除锈浓硫酸作干燥剂生产化肥、精炼石油浓硫酸的稀释:把浓硫酸沿着烧杯内壁慢慢倒入水
2、中并用玻璃棒不断搅拌。2、酸的通性（具有通性的原因：酸离解时所生成的阳离子全部是H+）（1）与酸碱指示剂的反应:使紫色石蕊试液变红色不能使无色酚酞试液变色（2）金属+酸 盐+氢气Fe+H2SO4=FeSO4+H2Mg+2HCl=MgCl2+H2（3）金属氧化物+酸 盐+水CuO+H2SO4=CuSO4+H2O Fe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3 H2O（4）碱+酸 盐+水2NaOH+H2SO4=Na2SO4+2H2O(无现象，借助于指示剂)Ca(OH)2+2HCl=CaCl2+2H2O（5）盐+酸 另一种盐+另一种酸（产物符合复分解条件）三、碱1、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钙的物理性质、用途NaOH
3、 Ca(OH)2俗名烧碱、火碱、苛性钠熟石灰、消石灰制法Ca(OH)2+Na2CO3=CaCO+2NaOH CaCO3=CaO+CO2CaO+H2O=Ca(OH)2用途氢氧化钠固体作干燥剂化工原料：制肥皂、造纸去除油污：炉具清洁剂中含氢氧化钠工业：制漂白粉农业：改良酸性土壤、配波尔多液建筑：2、碱的通性（具有通性的原因：离解时所生成的阴离子全部是OH-）（1）碱溶液 与酸碱指示剂的反应：使紫色石蕊试液变蓝色，使无色酚酞试液|精.|品.|可.|编.|辑.|学.|习.|资.|料.*|*|*|*|欢.|迎.|下.|载.第 1 页，共 4 页2/4 变红色（2）非金属氧化物+碱 盐+水CO2+Ca(O
4、H)2=CaCO3+H2O(检验 CO2)CO2+2NaOH=Na2CO3+H2O（吸收 CO2）（3）酸+碱 盐+水H2SO4+2NaOH=Na2SO4+2H2O 2HCl+Ca(OH)2=CaCl2+2H2O（4）盐+碱 另一种盐+另一种碱（反应物均可溶，产物符合复分解条件）2NaOH+CuSO4=Cu(OH)2+Na2SO4 3Ca(OH)2+2FeCl3=2Fe(OH)3+3CaCl2四、中和反应溶液酸碱度的表示法pH 1、定义：酸与碱作用 生成盐和水的反应2、应用：（1）改变土壤的酸碱性（2）处理工厂的废水（3）用于医药3、溶液酸碱度的表示法pH（1）0 14 酸性增强中性碱性增强（
5、2）pH 的测定：最简单的方法是使用pH 试纸用玻璃棒（或滴管）蘸取待测试液少许，滴在pH 试纸上，显色后与标准比色卡对照，读出溶液的pH（读数为整数）不能直接伸入待测溶液中，试纸不能事先用水湿润。（3）酸雨：正常雨水的pH 约为 5.6（因为溶有 CO2）pH5.6 的雨水为酸雨第十一 单元盐化肥知 识点一、常 见的盐定义：能解离出金 属离子(或 NH4+)和酸根离子的化合物物质俗称物理性质用途氯化钠食盐白色粉末，溶 解 度 受 温度影响不大（1）作调味品（2）作防腐剂（3）消除积雪（降低雪的熔点）（4）农业上用 NaCl 溶液来选种碳酸钠Na2CO3纯碱（因水溶液呈碱性）苏打白 色 粉 末
6、 状固体，易溶于水用于玻璃、造纸、纺织、洗涤、食品工业等碳酸氢钠NaHCO3小苏打白色晶体，易溶于水制糕点所用的发酵粉医疗上，治疗胃酸过多干粉灭火剂备注灭火：Na H CO3Na2CO3+H2O+CO2治疗胃酸 NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO2|精.|品.|可.|编.|辑.|学.|习.|资.|料.*|*|*|*|欢.|迎.|下.|载.第 2 页，共 4 页文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7
7、E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码
8、:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8
9、HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 Z
10、F7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档
11、编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H
12、8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4
13、 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M93/4 三、盐的化学性质1、盐（可溶）+金属 1 金属 2+新盐CuSO4+Fe=FeSO4+Cu 2、盐+酸新盐+新酸3、盐+碱新盐+新碱（反应物需都可溶，且满足复分解反应的条件）2NaOH+CuSO4=Cu(OH)2+Na2SO4 3Ca(OH)2+2FeCl3=2Fe(OH)3+3CaCl24、盐+盐两种新盐（反应物需都可溶，且满足复分解反应的条件）Na2CO3+BaCl2=BaCO3+2NaCl NaCl+AgNO3=AgCl+NaNO3四、部分酸碱盐的溶解性钾钠硝铵溶，常见的五
14、种白色沉淀：CaCO3BaCO3盐酸不溶有银汞，BaSO4AgCl Mg(OH)2硫酸不溶铅钡盐蓝色沉淀：Cu(OH)2碳酸只溶钾钠铵，红褐色沉淀：Fe(OH)3 碱溶钾钠铵和钡注：BaSO4、AgCl 不溶于水，也不溶于酸五、化 学肥料1、化学肥料（氮肥、钾肥、磷肥）（1）氮肥作用：壮叶铵态氮肥防晒防潮，且均不能与碱性物质（如草木灰、熟石灰等）混合施用NH4NO3+NaOH=NaNO3+NH3+H2O（2）钾肥作用：壮茎（3）磷肥作用：壮果（4）、复合肥：含 N、P、K 中的两种或三种例如：KNO3 2、使用化肥、农药对环境的影响3、土壤污染 2、大气污染 3、引起水体污染：N、P过多，导致
15、水体富营养化，赤潮、水华等现象4、合理使用化肥（1）、根据土壤情况和农作物种类选择化肥（2）、农家肥和化肥合理配用5、氮、磷、钾三种化肥的区别方法氮肥钾肥磷肥看外观白色晶体灰白色粉末加水全部溶于水大多数不溶于水加熟石灰放出具有刺激性气味的氨气无气味放出|精.|品.|可.|编.|辑.|学.|习.|资.|料.*|*|*|*|欢.|迎.|下.|载.第 3 页，共 4 页文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10
16、T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB
17、1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7
18、S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E
19、10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:
20、CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 H
21、A7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF
22、7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M94/4 六、离子的检验试剂CO32-稀 HCl 及石灰水SO42-Ba(NO3)2及稀 HNO3Cl-AgNO3及稀 HNO3NH4+NaOH 及湿润的红色石蕊试纸七、三种干燥剂浓硫酸NaOH 固体生石灰（CaO）（也是溶于水放热的三种物质）注:浓硫酸不能干燥 NH3等碱性气体NaOH 固体和生石灰不能干燥CO2、SO2、HCl 等酸性气体|精.|品.|可.|编.|辑.|学.|习.|资.|料.*|*|*|*|欢.|迎.|下.|载.第 4 页，共 4 页文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S
23、5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E1
24、0T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:C
25、B1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA
26、7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7
27、E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码
28、:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9文档编码:CB1G4D6R1H8 HA7S5Z2Z7M4 ZF7E10T4V4M9