《计算机软件技术基础教案》.pdf

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1、Teaching Plan For“Basis of Software of Computer”By Zhonghua LiangDepartment of Communication Engineering,School of Information Engineering,Changan University,Xian,710064,Peoples Republic of China Date of Creation:September 19,2010 Teaching Program（教学大纲）一本课程的性质和任务本课程是通信工程专业的一门重要基础课程。其任务为通过对软件工程、数据结构、

2、操作系统和数据库等方面的基本概念及基本技术的学习和掌握，使学生对计算机软件有比较深入、系统的了解，为将来能够熟练地编写比较复杂的应用程序打下坚实的基础。二本课程的基本要求1对能力培养的要求1).软件开发方法和技术：要求学生学习和掌握软件的基本概念，软件的研制过程、软件工程概述、软件设计方法、程序结构、算法描述工具，如流程图和算法语言。2).数据结构：要求学生学习和掌握数据结构的基本概念与原理、线性表、顺序存储结构和链式存储结构、算法实现、数组、栈、队列、树等。3).操作系统：要求学生学习和掌握操作系统的基本概念与原理、操作系统提供的接口、进程与进程管理、多道程序技术、同步与互斥、内存管理、设备

3、管理、文件系统的原理、文件的使用。4).数据库技术：要求学生学习和掌握数据库的基本概念与原理、数据模型、关系数据库。文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B

4、3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L

5、3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:C

6、B10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z

7、10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O

8、10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P

9、1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8

10、HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z105).网络及数据安全技术：要求学生学习和掌握网络及数据安全技术的基本概念与原理。2重点和难点1).本课程的重点：第二章数据结构。2).本课程的难点：(a)线性链表；(b)树、图的遍历；(c)查找、索引和排序技术运算及其应用。3先修课程：计算机基础；C 语言。三课程内容1理论知识：（22 学时）1).计算机软件概述：计算机软件的基本概念、程序设计技术、数据结构的基本概念及术语、算法描述及算法分析初步。2).线性表：线性表的逻辑结构、线性表的顺序存储结构、线性

11、表的链式存储结构、表的基本运算在特定存储结构中的实现及应用。3).栈和队列：栈的定义、表示和实现、栈的应用、队列的定义、表示和实现、队列的应用。4).树：树的定义和基本操作、二叉树定义和表示、遍历二叉树和线索二叉树、树和森林、哈夫曼树及其应用。5).串和图：串及图的定义、表示和操作、存储结构图的遍历。6).查找和排序：查找和排序及其运算的基本知识和算法。文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O

12、10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P

13、1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8

14、HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B

15、4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档

16、编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9

17、S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9

18、ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z107).操作系统：学习和掌握操作系统的基本概念与原理、操作系统提供的接口、进程与进程管理、多道程序技术、同步与互斥、内存管理、设备管理、文件系统的原理、文件的使用。8).数据库：学习和掌握数据库的基本概念与原理、数据模型、

19、关系数据库、SQL 语言。9).计算机网络：学习和掌握计算机网络体系结构、网络互联与互联网、网络安全及防火墙技术、计算机病毒及防治。10).软件工程：学习和掌握软件开发与技术，要求学生学习和掌握软件的基本概念，软件的研制过程、软件工程概述、软件设计方法、程序结构、算法描述工具，如流程图和算法语言。2课外作业：加深对课内所学的理论知识的理解，锻炼分析问题和解决问题的能力。3上机实验：围绕本课程学习的重点和难点，实践理论知识，上机完成题目（8 学时）。4考核方式：考核成绩主要根据：学生平时听课、完成作业情况20%；上机实验、完成实验报告20%；期末考试成绩60%来综合评定。四课程教材及主要参考书1

20、课程教材：1.计算机软件技术基础第三版，沈被娜等编著，清华大学出版社。2教学参考书：文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9

21、S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9

22、ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B

23、3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L

24、3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:C

25、B10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z

26、10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O

27、10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z101.计算机软件技术基础，庞丽萍编，华南理工大学出版社。2.Operating Systems-Design and Implementation，Second Edition,Andrew S,Tanenbaum,Albert S.Woodhull,清 华 大 学 出 版 社 和PRENTICE HALL.3.Software Engineering-A Practitioner s Approach，Fourth Edition,Roger,S.Pressman,机械工业出版社和McG

28、raw-Hill.4.Data Structure Algorithms,and Applications in C+，First Edition,Sartaj Sahni,机械工业出版社和McGraw-Hill.第 1 章算法1算法的基本概念1).算法的基本特征：(1).能行性 (effectiveness)a).算法中的每一个步骤必须能够实现，例如在算法执行中，分母不能为零，实数范围内不能求一个负数的平方根等等；b).算法执行的结果要能够达到预期目的，例如需要考虑计算精度的影响。(2).确定性 (definiteness)文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O

29、10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P

30、1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8

31、HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B

32、4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档

33、编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9

34、S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9

35、ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10算法中的每一个步骤都必须是有明确定义的，不允

36、许有模棱两可的解释或多义性。(3).有穷性 (finitenes s)算法必须能在有限的时间内昨晚，计算法必须能在执行有限个步骤后终止。例如无穷级数的计算只能是根据精读要求取有限项的有穷计算；如果一个算法需要执行千万年，则失去了实用价值。(3).拥有足够的情报（sufficient information）通常算法中的各种运算总是要施加到各个运算的对象上，而这些对象又可能具有某种初始状态，这是算法执行的起点或依据。因此，一个算法执行的结果总是与输入的初始数据有关，不同的输入将会有不同的结果输出。当输入不够或输入错误时，算法本身也就无法执行或导致执行有错。一般来说，当算法拥有足够的情报时，此算法

37、才是有效的，而当情报不够时，算法并不有效。综上所述：所谓算法，是一组严谨地定义运算顺序的规则，并且每一个规则都是有效的，且是明确的，此顺序将在有限的次数下终止。2).算法的基本要素：(1).对数据对象的运算和操作：a).算术运算，加、减、乘、除等运算；b).逻辑运算，“与”、“或”、“非”等运算；文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 H

38、S5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4

39、V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编

40、码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S

41、10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 Z

42、V3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3

43、O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3

44、F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10c).关系运算，“大于”、“小于”、“等于”、“不等于”等运算；d).数据传输，主要包括赋值、输入、输出等操作；注意：计算机程序仅作为算法的一种描述；但通常不直接用计算机程序来描述算法，而是用别的描述工具（如流程图、专门的算法描述语言，甚至自然语言）来描述算法。(2).算法的控

45、制结构：一个算法的功能不仅取决于所选用的操作，而且还与各操作之间执行顺序有关。算法中各操作之间的执行顺序称为算法的控制结构。一个算法一般可以用顺序、选择、循环3 种基本的控制结构组合而成。2算法设计基本方法1).列举法：举例白鸡问题，画出搜索空间的立体示意图。2).归纳法：基本思想和本质（抽象）。3).递推法：本质（归纳法）。4).递归法：基本思想（逐层分解）；基础（归纳）。5).减半递推法：又称为分治法。“减半”是将问题的规模减半；“递推”是指重复“减半”。举例：矩阵相乘；二分法求实根。6).回溯法：基本思想（“试”），处理复杂数据结构方面有广泛应用。举例：求解皇后问题，用方格图 讲解。文档

46、编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9

47、S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9

48、ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B

49、3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L

50、3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:CB10B4V8L3F8 HS5B3O8P1B9 ZV3O10A9S10Z10文档编码:C