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1、(一)古书注解的重要性1、古注是我们读懂古书的重要途径。2、古注是重新注释古书和检验新注是否正确的重要依据。3、古注中包含着许多语言学和其他学科的理论。(二)古注的源发、历代特点及名家注1、源发:先秦:萌芽两汉:兴盛魏晋至隋唐:发展宋元明:中落清:复兴解放后:出版现代:研究2、历代特点及名家注(1)先秦特点:A注释多夹在正文中。B尚未成为一门学科。C自觉不自觉地运用,无注释专书。名家注:例:乾,健也;坤,顺也;震,动也;巽,入也;坎,陷也;离,丽也;艮,止也;兑,说也。周易说卦形而上者谓之道,形而下者谓之器,化而裁之谓之变,推而行之谓之通,举而错之天下之民谓之事业。周易系辞老而无妻曰鳏,老而无
2、夫曰寡,老而无子曰独,幼而无父曰孤。孟子梁惠王(2)两汉特点:A以注释儒家经书为主。B重视字词句的解释。名家注:例:毛亨毛诗故训传;孔安国古文尚书注;马融周易注、尚书注、毛诗注、论语注、周礼注、仪礼注、礼记注;郑玄毛诗笺、周礼注、仪礼注、礼记注;何休春秋公羊解诂;高诱战国策注、吕氏春秋注、淮南子注;王逸楚辞章句。(3)魏晋至隋唐特点:A注释范围进一步扩大,同时受玄学影响。B出现了“经注兼注”的“疏(正义)”。名家注:例:王弼老子注;郭象庄子注;韦昭春秋外传国语注;孔颖达五经正义(周易尚书诗经 礼记春秋左氏传);贾公彦周礼疏、仪礼疏;徐彦春秋公羊传疏;杨士勋春秋谷梁传疏;陆德明经典释文;杨倞荀子
3、注尹知章管子注;张守节史记正义;司马贞史记索隐;颜师古汉书集注;李善文选注。(4)宋元明特点:注释家受理学的影响,常常借注释来发挥自己的政治、哲学思想,后人称“六经注我”。名家注:例:邢昺论语疏、孝经疏、尔雅疏;孙奭孟子疏;朱熹大学章句、中庸章句、论语集注、孟子集注、周易本义、诗集传、楚辞集注。十三经注疏:即为诗经、周礼、仪礼、礼记、春秋左传、春秋公羊传、春秋谷梁传、孝经、论语、尔雅、孟子作的十二本疏与经典释文的合称。(5)清特点:从材料出发,详尽可靠流于繁琐。名家注:例:阮元校勘记(为十三经注疏而作)(三)古注的体例、内容1、体例(1)传注体是经汉代学者奠基的以训解文献词句为主的注解体例,常
4、见名称有“传”、“注”、“笺”。(2)义疏体是一种既释经文又兼释注文的注解体例,如孔颖达五经正义。(3)章句“离章辨句”的意思,如赵岐孟子章句。(4)集解体又称集注,集说,集释,是一种汇集众说的注解体例,如何晏论语集解。2、内容以诗经鄘风相鼠为例。原文:相鼠 刺无礼也卫文公能正其群臣而刺在位承先君之化无礼仪也相息亮反篇内同疏 相鼠三章章四句至礼仪正义曰作相鼠诗者刺无礼也由卫文公能正其群臣使有礼仪故刺其在位有承先君之化无礼仪者由文公能化之使有礼而刺其无礼者所以美文公也凯风美孝子而反以刺君此刺无礼而反以美君作者之本意然也在位无礼仪文公不黜之者以其承先君之化弊风未革身无大罪不可人废之故也相鼠有皮 人
5、而无仪 相视也无礼仪者虽居尊位犹为暗昧之行笺云仪威仪也视鼠有皮虽处高显之处偷食苟得不知廉耻亦与人无威仪者同行下孟反之处昌虑反人而无仪不死何为笺云人以有威仪为贵今反无之伤化败俗不如其死无所害也疏 相鼠至何为正义曰文公能正其群臣而在位犹有无礼者故刺之相鼠有皮犹人之无仪何则人有皮鼠亦有皮鼠犹无仪故可耻也人无礼仪何异于鼠乎人以有威仪为贵人无礼仪则伤化败俗此人不死何为若死则无害也笺视鼠至者同正义曰大夫虽居尊位为暗昧之行无礼仪而可恶犹鼠处高显之居偷食苟得不知廉耻鼠无廉耻与人无威仪者同故喻焉以传曰虽居尊位故笺言虽处高显之居以对之相鼠有齿 人而无止 止所止息也笺云止容止孝经曰容止可观无止韩诗止节无礼节也人而无
6、止 不死何俟 俟待也 相鼠有体 体支体也 疏传体支体正义曰上云有皮有齿已指体言之明此言体非徧体也故为支体人而无礼 人而无礼 胡不遄死遄速也遄市专反(1)解释题意(2)离析章句(3)说明章旨(4)解释词义(5)解释语句(6)注音释义(7)讲解语法(8)记述典章制度(四)古注的名称、术语1、名称:故、训、传、记、注、解、笺、章句、集解、校注、说、诠、述、学、订、校、考、证、征、集传、隐、疑、义、间诂、义疏、疏证、音义、正义、音训、内传、外传、大传、小传、补传等。2、术语(1)释义术语曰、为、谓之:译为“叫做”。例:诗经豳风七月:“黍稷重穋,禾麻菽麦。”毛亨传:“后熟曰重,先熟曰穋。”楚辞离骚:“各
7、兴心而嫉妒。”王逸注:“害贤为嫉,害色为妒。”枚乘上书重谏吴王:“譬犹蝇蚋之附群牛。”李善注:“说文曰:秦谓之蚋,楚谓之蚊。”谓:译为“是指、是说”。被解释的词放在“谓”前,“谓”后的话往往用来说明词语所指的范围或比喻、影射的事物。例:孟子滕文公上:“树艺五谷。”赵岐注:“五谷谓稻黍稷麦菽也。”荀子天论:“强本而节用。”杨倞注:“本谓农桑。”楚辞离骚:“恐美人之迟暮。”王逸注:“美人谓怀王也。”貌、之貌:译为“,的样子”。放在动词或形容词后,说明被释的词是表示某种性质或某种状态的形容词。例:楚辞哀郢:“众踥蹀而日进兮。”洪兴祖注:“踥蹀,行貌。”庄子逍遥游:“夫列子御风而行,泠然善也。”郭象注
8、:“泠然,轻妙之貌。”犹、犹言:译为“等于、等于说”。往往是用近义词作注,或者用引申义训解本文。例:左传庄公十年:“肉食者谋之,又何间焉?”杜预注:“间,犹与也。”孟子梁惠王上:“直不百步耳。”朱熹注:“直,犹但也。”(2)声训术语之言、之为言:必须用声音相通的词语来作注释,即“声训”。例:论语季氏将伐颛臾:“吾恐季孙之忧,不在颛臾,而在萧墙之内也。”郑玄注:“萧之言肃也。墙谓屏也。君臣相见之礼至屏而加肃敬焉,是以谓之萧墙。”尔雅释训:“鬼之言归也。”论语为政:“为政以德,譬如北辰,居其所,而众星共之。”朱熹注:“政之为言正也,所以正人之不正也。德之为言得也,得于心而不失也。”(3)注音术语读
9、为、读曰:一般是用本字来说明通假字,点明通假现象。例:庄子逍遥游:“而御六气之变。”郭庆藩注:“辩读为变。”文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:C
10、R1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7
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12、R1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7
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14、R1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7
15、N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3书经尧典:“播时百谷。”郑玄注:“时读曰莳。”读若、读如:主要是注音,有时也用来注明假借字。例:楚辞离骚:“又重之以修能。”洪兴祖注:“故有才者谓之能,此读若耐。”吕氏春秋重己:“其为饮食酏醴也,足以适味充虚而已矣。”高诱注:“酏读如诗”虵虵硕言之虵。
16、”礼记儒行:“虽危,起居竟信其志。”郑玄注:“信,读如屈伸之伸,假借字也。”(4)校勘术语衍文:也叫“衍字”,简称“衍”,指古籍中因传抄、刻印而误加的文字。脱文:也叫“夺字”,简称“脱”,指古籍因传抄刻印而脱落的文字。文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS
17、7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M
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19、7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M
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21、7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3文档编码:CR1F7M9P2N4 HO4Y4V7Y7N3 ZS7B5K2J2R3