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1、定语从句1、功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语一： 先行词： 被定语从句所修饰的词 二： 关系代词：用来连接定语从句，并在从句中代表先行词的代词。先行词是物： which that 先行词是人： who whom that 在从句中充当的成分： 主语、宾语 （1）先找关系词，看先行词指的是什么。（2）看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。 e.g. 把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句1. They had a radio. It could send out messages. They had a radio which/ that could send out messag
2、e. (主语)2. The girl is my best friend. She spoke just now. _3. He always buys some books. He never read them. _注意点：1.） 定语从句一般直接跟在先行词的后面：e.g. 4. The man who lives next door sells vegetables. The man sells vegetables who lives next door. ( ) 5. The car which my uncle just bought was destroyed in the ea
3、rthquake. The car was destroyed in the earthquake which my uncle just bought. ( )2）关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略：e.g. 6. The young man ( whom ) you saw was our manager. 7. There is something ( that ) we must keep in mind. 找出句中的从句并圈出先行词说出关系代词在从句中的成分1. The man who told me the news refused to give me the name.2. Th
4、e airline has a booklet which will tell you most of the important things about a trip to Europe.3. He found a dollar bill that he had forgotten in a suit .4. He is the man whom we all respect.5. There is somebody who wants to see you.6. The house I would like to buy is not for sale.7. The bicycle my
5、 uncle gave me was very expensive. whose 的用法：关系代词与其后的名词构成所有格，即“的”时，它既可以修饰指人的先行词，也可以修饰指物的先行词。e.g. 1. The girl is my daughter. Her work got the first prize.The girl whose work got the first prize is my daughter. 2. The book is not mine. The cover of it is red. The book whose cover is red is not mine (
6、 The book the cover of which is red is not mine)3. Do you know anyone? His family is in Xian. _ 4. I live in the room. The windows of it face south. _ 5. The chair has been repaired. The leg of it was broken. _that与which的区别1）用that而不用 which的情况 先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing,little,few,much something
7、someone；先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰；先行词有the only, the very, any,the same , the last等词修饰； 先行词既有人又有物时。.避免重复 Who is the person that is standing there?e.g. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。_ 这部
8、电影是我看过的最好的一部。_ 史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。2）用which而不用 that的情况： 引导非限制性定语从句；指代前面整个主句的意思；介词 + 关系代词。e.g. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. This is the room in which my father lived last year. 找出句中的从句并圈出先行词说出关系代词在从句中的成分1. What is the address of the factory whose advertisement we no
9、ticed the other day.2. I saw some trees whose leaves were black with disease.3. It was a meeting whose importance I didnt realize at the time.4. The Great Wall was the first place that went to visit while they were in China.5. Miss Smith, who you met at our house, is going to marry Mr. Harry.6. He f
10、ailed in the exam, which made his classmates surprised.关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时，介词常可以提前，但介词提前时，关系代词只能用which 或whome.g. 1. The man is a famous runner. You talked to him just now.The man to whom you talk just now is a famous runner.2. The chair is made of wood. He is sitting on it now. The chair on which he is s
11、itting now is made of wood.3. He is a library assistant. I borrowed some books from him._4. It is a famous school. He graduated from it 3 years ago. _介词的确定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配，Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands?(shake hands with是习惯性搭配)介词常受先行词的制约（即介词和先行词的搭配），He built a telescope through which
12、 he could study the skies.(through which 即through the telescope)有一些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可以拆开， (look after take care of look for)e.g. 5. He is the student. / The teachers are looking for him. He is the student who the teachers are looking for. 6. The number of the children is 30. / She takes care of the ch
13、ildren. The number of the children who she takes care of is 30.找出句中的从句并圈出先行词说出关系代词在从句中的成分1. This is the house about which we wrote to you.2. Wu Dong, with whom I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.3. He used to live in a big house in front of which grew many banana trees.4. This is Peter in w
14、hose house I have lived for five years.关系副词： when where why当先行词是表示时间的名词，用when，在定语从句中充当时间状语，这时一般可以用介词which来代替:e.g. 1. I will never forget the day./ I went to university on that day.I will never forget the day when/ on which I went to university.2. He still remember the morning. / The earthquake happe
15、ned on that morning._当先行词是表示地点的名词，用where，在定语从句中充当地点状语，这时一般可以用介词which来代替:e.g. 3. This is the house. / He used to live in the house.This is the house where/ in which he used to live.4. I know of a place ./ We can swim in the place._先行词是表示原因的名词，即reason，用why，在定语从句中充当原因状语，这时一般可以用for which来代替:e.g. 5. I do
16、nt know the reason. / He did it for this reason.I dont know the reason why/ for which he did it.6. The reason was not clear./ He was fired for this reason .找出句中的从句并圈出先行词说出关系代词在从句中的成分1. I know a forest where you can find wild strawberries.2. Is there any reason why you should have a holiday.3. I will
17、 show you the way to the Friendship Hotel where foreign visitors are staying.4. Be sure to call on us next time when you come to town.5. We shall never forget the days when we were united as one to fight against the Japanese.第五讲注意点：要注意判断关系词及关系词在从句中所充当的成分。e.g. 1. This is the house He visited it yeste
18、rday.This is the house. He once lived in it.This is the house which/that / / he visited yesterday.This is the house where/in which he once lived.2. We will remember the day. We spent the day together. _We will remember the day. We worked on this day together. _找出句中的从句并圈出先行词说出关系代词在从句中的成分1. I will sho
19、w you to the factory which produces this kind of TV sets.2. I will show you to the factory where he has worked for five years.3. I will show you to the factory whose workers are all disabled people.4. I will show you to the factory which your factory once visited five years ago. 第六讲定语从句时特别注意的几个问题as引
20、导定语从句时的用法1. as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same as, such as结构中。e.g. Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。_ 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。2. as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。常用下列句型: as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。e.g.
21、 As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。e.g. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.He is the only one of the stud
22、ents who has got very good marks.（one为先行词）He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.（students为先行词）定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I cant understand.引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词 + which”来代替。e.g. October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) th
23、e Peoples Republic of China was founded.几个特殊的定语从句句型：1. Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday?Is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday ? 2. situation后常用where,in which引导定语从句：Can you imagine a situation where/in which you can use the word?3. way(方式，方法)后常用in which或that或省略来引导定语从句，也
24、可省略：Do you know the way(in which/that/how) he worked out the problem?4. He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.It may rain, in which case the match will be put off.找出句中的从句并圈出先行词说出关系代词在从句中的成分1. He is a teacher, as is clear form his manner.2. As is known to all, water resou
25、rces are very limited on the earth.3. He used such expressions as he could find in the texts.4. They stayed for the night in the same room as they had once rented5. I dont like the way he speaks.6. He is one of the students who know the Japanese.7. He is the only one of the students who knows the Ja
26、panese.1. I will never forget the day _which/that/不填_ we spent together in the countrysideI will never forget the days_during which/when_ we stayed together in the countryside2.This is the reason _that/which/不填_ they told meThis is the reason _for which/why_ he turned down the job非限制定语从句1. 逗号隔开2. 翻译
27、成并列句，去掉之后句子完整3. 不能用that4. which 可以指代某一个先行词 也可以指代一句话He lost his book, which made his mother very angeryas在非限定性从句中的使用1. 表示正如。一样2. 替代which 放句首He must be from Africa, _which_ can be seen from his skinAs can be seen from his skin, he must be from AfricaAs is known to all, he is a heroHe is a hero, which
28、is known to allIt is known to all that he is a heroHe has 2 sons , one of whom is a doctorHe has 2 sons and one of them is a doctorHe has 2 sons, neither of whom is a doctorHe has 2 sons, _both_ of whom are doctorsHe has 3 sons, none of whom is a doctorHe has 3 sons, all of whom are doctorsHe is one
29、 of the scientists who _are_known by the worldHe is the only one of the scientists who _is _known by the world He is such a good student that everyone likes him very much(如此以至于) He is such a person as you told meHe invited me to the party, and it is kind of himHe inviten me to the party , which is k
30、ind of him He failed in the exam, _as_ we had expected Can you see the closet _ on the top of which_ I put the flower vase? Can you see the closet _on whose top_ I put the flower vase?All (that) you need is his helpWhat you need is his helpall that= whatIs this the museum _ you visited yesterday?Thi
31、s is the museum that /which/不填 you visited yesterday.Is this museum _ you visited yesterday?This museum is the one that/which/不填 you visited yesterday.This is the place_in which/where_ you have worked for ten yearsThis is the place _to which _ you pay a visit last yearI will never forget the day _wh
32、ich/that/不填_ we spent together in the countrysideI will never forget the days_during which/when_ we stayed together in the countryside（2）高一英语定语从句1、需要注意的问题保持谓语和先行词的一致e.g. He is one of the greatest writers who are living now.e.g. He is the only one of the boys who has joined the army.whose引导定语从句时，人、物皆
33、可。不能只看先行词，还要注意引导词在句子中充当什么成分。避免关系词的重复，被关系代词说替代的部分不可在从句中重复出现。e.g. This is the book we have read it together. reason, way后关系词的用法e.g. This is the reason (for which/ why/ that) he was absent yesterday.e.g. I dont like the way (in which/ that) he does everything.在比较级中，than充当关系代词，在从句中作主语。e.g. The results o
34、f his study have turned out to be more satisfactory than was expected.2、使用that的几种情况先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰先行词前有不定代词修饰，如the same, the only one, all, both, everything, nothing当主句是以who, which开始的特殊疑问句时，从句用that，避免重复先行词既指人，又指物e.g. We know nothing about the doctors and the hospital that you are talking about.关系代
35、词充当表语e.g. He is not the man that he used to be. = He is not what he used to be.3、where引导的定语从句和地点状语从句where引导的定语从句必须有先行词。如：place, school, city, house, room等where不是修饰性名词，而是修饰其前整个句子，在句子中作地点状语。e.g. Make a mark where you have any questions.4、when, where, why引导的定语从句和同位语从句的区别相同点：在两种从句中都可以充当状语成分不同点：1作关系副词引导定
36、语从句时有跟它们含义相应的先行词2作关系副词引导定语从句时，可以改为“prep. + which”来引导3作连接副词引导同位语从句时没有与它们含义相应的先行词e.g. Ill never forget the day when (= on which) we met for the first time.e.g. I have no idea when we met for the first time在复合句中，修饰一个名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句；被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句必须放在先行词之后；引导定语从句的词叫关联词。关联词常见的关联词有关系代词that，which，who，w
37、hom，whose和关系副词where，when，why等。种类1由that引导的定语从句一般情况下that可指人或物，可以代替who，whom和which，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能作介词的宾语。如：The comrade that（who）is speaking at the meeting is an advanced worker正在会上讲话的那个同志是个先进工人。Is this the doctor that（whom）you talked about yesterday？这就是你们昨天谈论的那位医生吗？The letter that（which）I received y
38、esterday was from my father昨天我收到的信是我父亲寄来的。2由who，whom和whose引导的定语从句who在从句中作主语，whom在从句中作宾语，whose在从句中作定语。如：This is the thief who stole my bike这就是偷我自行车的那个贼。He is the boy whom you wanted to find他就是你想要找的那个男孩。The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside妈妈是个医生的那个女孩在外面等你。3由which引导的定语从句which指物，
39、在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语。如：The book which Mum bought me last week is called“Red Star Over China”妈妈上周买给我的那本书名叫西行漫记。The house which Lu Xun once lived in is now the Lu Xun Museum鲁迅曾经住过的那所房子现在是鲁迅博物馆。4由where，when和why引导的定语从句where在从句中作地点状语，when在从句中作时间状语，why在从句中作原因状语。如：I will never forget the day when I joined the L
40、eague我永远忘不了我入团的那一天。He will go back to the school where he studied next week下周他要回到他曾经学习过的学校。I dont know the reason why he quarreled with Zhang Lin我不知道他同张琳吵架的原因。定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系副词有： when,
41、 where, why等。18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2) Whos
42、e 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in t
43、he countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语） （3）定语从句在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, which, that, whose等和关系副词when, where, why等，其作用是代替先行词，引导定语从句，同时在定语从句中担任一定的成分。关系代词引导的定语从句成分先行词主语宾语表语定语人who/thatwho/whom/thatthatwhose=of whom物that/whichthat/whichthatwhose=of which例如：1. The boys who/that like to swim wi