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1、大三-材料科学-材料 X 射线衍射与电子显微学第一部分X 射线衍射分析第一章X 射线物理学基础1.1 X射线得本质1.X射线本质:电磁辐射2.X射线性质:波长较短;具有波粒二象性;穿透力极强;对生物细胞有很强得破坏作用。1.2 X射线得产生1.产生原理:高速运动得电子与物体碰撞时,发生能量转换,电子得运动受阻失去动能,其中一小部分能量转变为X射线,而绝大部分能量转变成热能使物体温度升高。2.产生条件:产生自由电子;使电子作定向得高速运动;在其运动得路径上设置一个障碍物使电子突然减速或停止。3.X射线管:阴极(发射电子),阳极(靶),窗口与焦点。1.3 X射线谱1.连续 X射线1）特点:由一系列
2、波长不同得X 射线组成得;它有一个最短波长0;在大于最短波长得某一范围内,其波长就是连续变化得。2）成因:高速运动得电子撞到阳极时突然减速,动能转变为光能释放出来。3）连续 X射线得最短波长0(短波限)只与管电压有关,与管电流与阳极材料无关。4）连续 X射线得强度与管电压、管电流与阳极材料有关。2.特征 X射线谱1）成因:原子得内层电子被激发造成电子跃迁。2）特点:由若干条特定波长得X射线构成,波长不连续。3）特征 X射线得频率与波长就是恒定不变得。4）种类:K系特征 X射线;L 系特征 X射线;M 系特征 X射线等5）波长只与阳极材料得原子种类有关,与外界条件无关6）特征 X射线得相对强度决
3、定于电子在各能级间得跃迁几率(K K;K1K2)。7）特征 X射线得绝对强度随X射线管得电流与电压得增加而增大。8）用途:X射线衍射分析得主要光源;元素成分分析。1.4 X射线与物质得相互作用X射线与物质相互作用时,可发生散射、透射、吸收以及光电效应等现象。1.散射1）相干散射:当 X光子与原子内得紧束缚电子碰撞时,X光子仅改变运动方向,能量没有损失。散射线得波长与入射线得波长相同,并具有一定得相位关系,可以互相干涉,形成衍射图样。用于X射线衍射分析。2）非相干散射:当 X 光子与自由电子或束缚很弱得电子碰撞时,运动方向与能量发生变化。不相干散射线由于波长各不相同,因此不会互相干涉形成衍射线。
4、2.光电效应1）荧光 X 射线:光电吸收后,原子处于激发态,内层出现空位。这时,外层电子就要往内层得空位跃迁,多余得能量会以特征X射线得形式释放出来,这种特征 X射线称为荧光X射线。2）俄歇电子:当外层电子往内层空位跃迁时,其多余得能量不就是以X 射线得形式释放出来,而就是传给原子得外层电子使之脱离原子,变成自由电子。这个过程称为俄歇作用。由俄歇作用产生得自由电子称为俄歇电子。3.吸收:线吸收系数 l,质量吸收系数 m(与 X射线得波长以及吸收物质得原子序数有关,可以反映不同元素吸收X射线得能力)。4.吸收限:对于一定得元素而言,随着入射 X射线波长缩短,质量吸收系数减小,到达某一波长值,m
5、突然增加,然后又逐渐减小,质量吸收系数突变点得波长值称为该元素得吸收限。应用:X射线滤波片得滤波原理。第二章X 射线衍射得几何原理2.1 晶体几何学简介1.晶面与晶向指数2.布喇菲点阵结点坐标:简单点阵:000;底心点阵:000,1/2 1/2 0;体心点阵:000,1/2 1/2 1/2;面心点阵:000,1/2 1/2 0,1/2 0 1/2,0 1/2 1/2。3.晶面间距:立方晶系2.2 倒易点阵1.倒易点阵得定义设 a、b、c 代表正点阵S 得基矢量,a*、b*、c*代表相应得倒易点阵S*得基矢量a*a=1,a*b=0,a*c=0 b*a=0,b*b=1,b*c=0 c*a=0,c*
6、b=0,c*c=1 2.倒易点阵得性质1）在倒易点阵S*中,由原点指向倒易点阵点hkl 得向量为Hhkl,H=ha*+kb*+lc*,Hhkl必与点阵 S中得平面点阵(hkl)相垂直。2）向量Hhkl得长度Hhkl与点阵 S中得dhkl成反比,即Hhkl=1/dhkl3.晶带:在晶体结构或空间点阵中,与某一取向平行得所有晶面均属于同一个晶带。晶带轴:同一晶带中所有晶面得交线互相平行,通过坐标原点得那条直线称为晶带轴。晶带定律:Hu+Kv+Lw=0 晶带定律得应用:u=k1l2-k2l1,v=l1h2-l2h1,w=h1k2-k1h2 2.3 布拉格定律布拉格定律2dsin=n,n反应级数,2衍
7、射角反映出晶体结构中晶胞大小及形状得变化2.4 衍射矢量方程与厄尔瓦德图解文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z
8、5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2
9、HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7
10、K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q1
11、0 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A
12、9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U
13、9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U9文档编码:CT9T7Z5O1B2 HS10B7K1M4Q10 ZB3A9B5Q7U91.衍射矢量|S-S0|=2sin=/dhkl,S入射线单位矢量,S0衍射线单位矢量2.厄尔瓦
14、德图解以-1为半径画一圆,O 点为倒易点阵原点,BP 与晶体点阵S 中得一族平面(hkl)平行,取OP得长度为1/dhkl,这时向量 OP即为倒易点阵S*中 得向量H。衍射矢量方程第三章X 射线衍射得强度3.1 电子与原子对衍射强度得影响1.电子对 X射线散射后空间P点强度常数项电子散射因数,偏振因数2.原子对 X射线散射后P点得强度原子散射因数原子散射因数决定于原子中电子分布密度以及散射波得波长与方向(sin/)。3.2 单胞对衍射强度得影响1.结构振幅2.结构因素|2表征了单胞得衍射强度,反映了单胞中原子种类、原子数目及原子位置对(HKL)晶面衍射方向上衍射强度得影响文档编码:CZ8V8Y
15、6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3
16、HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B
17、6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4
18、ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8
19、E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T
20、8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:
21、CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T83.消光规律布拉菲点阵出现得反射消失得反射简单立方全部没有体心立方H+K+L为偶数H+K+L为奇数面心立方H、K、L为全奇或全偶H、K、L 奇偶混杂把由于=0 而使衍射线消失得现象称为系统消
22、光。结构因素只与原子得种类及在单胞中得位置有关,而不受单胞形状与大小得影响。4.消光规律1）点阵消光:在复杂点阵中,由于面心、体心或底心上有附加阵点而引起得=0 得现象称为点阵消光。2）结构消光:对于那些由两类以上等同点构成得复杂晶体结构,除遵循它们所属得布喇菲点阵消光外,还有附加得消光条件,称为结构消光。3.3 一个小晶体对 X射线得散射晶粒得衍射强度3.4 角因素1.衍射得积分强度近似地等于ImB,其中Im为顶峰强度,B为半高宽。衍射积分强度与成比例。2.粉末多晶得反射几率参与形成衍射环得晶面,在倒易球面上得投影构成一具有一定宽度得环带部分。参加衍射得晶粒分数=3.单位长度衍射环得积分强度
23、洛伦兹因数=角因数=3.5 粉末多晶体得 HKL面得衍射强度1.多重性因数:将等同晶面个数对衍射强度得影响因子叫多重性因子(数),用 P来表示。文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 H
24、O7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6
25、R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 Z
26、F10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E
27、10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8
28、文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:C
29、Z8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T82.吸收因数圆柱试样得吸
30、收:愈大,吸收愈小,值愈接近1;在同一值处,愈大者,值愈小。平板状试样得吸收:3.温度因数一定时,温度 T 越高 M 越大,越小,衍射强度减小;T 一定时,衍射角越大M 越大,越小,衍射强度减小,所以背反射时得衍射强度较小。4.多晶体衍射得积分强度公式相对积分强度第四章X 射线衍射实验方法4.1 劳厄法:用连续X 射线照射固定得单晶,用垂直入射X 射线得照相底片来纪录衍射花样。4.2 粉末照相法1.德拜照相法1）安装方法a 正装法:底片中心就是安放承光管得位置,圆筒底片开口在光阑两侧。衍射角2 从底片中心向两侧逐渐增加b 反装法:底片中心有一个孔,就是安放光阑得位置,文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V
31、2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO
32、7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R
33、5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF
34、10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E1
35、0U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文
36、档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ
37、8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8圆筒底片开口在承光管两侧。衍射角2 从底片中心向两侧逐渐减小。c不对称装法:底片上有两个孔,分别为安放光阑与承光管得位置,圆筒底片开口在光阑与承光管之间。2）计算步骤?对各弧对标号?测量有效周长
38、?测量并计算弧对间距2L?计算?计算 d?估计各线条得相对强度值?查卡片2.标注晶面指数,判别点阵类型与计算点阵参数(物质属立方晶系)?计算判别物质得点阵类型简单立方点阵面指数平方与之比就是1:2:3:4:5:6:8:9 体心立方点阵2:4:6:8:10:12:14:16:18 或者就是1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8:9 面心立方点阵应为3:4:8:11:12:16:19:20 或者就是1:1、33:2、67:3、67:4:5、33:6、33:6、67?点阵参数计算:4.3 粉末衍射仪法(分析方法见第五章)第五章X 射线衍射物相分析5、1 物相定性分析1.物相分析步骤1)取得样品得粉末衍射图2
39、)测定衍射线得相对强度与面网间距(与 d 值)3)检索 PDF卡片4)对卡、确定物相2.注意问题?d 值比强度数据重要?多相混合物得衍射花样中得三根最强线可能不属于同一物相?低角度区得衍射数据比高角度区得数据重要?了解试样得来源,化学成分与物理特性有助于作出正确得结论。5、2 物相定量分析文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4
40、ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8
41、E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T
42、8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:
43、CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y
44、6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3
45、HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B
46、6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T81.外标法:就是首先将所测物相得纯物质另外单独标定,然后与多相混合物中待测相得相应衍射强度相比较而进行得。2.内标法:试样中加入已知含量得标准物相S(内标物),由未知相A 与已 知 相S 得 强 度 比,可求未知相A得含量。3.K值法:K 值法又称基底冲洗法,就是在改进内标法得基础上发展起来得4.直接比较法:直接对比法不需要向被测试样中掺入标准物质而就是以两相得强度比为基础。第六章X 射线衍射分析应用6、1 点阵常数得精确测定1、点阵常数精确测定原理2.点阵常数测量得精确度
47、6、2 多晶体试样晶体点阵类型确定1、简单立方点阵多晶体试样衍射线分布规律:=1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8 2.体心立方点阵多晶体试样衍射线分布规律:=1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8 3.面心立方点阵多晶体试样衍射线分布规律:=3:4:8:11:12:16:19 第二部分电子显微分析第七章电子与物质得交互作用1.电子束与固体物质相互作用产生得物理信号文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U
48、7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编
49、码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V
50、8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F3 HO7U7B6R5Q4 ZF10V8E10U7T8文档编码:CZ8V8Y6V2F