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1、School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics of Lanzhou University-1-土木工程地质学期末复习重点岩石：岩石是矿物的天然集合体。多数岩石是一种或者几种造岩矿物按一定方式结合而成，部分为火山玻璃或者生物遗骸。矿物：矿物是在地壳中天然形成的，具有一定化学成分和物理性质的自然元素或化合物，通常是无机作用形成的均匀固体。岩浆岩：岩浆岩是由岩浆冷凝固结而形成的岩石。沉积岩：沉积岩是在地壳表面常温常压下，由先期岩石的风化产物、有机质和其他物质，经搬运、沉积和成岩等一系列地质作用而形成的岩石。变质岩：为了适应新的地质环境和物理化学条件，先期的结构、
2、构造和矿物成分随之发生改变，这种引起结构、构造和矿物成分改变的地质作用成为变质作用。在变质作用下形成的岩石成为变质岩。矿物的物理性质包括哪几个方面？答：矿物的物理性质包括形态、颜色、条痕、光泽、透明度、解理、断口、硬度、密度等，都是肉眼鉴定矿物的依据。简述矿物与岩石的关系。答：岩石是矿物的天然集合体。多数岩石是一种或者几种造岩矿物按一定方式结合而成，部分为火山玻璃或者生物遗骸。矿物是在地壳中天然形成的，具有一定化学成分和物理性质的自然元素或化合物，通常是无机作用形成的均匀固体。简述岩浆岩的分类及其产状（产出状态）特征。答：根据岩浆岩形成时的岩浆运动特征把岩浆岩分为两大类：侵入岩和喷出岩。侵入岩
3、的产状有岩基、岩株、岩盘（岩盖）、岩床和岩墙和岩脉；喷School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics of Lanzhou University-2-出岩的产状有熔岩流、火山锥（岩锥）及熔岩台地。简述沉积岩的形成过程及其构造特征。答：沉积岩的形成，大体上可分为沉积物的生成、搬运、沉积和成岩作用四个过程。沉积岩构造特征主要表现在层理、层面、结核及生物构造等方面。变质作用有哪些类型？变质作用的主要因素有哪些？答：变质岩变质作用主要有四种类型:接触变质作用、交代变质作用、动力变质作用和区域变质作用。变质作用的主要影响因素有高温、高压和化学活泼性流体。地层：地史学中
4、，将各个地质历史时期形成的岩石，称为该时代的底层。褶曲构造：在构造运动作用下岩层产生的连续弯曲变形形态，成为褶曲构造。节理：节理是指岩层受力断开后，裂面两侧岩层沿断裂面没有明显的相对位移时的断裂构造。断层：断层是指岩层受力断开后，断裂面两侧岩层沿断裂面有明显相对位移时的断裂构造。岩层的产状要素有哪些？答：岩层在空间分布状态的要素成为岩层产状要素，一般用岩层面在空间的水平延伸方向、倾斜方向和倾斜程度进行描述，分别称为岩层的走向、倾向和倾角。节理可按成因、力学性质、与岩层产状的关系和张开程度等分类。分述之。文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:C
5、G7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5
6、M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:C
7、G7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5
8、M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:C
9、G7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5
10、M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:C
11、G7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics of Lanzhou University-3-答：节理按成因分类：原生节理、构造节理和表生节理；按力学性质分类：剪节理、张节理；按与岩层产状的关系分类：走向节理、倾向节理和斜交节理；按张开程度分类：宽张节理、张开节理、微张节理和闭合节理。断层可按上下盘相对运动方向、断层面产状与岩层产状的关系、断层力学性质分类。简述之。答：断层按断层上下两盘相对运动方向分类：正断层
12、、逆断层和平移断层；按断层面产状和岩层产状的关系分类：走向断层、倾向断层和斜向断层；按断层面走向和褶曲轴走向的关系分类：纵断层、横断层和斜断层；按断层力学性质分类：压性断层、张性断层和扭性断层。河谷（流）阶地：当地壳从长期稳定或者下降一旦转变为快速上升，河流下蚀力增大，在原来的宽谷底上切出新的河谷，原来的谷底便抬升到新河谷的谷坡上形成台阶，成为河谷阶地。隔水层：不透水（或透水性很弱），且不能给水的岩土体层成为隔水层。含水层：能透水而饱含重力水的岩土体层成为含水层。河流地质作用：河水在流动时，对河床进行冲刷破坏，并将所侵蚀的物质带到适当的地方沉积下来，故河流的地质作用可分为侵蚀作用、搬运作用和沉
13、积作用。简述地表水地质作用的类型及其结果。答：地表水地质作用又分为暂时性流水地质作用和经常性流水地质作用。暂时性流水的地质作用有雨蚀作用、片流的地质作用（洗刷作用）、洪流的地质作用（冲刷作用）；经常性流水地地质作用有侵蚀作用、沉积作用、冲击物和河谷阶地。文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X
14、6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R
15、8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X
16、6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R
17、8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X
18、6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R
19、8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics of Lanzhou
20、University-4-比较潜水与承压水的区别。答：概念及特征；形状；补给、径流与排泄。课本P72 弹性模量：是应力与弹性应变的比值。变形模量：是应力与总应变的比值。抗压强度：是岩石在单向压力作用下，抵抗压碎破坏的能力。抗剪强度：是岩石抵抗剪切破坏的能力，以岩石被剪破时的极限应力表示。抗拉强度：是岩石单向拉伸时抵抗拉断破坏的能力，以拉断破坏时的最大张应力表示。风化作用：地壳表层的岩石在阳光、风、电、大气降水、气温变化等外营力作用下及生物活动等因素的影响下，会引起岩石矿物成分和化学成分以及结构构造的变化，使岩石逐渐发生破坏的过程成为风化作用。黄土:黄土是以粉粒为主，含碳酸盐，具有大孔隙，质地均
21、一，无明显层理有显著垂直节理的黄色陆相沉积物。湿陷系数：黄土的湿陷性评价多采用浸水压缩试验的方法，将原状黄土放入固结仪内在无侧限膨胀条件向进行压缩试验。当变形稳定后，测量试样高 h2，再测当浸水饱和、变形稳定后的试样高度h2，计算相对湿陷性因数s。软土：软土是天然含水量大、压缩性高、承载力和抗剪强度很低的呈软塑-流塑状态的粘性土。风化作用可分为哪几类？其影响因素有哪些？答：风化作用按性质和特征，分为物理风化作用、化学风化作用和生物风文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档
22、编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9
23、X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档
24、编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9
25、X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档
26、编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9
27、X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档
28、编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics of Lanzhou University-5-化作用。影响岩石风化的主要因素有岩性、地质构造、气候和地形。土的主要成因类型有哪些？答：土的成因类型有残积、坡积和崩积、洪积、冲积、淤积和风积。简述膨胀土的防治措施。答：1、地基的防治措施防水保湿措施和地基土改良措施2、边坡的防治措施地表水防护、坡面加固、骨架护坡和支挡措施。不良地质现象：不良地质现象通常也叫做地质灾害，是指自然地质作用和人类活动造成的恶化地质环境，降低环境质量，直接或间接
29、危害人类安全，并给社会和经济建设造成损失的地质事件。崩塌：陡坡上的岩体或土体在重力或其他外力作用下，突然向下崩落的现象叫崩塌。滑坡：人工边坡或者天然斜坡上的岩土体在重力作用下，沿软弱面或软弱带均有向下滑动的趋势，一旦下滑力大于抗滑力时，岩土体就产生向下的滑移，这种现象称为滑坡。泥石流：泥石流是一种含大量泥沙、石块等固体物质的特殊洪流。岩溶：岩溶是指地表水和地下水对可溶岩以溶岩为主的长期地质作用及其形成的各种岩溶现象的总称。构造地震：由地壳运动引起的地震成为构造地震。地震等级：地震震级是表示地震本身大小程度的等级。地震大小由震源释放出来的能量多少来决定，能量越大，震级越大。地震烈度：地震烈度是指
30、地震时地面振动的强弱程度。简述滑坡的形成条件。文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P
31、7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5
32、HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P
33、7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5
34、HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P
35、7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5
36、HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics of Lanzhou University-6-答：1、地形地貌条件；2、地层岩性条件；3、地质构造条件；4、水文地质条件；5、人为因素影响。简述滑坡的防治方法。答：1、避开滑坡的危害；2、排除地表水和地下水；3、抗滑支挡；4、减
37、重反压；5、其他方法。简述滑坡与崩塌的区别。答：1、崩塌发生猛烈，运动速度快，而滑坡运动速度多数缓慢；2、崩塌不沿固定的面和带运动，而滑坡多沿固定的面或带运动；3、崩塌体完全被破坏，而滑坡体多保持原来的相对整体性；4、崩塌垂直位移大于水平位移，而滑坡正相反。简述泥石流的形成条件及主要类型。答：泥石流的形成条件：1、松散固体物质；2、水源条件；3、地形条件。泥石流的分类：按泥石流流体性质分类：粘性泥石流、稀性泥石流；按泥石流物质组成分类：泥流、泥石流、水石流；按泥石流地貌特征分类：山坡型泥石流、沟谷型泥石流。岩溶发育的基本条件是什么？答：岩溶发育必须具备四个基本条件：可溶性岩石、岩石具有透水性、
38、水具有溶蚀能力和流动的水。岩体：岩体是由各种软弱结构面及其所切割的岩块（或称结构体）组成的。结构面：所谓软弱结构面，又称不连续面，是岩体中的层面、软弱夹层、片理、劈理、节理、断层、裂痕等的统称。文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编
39、码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X
40、7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编
41、码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X
42、7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编
43、码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X
44、7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics of Lanzhou University-7-构造应力：构造应力是指由构造运动引
45、起的地应力，一般可分为活动应力和残余应力两类。岩爆：在坚硬岩体深部开挖时，岩石突然飞出和剧烈破坏的现象，成为岩爆。围岩压力：围岩压力是指围岩作用在支护（衬砌）上的压力，是确定衬砌设计荷载大小的依据，围岩压力也称山岩压力或地压。RQD：岩体质量指标。其方法是采用直径为75 的双层岩芯管金刚石钻进，提取直径为54 的岩芯，将长度小于10 的破碎岩芯及软弱物质剔除，然后测量大于或者等于10 长柱状岩芯的总长度（LP）。用这一有效的岩心长度与采集岩心段的钻孔总进尺（L）之比，取其百分数就是RQD 值。简述岩体洞室围岩变形与破坏的常见形式。答：1、脆性破裂；2、块体滑动与塌落；3、层状岩体的弯曲折断；4
46、、碎裂岩体的松动解脱；5、塑性变形和膨胀。变形机制和变形方式如下表：变形机制脆性破裂块体运动弯曲折断松动解脱塑性变形变形方式岩爆、开裂滑落、滑动和转动弯曲、折断和塌落塌落、边墙垮塌、石流塑形剪切破坏、底鼓收缩围岩压力可以分为哪几类？各有何特征？答：围岩压力有松动压力、变形压力和膨胀压力三种。松动压力指由于开挖造成围岩松动而可能塌落的岩体，以重力形式直接作用在支护上的压力称为松动压力；变形压力指围岩变形收到支护限制后，围岩对支护形成的压力；膨胀压力指围岩吸水后，岩体发生膨胀崩解而引起围岩体积膨胀变形对支护形成的压力。砂土液化：砂土的振动液化是饱和砂土在振动荷载的作用下表现出类似文档编码:CG7D
47、2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8 ZY4R8Z7P7E1文档编码:CG7D2N5X6R5 HT4N9X7A5M8
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