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1、此资料由网络收集而来，如有侵权请告知上传者立即删除。资料共分享，我们负责传递知识。TED英语演讲：我们为什么快乐撞上快乐的作者丹;吉尔伯特挑战不快乐是因为我们没有得到我们想要的东西的观点。我们的”;心理免疫系统”;能让我们感到正真的快乐，就算是事情并不如我们所愿。下面是小编为大家收集关于TED英语演讲：我们为什么快乐，欢迎借鉴参考。演说题目：我们为什么快乐演说者：丹;吉尔伯特When you have 21 minutes to speak,two million years seems like a really long time.But evolutionarily,two millio
2、n years is nothing.And yet in two million years,the human brain has nearly tripled in mass,going from the one-and-a-quarter pound brain of our ancestor here, Habilis,to the almost three-pound meatloafthat everybody here has between their ears.What is it about a big brainthat nature was so eager for
3、every one of us to have one?相对二十一分钟的演讲来说，两百万年显得非常漫长。但是从进化的角度来看，两百万年只是一瞬间。在两百万年中，大脑脑容量从我们祖先能人的1.25磅，增大了近三倍成了现在的3磅。自然给予我们的大脑有什么特别之处呢?Well, it turns out when brains triple in size,they don’t just get three times bigger;they gain new structures.And one of the main reasons our brain got so big is b
4、ecause it got a new part,called the "frontal lobe."Particularly, a part called the "pre-frontal cortex."What does a pre-frontal cortex do for you that should justifythe entire architectural overhaul of the human skullin the blink of evolutionary time?当我们的脑量扩大三倍的时候，大脑不仅仅在体积上有了改变，它
5、在结构上也发生了变化。我们大脑变大的最大原因就是它有了新的一部分，叫做额叶。其中尤为重要的是前额叶外皮。是什么让前额叶外皮成人脑中如此重要的一部分?It turns out the pre-frontal cortex does lots of things,but one of the most important things it does is an experience simulator.Pilots practice in flight simulatorsso that they don’t make real mistakes in planes.Human be
6、ings have this marvelous adaptationthat they can actually have experiences in their headsbefore they try them out in real life.This is a trick that none of our ancestors could do,and that no other animal can do quite like we can.It’s a marvelous adaptation.It’s up there with opposable th
7、umbs and standing upright and languageas one of the things that got our species out of the treesand into the shopping mall.脑前额叶外皮有很多功能，其中最重要的是它拥有一种创造模拟经验的功能。飞行员利用在飞行模拟器中的训练来防止在真实飞行中产生失误。人类有惊人的适应性，他们可以在大脑中体验未曾真实经历的东西。这个技巧是我们的祖先们都不会的，也没有任何动物会。 这种适应性真不可思议!这一特征和对生拇指，直立行走以及语言使我们从树上进化到了购物中心。(Laughter)(笑声)
8、All of you have done this.Ben and Jerry’s doesn’t have liver-and-onion ice cream,and it’s not because they whipped some up, tried it and went, "Yuck."It’s because, without leaving your armchair,you can simulate that flavor and say "yuck" before you make it
9、.现在-我们大家都能做这些。我的意思是，比如本和杰瑞(一个冰激凌连锁店)没有肝和洋葱口味的冰激淋。并不是因为他们试做了一下，尝了尝，而后”;Yuck”; (表示恶心)。而是因为你坐在椅子上就可以想象肝和洋葱的口味的冰激淋是怎样恶心了。Let’s see how your experience simulators are working.Let’s just run a quick diagnosticbefore I proceed with the rest of the talk.Here’s two different futures that I
10、invite you to contemplate.You can try to simulate them and tell me which one you think you might prefer.One of them is winning the lottery. This is about 314 million dollars.And the other is becoming paraplegic.让我们来看看经验模拟器是如何工作的。在我继续我的演说之前让我们来做一个简短的试验。这里有两个不同的未来，我想邀请你们一起来参与。你可以幻想这两种未来，看看你更喜欢哪一种。第一种未
11、来是赢了价值3.14亿美元的彩票。第二种是截瘫。(Laughter)(笑声)Just give it a moment of thought.You probably don’t feel like you need a moment of thought.我给你们几分钟考虑一下。你也许觉得根本不用考虑。Interestingly, there are data on these two groups of people,data on how happy they are.And this is exactly what you expected, isn’t it?
12、But these aren’t the data.I made these up!这里有一些很有趣的数据。这些数据显示了这两组人到底有多快乐。是不是这正如你们所料?可其实这是我胡诌的数据。These are the data.You failed the pop quiz, and you’re hardly five minutes into the lecture.Because the fact is that a year after losing the use of their legs,and a year after winning the lotto
13、,lottery winners and paraplegicsare equally happy with their lives.这才是真正的数据。你们都没有通过突击测试。这堂课开始还不到5分钟呢。事实是，在失去双腿一年之后，和在赢了彩票一年之后，中彩票的人和截瘫患者的快乐程度几乎相同。Don’t feel too bad about failing the first pop quiz,because everybody fails all of the pop quizzes all of the time.The research that my laboratory h
14、as been doing,that economists and psychologists around the country have been doing,has revealed something really quite startling to us,something we call the "impact bias,"which is the tendency for the simulator to work badly.For the simulator to make you believe that different outcomesare
15、more different than in fact they really are.现在，不要为没有通过突击测试而沮丧了。因为几乎没有人能通过这项突击测试。我实验室所做的研究，还有全国的经济学家和心理学家所做的研究显示了一种让人吃惊的东西。我们称它为影响偏差。这是指人脑的模拟功能有犯错误的倾向。模拟器会夸大事物的不同结果而这些结果实际上未必有多么的不同。From field studies to laboratory studies,we see that winning or losing an election,gaining or losing a romantic partner,
16、getting or not getting a promotion,passing or not passing a college test,on and on, have far less impact,less intensity and much less durationthan people expect them to have.This almost floors me -a recent study showing how major life traumas affect peoplesuggests that if it happened over three mont
17、hs ago,with only a few exceptions,it has no impact whatsoever on your happiness.现场研究和实验室研究都显示选举的输赢，伴侣的得失，提升与否，考试成败等等，对我们的影响及影响的时间长短都比人们想象的少。事实上，最新的研究几乎让我都迷惑了。最新的研究显示，发生在三个月以前的重大的创伤，除了少数个别例子对你今日的快乐几乎没有影响。Why?Because happiness can be synthesized.Sir Thomas Brown wrote in 1642, "I am the happiest
18、man alive.I have that in me that can convert poverty to riches, adversity to prosperity.I am more invulnerable than Achilles; fortune hath not one place to hit me."What kind of remarkable machinery does this guy have in his head?这是为什么?因为快乐是可以人工合成的。托马斯;布朗在1642年写到：”;我是世界上最快乐的人。我可以将贫穷变为富有，将逆境变为顺境。
19、我比阿奇里斯(Achilles)更无懈可击，我用不着幸运的眷顾。”;是什么力量让他如此强大?Well, it turns out it’s precisely the same remarkable machinery that all off us have.Human beings have somethingthat we might think of as a "psychological immune system."A system of cognitive processes, largely non-conscious cognitive pro
20、cesses,that help them change their views of the world,so that they can feel betterabout the worlds in which they find themselves.Like Sir Thomas, you have this machine.Unlike Sir Thomas,you seem not to know it.这种力量是我们每个人都有。人类具有一种心理免疫系统。这个系统通是一个认知过程，基本上是无意识的认知过程，这种认知可以改变人们对世界的认识，让人们感到自己的生活美好。像托马斯爵士一样
21、，你也具有这样的能力。与托马斯爵士不同的是，你还没有意识到你有这种能力。We synthesize happiness, but we think happiness is a thing to be found.Now, you don’t need me to give youtoo many examples of people synthesizing happiness, I suspect.Though I’m going to show you some experimental evidence,you don’t have to look
22、very far for evidence.I took a copy of the New York Timesand tried to find some instances of people synthesizing happiness.Here are three guys synthesizing happiness.I’m better off physically,financially, mentally .I don’t have one minute’s regret.It was a glorious experience.I bel
23、ieve it turned out for the best.我们都可以自己制造快乐，尽管我们一直以为快乐是一种需要苦苦追寻的东西。现在，我想你不用我举太多人们自己合成快乐的例子，不过我还是想给你们看一下一些实验证据，你并不用太费劲地寻求证据。我上课时说过要自我挑战，因此我随便拿了一份纽约时报，试着从中寻找人们人工合成快乐的例子。这里有三个例子。”;我现在在心理上，经济上，感情上和精神上各方面都比以前好。”;”;我没有一分钟后悔过。”;”;这个经历太荣耀了。”;”;我相信事情向最好的方向发展。”;Who are these characters who are so damn happy?T
24、he first one is Jim Wright.Some of you are old enough to remember:he was the chairman of the House of Representativesand he resigned in disgracewhen this young Republican named Newt Gingrichfound out about a shady book deal he had done.He lost everything.The most powerful Democrat in the country los
25、t everything.He lost his money, he lost his power.What does he have to say all these years later?I am so much better off physically,financially, mentallyand in almost every other way."What other way would there be to be better off?Vegetably? Minerally? Animally?He’s pretty much covered th
26、em there.谁如此快乐?第一位是吉姆;莱特(Jim Wright)。年纪大一点的人可能记得：他是众议院主席。他失去了一切。因为一个名叫牛特;金瑞奇(Newt Gingrich)的年轻共和党党员发现了他的一桩黑幕交易事件， 莱特被迫辞职。这个在美国最有权的民主党党员失去了一切。他失去了金钱，权利。这么多年后，他是怎么看待这些的?”;我现在在心理上，经济上，感情上和精神上等各方面都比以前好。”;最好还能好成怎样?植物上?矿物上?动物上?。他基本上都包括了Moreese Bickham is somebody you’ve never heard of.Moreese Bickha
27、m uttered these words upon being released.He was 78 years old.He’d spent 37 years in a Louisiana State Penitentiaryfor a crime he didn’t commit.He was ultimately releasedfor good behavior halfway through his sentence.What did he say about his experience?I don’t have one minute&rsqu
28、o;s regret.It was a glorious experience. Glorious!He is not saying,Well, there were some nice guys.They had a gym.Glorious,a word we usually reserve for something like a religious experience.你可能从来没有听说过莫里斯;比克汉(Moreese Bickham)。莫里斯;比克汉出狱后说了这样的话。他七十八岁了。他因为一项错误的判决在路易斯安那监狱坐了三十七年牢。他最终在七十八岁时通过了DNA测验确认无罪才被释
29、放。他是这样描绘他的这些经历的呢?”;我从来没有一分钟后悔。这个经历太荣耀了。荣耀!”;这个人不是在说：”;监狱里有些人还是不错的。那里还有一个健身房。”;他说的是”;荣耀!”;我们通常专门用这个词语来形容跟宗教相关的经历。Harry S. Langerman uttered these words,and he’s somebody you might have knownbut didn’t, because in 1949 he read a little article in the paperabout a hamburger stand owned by t
30、wo brothers named McDonalds.And he thought,"That’s a really neat idea!"So he went to find them. They said,We can give you a franchise on this for 3,000 bucks.Harry went back to New York,asked his brother, an investment banker,to loan him the $3,000,and his brother’s immortal wo
31、rds were,You idiot, nobody eats hamburgers.He wouldn’t lend him the money,and of course, six months later Ray Kroc had exactly the same idea.It turns out people do eat hamburgers,and Ray Kroc, for a while,became the richest man in America.哈里;朗格曼(Harry S Langerman)说了这些。他本可以成为一个家喻户晓的人物。在1949年，他在
32、报上看到一篇关于麦当劳兄弟拥有的一家汉堡小摊的报道。他立马想到”;这是一个好主意!”;他找到了麦当劳兄弟。他们同意道：”;给我们$3000， 我们就让你开连锁店。”;哈里回到纽约，向他在投行工作的哥哥借$3000。他哥哥劝慰道：”;你真是一个傻瓜。没人会吃汉堡的。”;他没有借到钱。6个月之后，瑞;克罗克(Ray Croc)也有了同样的想法。结果是人们喜欢吃汉堡，瑞;克罗克一时成为巨富。And then, finally,some of you recognize this young photo of Pete Best,who was the original drummer for the
33、 Beatles,until they, you know, sent him out on an errand and snuck awayand picked up Ringo on a tour.Well, in 1994, when Pete Best was interviewed -yes, he’s still a drummer;yes, he’s a studio musician -he had this to say: "I’m happier than I would have been with the Beatles.&
34、quot;最后，你们也许会认出年轻的比特;贝斯特(Pete Best),他是甲壳虫乐队早期的一位鼓手。他们借故丢下了他，让林格(Ringo)入伙。1994年比特;贝斯特接受采访的时候，-是的，他还是一名鼓手;是的，他还是一名音乐家 -他说到：”;要是留在甲壳虫乐队，我不会这么快乐。”;Okay. There’s something important to be learned from these people,and it is the secret of happiness.Here it is, finally to be revealed.First: accrue we
35、alth, power,and prestige, then lose it.好了。我们可以从这些人身上学到很重要的东西。那是快乐的秘诀。让我们总结一下。一：积聚财富，权利和威望，然后失去这些东西。(Laughter)(笑声)Second: spend as much of your life in prison as you possibly can.二：把牢底坐穿。(Laughter)(笑声)Third: make somebody else really, really rich.And finally: never ever join the Beatles.三：让他人成为巨富。最后：
36、千万别加入甲壳虫乐队。(Laughter)Yeah, right.Because when people synthesize happiness,as these gentlemen seem to have done,we all smile at them,but we kind of roll our eyes and say,Yeah right, you never really wanted the job.Oh yeah, right. You really didn’t have that much in common with her,and you figur
37、ed that out just about the timeshe threw the engagement ring in your face."We smirk because we believe that synthetic happinessis not of the same quality as what we might call "natural happiness."(笑声)我像泽.法兰克(Ze Frank)一样可以猜想到你会想什么。你们在想”;哦，是吧。”;因为当人们像以上例举的人一样去合成快乐时，我们会冲他们微笑，同时会转动着眼睛说：”;
38、哦，是吧。你从来没有真正想要那份工作。”;”;哦，是的，你本来就和她没有什么共同点，你知道这点时，她也差不多要把订婚戒指取下来扔给你。”;我们假笑是因为我们相信合成的快乐比不上天然的快乐。What are these terms?Natural happiness is what we get when we get what we wanted,and synthetic happiness is what we make when we don’t get what we wanted.And in our society,we have a strong beliefthat
39、 synthetic happiness is of an inferior kind.什么是天然的快乐和人工合成的快乐?天然的快乐是得到我们渴求的东西。人工合成的快乐则是在得不到我们渴求的东西时，自己制造出来的东西。现在这个社会坚信人工合成的快乐是次品。Why do we have that belief?Well, it’s very simple.What kind of economic engine would keep churningif we believed that not getting what we wantcould make us just as ha
40、ppy as getting it?With all apologies to my friend Matthieu Ricard,a shopping mall full of Zen monksis not going to be particularly profitable,because they don’t want stuff enough.为什么人们有这样的观点?那很简单。如果我们都相信得到或得不到自己想要的东西都能一样快乐，那经济引擎还如何高速运转?先让我向马修;理查德(Matthieu Ricard)表示歉意，要是光顾商场的都是和尚，那么这些商场岂不是都不赚钱了
41、?因为和尚通常都没有什么物质需求。(Laughter)(笑声)I want to suggest to you that synthetic happinessis every bit as real and enduringas the kind of happiness you stumble uponwhen you get exactly what you were aiming for.I’m a scientist, so I’m going to do this not with rhetoric,but by marinating you in a li
42、ttle bit of data.我想告诉你们的是，人工合成的快乐是真实而持久的。它和那种因为得到我们渴求的东西而感受到的快乐一样。我是一个科学家。我不光是说一些好听的结论，我还要向你们提供一些数据。Let me first show you an experimental paradigm that is usedto demonstrate the synthesis of happiness among regular old folks.And this isn’t mine.It’s a 50-year-old paradigm called the &quo
43、t;free choice paradigm."It’s very simple.You bring in, say, six objects,and you ask a subject to rank them from the most to the least liked.In this case, because this experiment uses them,these are Monet prints.So, everybody can rank these Monet printsfrom the one they like the most,to th
44、e one they like the least.Now we give you a choice:We happen to have some extra prints in the closet.We’re going to give you one as your prize to take home.We happen to have number three and number four," we tell the subject.This is a bit of a difficult choice,because neither one is prefe
45、rred strongly to the other,but naturally, people tend to pick number threebecause they liked it a little better than number four.第一个试验证据显示了普通人的人工合成的快乐。这不是我的试验。这个50年前做的实验叫做自由选择。它很简单。你有6件物品。你让受试者把这6件物品按照他们的喜爱程度排序。在这个实验中我们用6幅莫奈的画。每个人都把画按照他们最喜欢的到最不喜欢的排列。现在我们给你一个选择。”;我们正好有一些多余的画。我们将把画作为奖品给你。我们正好有三号和四号画。”
46、;这个选择有点困难，因为受试者对两幅画的喜爱程度相当。很自然，人们都倾向于选择三号。因为他们更喜欢三号。Sometime later - it could be 15 minutes; it could be 15 days -the same stimuli are put before the subject,and the subject is asked to re-rank the stimuli.Tell us how much you like them now.What happens?Watch as happiness is synthesized.This is the
47、result that has been replicated over and over again.You’re watching happiness be synthesized.Would you like to see it again?Happiness!The one I got is really better than I thought!That other one I didn’t get sucks!"That’s the synthesis of happiness.过了一段时间之后 - 这可能是15分钟，也可能是15天。
48、对同样的画，我们叫受试者对同样的画再一次排序。”;告诉我们你现在有多喜欢这些画了?”;结果怎样?快乐被人工合成了。我们反复进行了同样的实验。你看到快乐被合成了吧!你还想看一下吗?快乐!”;我有的这张比我预想的还要好。我得不到的那张，其实不怎么样。”;这就是人工合成的快乐。(Laughter)(笑声)Now, what’s the right response to that?Yeah, right!Now, here’s the experiment we did,and I hope this is going to convince youthat "Ye
49、ah, right!"was not the right response.现在你怎么想呢?”;哦，是吧!”;这是我们做的实验。我希望这个实验能够让你相信”;哦，是吗!”;不是正确的答案。We did this experiment with a group of patientswho had anterograde amnesia.These are hospitalized patients.Most of them have Korsakoff’s syndrome,a polyneuritic psychosis.They drank way too much,and t