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1、孟子见梁襄王教案教学目的1解读常见文言词语的用法。2进一步体会孟子的“仁政”思想。3理解比喻的修辞手法和本文生动的语言。教学重点和难点理解孟子一段话中的比喻的运用。在朗读的基础上,欣赏品味文章的艺术特色,品味文章的语言特点和说理艺术。教学方法自读学习法。(练习法)教学课时1 课时。教学过程一教学引入:由当今国际社会之动荡,谈及解决办法,再延伸至孟子的“仁政”思想,进入课题。二听朗读录音,正音、正句读。卒然(c)沛然(p i)嗜杀(sh)枯槁(g o)恶乎定(w)三齐声朗读课文,自主翻译全文。四解释下列词语:出,语人曰语:告诉天下恶乎定恶:何,怎么今夫天下之人牧牧:统治如有不嗜杀人者如:如果则天
2、下皆引领而望之矣引:伸长五解释下列词语在句子中的用法。卒A卒然问曰:“天下恶乎定?”同“猝”,突然B每得降卒必亲引问之士兵C初,鲁肃闻刘表卒死D卒岁之收,不过亩四石整个,全一A谁能一之统一B用心一也专一C一鼓作气第一次D一夫作难而七庙隳一个E黄鹤一去不复返一经就A由水之就下也往B金就砺则利靠近C指物作诗立就完成D于是荆轲就车而去登上六分析简答:1文章开头,孟子为什么说梁襄王不似人君?提示:说明孟子对梁襄王的印象不好,因为靠近他,感觉没有一点国君的威严。2梁襄王缺乏国君的威严表现何在?提示:表现在问话的突然,这说明他缺乏威严沉着的人君气度。3既然梁襄王缺乏人君的气度,孟子还向他讲诉自己的“仁政”
3、思想,这说明孟子有着怎样的个性?提示:说明孟子对实现自己的政治理想有着坚韧执著的追求,决不放弃任何机会向君王们宣传自己的政治理想。4说说孟子采用比喻说理的贴切性?提示:孟子以“禾苗”喻百姓,以“雨露”喻君恩,就清楚地向梁襄王表明了君恩之于百姓的重要性及实行“仁政”的好处。而“水之就下”就更是表明了实行“仁政”的效果之显著。七再读课文,体会课文语言的生动性。提示:本文的比喻虽是假设,但具体可感,犹若真实的事情,关键在于其情境性很强。而油然作雨、沛然下雨、水之就下等词句,千百年来更是一直活在人们的口中。八完成课后练习一,讨论:如今的国际社会,谁能一统天下?(正义的力量,人道的力量;霸权主义只能走向
4、末路。)九完成课后练习二。(综合本课所有通假字)文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 Z
5、T10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档
6、编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A
7、4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9
8、 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2
9、文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O
10、2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2卒然问曰卒同“猝”,突然。则苗浡然兴之矣浡同“勃”,生机盎然。由水之就下由同“犹”,就像。十课外阅读:齐宣王问曰:“文王之囿方七十里,有诸?”孟子对曰:“于传有之。”曰:“若是其大乎?”曰:“民犹以为小也。”曰:“寡
11、人之囿方四十里,民犹以为大,何也?”曰:“文王之囿方七十里,刍荛者往焉,雉兔者往焉。与民同之,民以为小,不亦宜乎?臣始至于境,问国之大禁,然后敢入。臣闻郊关之内,有囿方四十里,杀其鹿者如杀人之罪。则是四十里为阱于国中,民以为大,不亦宜乎?”1此段主要采用了什么论述方法?有什么好处?提示:对比、反问手法。增强了说服力。2这篇文章中的这种观点与哪一篇相同,具体说明。提示:同于庄暴见孟子,都是阐释“与民同乐”思想。十一课外作业:1熟读课文。2 阅读文学读本上选读的孟子文章。孟子见梁襄王参考译文孟子进见梁襄王,出来后,对人说:“(梁襄王)远远看上去不像个国君的样子,走近他也看不到有什么使人敬畏的地方。
12、”“(见了我后)突然问道:天下要怎样才能安定呢?我回答说:天下安定在于统一。谁能统一天下呢?我对他说:不喜欢杀人的国君能统一天下。谁会归附他呢?我又回答:天下没有不归附他的。大王您知道禾苗生长的情况吗?当七八月间一发生干旱,禾苗就要枯槁了。一旦天上乌云密布,下起大雨,那么禾苗就长得茂盛了。如果这样的话,谁能阻止它呢?而现在天下国君,没有一个不嗜好杀人的。如果有不嗜好杀人的(国君),那么普天下的人民都会伸长脖子盼着他来。如果真能这样,人民归顺他,就像水往低处流一样,谁又能够阻止得了呢?”文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2
13、A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R
14、9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V
15、2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8
16、O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O
17、4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O
18、3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4
19、B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2【同步达纲练习】一、找出下列句中的通假字,并加以解释。1卒然问曰:“天下恶乎定?”2民归之,由水之就下,沛然谁能御之?3王说,曰:“诗云:他人有心,予忖度之。”二、阅读下列文言文,完成47 题。盖勋字元固,敦煌广至人也。初举孝廉,为汉阳长史。时武威太守倚恃权势,恣行贪横,从事苏正和案致其罪。凉州刺史梁鹄畏惧贵戚,欲杀正和以免其负,乃访之于勋。勋素与正和有仇,或劝勋可因此
20、报隙。勋曰:“不可。谋事杀良,非忠也;乘人之危,非仁也。”乃谏鹄曰:“夫绁食鹰鸢欲其鸷,鸷而烹之,将何用哉?”鹄从 其言。正和喜于得免,而 诣勋求谢。勋不见,曰:“吾为梁使君谋,不为苏正和也。”中平元年,北地羌胡寇乱陇右,使勋别屯阿阳以拒贼锋。时叛羌围护羌校尉夏育,勋与州郡合兵救育,至狐盘,为羌所破。勋收余众百余人,为鱼丽之阵。羌精骑夹攻之急,士卒多死。勋 被三创,坚不动,乃指木表曰:“必尸我于此。”句就种羌滇吾素为勋所厚,乃以兵捍众曰:“盖长史贤人,汝曹杀之者为负天。”勋仰骂曰:“死反虏,汝何知?促来杀我!”众相视而惊。滇吾下马与勋,勋不肯上,遂为贼所执。羌戎服其义勇,不敢加害,送还汉阳。后
21、刺史杨雍即表勋领汉阳太守。时人饥,相渔食,勋调谷廪之,先出家粮以率众,存活者千余人。拜京兆尹。时长安令杨党,父为中常侍,恃势贪放,勋案得其赃千余万。贵戚咸为之请,勋不听,具以事闻,并连党父,有诏穷案,威震 京师。时小黄门高望为尚药监,幸于皇太子,太子因蹇硕属望子进为孝廉,勋不肯用。或曰:“皇太子副主,望其所爱,硕帝之宠臣,而子违之,所谓三怨成府者也。”勋曰:“选贤所以报国也。非贤不举,死亦何悔!”4对下列句子中加粗的词语解释,不正确的一项是()A乃访之于勋访:询问文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O
22、4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O
23、3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4
24、B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L
25、9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L
26、3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5
27、C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B
28、3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2B而诣勋求谢诣:到去C勋被三创被:覆盖D乃以兵 捍众曰捍:抵挡5下列各句中加粗的词语在文中的意义与现代汉语不同的一项是()A时武威太守倚恃 权势B或劝勋可 因此报隙C羌精骑 夹攻之急D有诏穷案,威震京师6下列各组句子中,加粗词的意义和用法相同的一组是()A.欲杀正和 以免其负留待限期,以塞官责B.鹄从其言余嘉其能行古道C.众相视而惊勤心养公姥,好自 相扶将D.幸于皇太子故燕王欲结 于君7下列对
29、原文的叙述与分析,不正确的一项是()A苏正和敢于审查仗势横行的武威太守的罪行,盖勋虽然与苏正和有私仇,但能公正地劝告梁鹄,使梁鹄不杀苏正和。B北地羌胡侵拢陇右,盖勋受命带兵抗击,后因救助被包围的夏育,被强敌打败,困境中仍坚持作战,危难时宁死不屈。C盖勋任汉阳太守,采取有效的方法救济饥民,带头拿出自家粮食,救活了千余人。任京兆尹时,能审查恃势贪赃的杨党,并拒绝贵戚求情,因而遭到报复。D小黄门高望受皇太子宠幸,太子通过皇帝宠臣蹇硕嘱托盖勋让高望的儿子做孝廉,盖勋不怕得罪这三个有权势的人,敢冒生命危险而绝不这样做。参考答案【同步达纲练习】文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT
30、10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编
31、码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4
32、 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9
33、ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文
34、档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2
35、A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R
36、9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2一、1卒,通“猝”,突然。2由,通“犹”,犹如,好像。3说,通“悦”,喜悦,高兴。二、4C 5B 6A 7C 孟子简介郭预衡阅读孟子,首先要了解孟子其人以及他所处的时代特点。孟子,名轲,是战国时期影响甚大的儒者。孟子一书虽然并非全由孟子所作,却也能够代表孟子本人的思想和风格。孟子的生平事迹,见于史记孟子荀卿列传。这篇列传,包
37、括十几个人,始于孟子,终于墨子,是一篇战国学者的合传。重点是孟子和荀卿二人。司马迁对孟子尤其尊重,开头便说:“余读孟子书,至梁惠王问何以利吾国,未尝不废书而叹也。曰:嗟乎,利诚乱之始也!夫子罕言利者,常防其原也。故曰:放于利而行,多怨。自天子至于庶人,好利之弊,何以异哉!”在这篇包括十几个人的列传中,司马迁独对孟子如此赞叹,可见他对孟子的重视,不同一般。据这篇列传,孟子的生平事迹大致是:孟子,鲁国邹(现在山东省邹县)人,为子思(孔子孙孔)的弟子(一说是再传弟子)。他曾经去游说齐宣王、梁惠王,都没有成功。晚年回家和他的弟子万章等著孟子七篇,记录他的思想和政治言论。不管孟子是受业于子思,还是受业于
38、子思的门人,他都算是孔子学说的嫡传,是继孔子之后最大的儒学大师。朱熹中庸章句序称孟子受学于子思,而子思受学于曾子。曾子是孔门之学的重要继承者,孟子一书称述曾子之处也较多,说孟子之学源于曾子,也未尝不可。孟子继承了孔门这一派的学术,到了战国时期,就不太符合社会实际了。当时最合时宜的,是兵家、法家和纵横家。孟子对这几家是深恶痛绝的。尽管如此,孟子却无法转移当时的社会风气。退而著书,实不得已。孟子一书具有鲜明的政治倾向,基本上是继承孔子的仁政思想。为行仁政,他首先提出了人性本善的主张。孟子滕文公上说孟子“道性善,言必称尧舜”。这话既包括了他的哲学思想,又包括了他的政治思想。孟子的哲学思想是他的政治思
39、想的理论基础。他讲人性本善,是为他的仁政理论提供哲学上的依据。这是对孔子仁政学说的一个重大发展。孟子讲人性本善,是从“人皆有不忍人之心”说起的。公孙丑上说:“人皆有不忍人之心,先王有不忍人之心,斯有不忍人之政矣。以不忍人之心,行不忍人之政,治天下可运之掌上。无恻隐之心,非文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2
40、文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O
41、2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4
42、R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3
43、V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B
44、8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9
45、O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3O3V2文档编码:CA5C4B8O2A4 HV9B3L9O4R9 ZT10W4L3
46、O3V2人也;无羞恶之心,非人也;无辞让之心,非人也;无是非之心,非人也。恻隐之心,仁之端也;羞恶之心,义之端也;辞让之心,礼之端也;是非之心,智之端也。人之有是四端也,犹其有四体也。”这就是说,这种“不忍人之心”,每个人都有。既然人人都有,也就人人都可行“不忍人之政”。如此推论下去,自然可以得出人人都可以成为尧舜的结论。告子下就说:“曹交问曰:人皆可以为尧舜,有诸?孟子曰:然。”既然“人皆可以为尧舜”,则当时的诸侯自然都可以成为“圣君”,都可以推行“仁政”了。孟子“言必称尧舜”者,是以尧舜时代的仁政为标准的。但尧舜时代的仁政究竟是什么样子,孟子未必清楚,他只是虚构自己的一套仁政理想,而且说得
47、相当具体。例如梁惠王上讲到“发政施仁”的时候,他说:“五亩之宅,树之以桑,五十者可以衣帛矣;鸡、豚、狗、之畜,无失其时,七十者可以食肉矣;百亩之田,勿夺其时,八口之家可以无饥矣;谨庠序之教,申之以孝悌之义,颁白者不负戴于道路矣。老者衣帛食肉,黎民不饥不寒,然而不王者,未之有也。”这是孟子所谓仁政的一个理想轮廓。这一套理想虽多属虚构的,但也有一定的现实依据。当时的现实是:“庖有肥肉,厩有肥马,民有饥色,野有饿殍”面对这样的现实社会,孟子才构想出一套“不忍人”的仁政来。孟子希望当时的统治者具有“不忍人”之心,能够“忧民之忧”,“与民同乐”。这是春秋以来重民思想的继续和发展。这样的思想是从孔子那里承
48、袭下来的。不过,到了孟子,更为强烈。尽心下甚至有这样的话:“民为贵,社稷次之,君为轻。是故得乎丘民而为天子,得乎天子为诸侯,得乎诸侯为大夫。诸侯危社稷,则变置。”认为民贵君轻,社稷也可变置。这是新的观念,反映了战国时期社会发生了新的变革,这比左传昭公三十二年史墨所谓“社稷无常奉,君臣无常位”又进一步。说“民为贵”,“君为轻”,这是前人所不曾说,后人也不敢说的。和同代各家相比,法家主张君权至上,纵横家宣传贵士,孟子的民贵君轻思想,在当时独树一帜。孟子很有自己的特点。1善于论辩。前面说过,孟子并非全由孟子自著,而善于论辩,则全书皆然。当时公都子曾问孟子:“外人皆称夫子好辩,敢问何也?”孟子回答说:
49、“我岂好辩哉?不得已也。”(见滕文公下)“不得已”而“好辩”,也就形成了文章的特点。告子上之辩人性,滕文公上之驳许行,都可为例。其驳许行有云:“陈相见孟子,道许行之言曰:滕君则诚贤君也,虽然,未闻道也。贤者与民并耕而食,饔飧而治。今也滕有仓廪府库,则是厉民而以自养也,恶得贤?孟子曰:许子必种粟而后食乎?曰:然。许子必织布而后衣乎?曰:否,许子衣褐。许子冠乎?曰:冠。曰:奚冠?曰:冠素。曰:自织之与?曰:否,以粟易之。曰:许子奚为不自织?曰:害于耕。曰:许子以釜甑、以铁耕乎?曰:然。自为之与?曰:否,以粟易之。以粟易械器者,不为厉陶冶;陶冶亦以其械器易粟者,岂为厉农夫哉?且许子何不为陶冶,舍皆取
50、诸其宫中而用之?何为纷纷然与百工交易?何许子之不惮烦?曰:百工之事固不可耕且为也。然则治天下独可耕且为与?”像这样的一问一答,形式上仍是对话体,和论语的某些篇章有些相似;但这样的对话,又和论语有所不同。论语的对话,多是侃侃而谈,这里则是针锋相对的论辩。这是孟子文风的一个新的特点。2极有气势。这也和时代有关。战国之时,“邦无定交,士无定主”(顾炎武日知录周末风俗),一般游士,都肆无忌惮,说话比较随便。虽在王公大人面前,也敢于掌而谈。写成文章,多有气势磅礴的特点。孟子虽非一般的游士,而周游列国,也不免要游说的。他在尽心下里就说过:“说大人,则藐之。勿视其巍巍然。在彼者,皆我所不为也;在我者,皆古之