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1、农业与现代文明3 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望vHORTICULTURE HELPS US TO LIVE AS HUMAN BEINGS:PROVIDING BALANCE AND HARMONY IN OUR BEHAVIOR AND THOUGHT AND LIFE WORTH LIVING Your site hereLOGOAbstractvHuman beings are creative and social beings.A hu
2、man being has two ways of being creative;by fostering life and by acquiring objects.The former origined in the maintenance of race and the latter in the maintenance of body.Your site hereLOGOv A human being also cannot live without any relationship with others，which provides him life worth living.Ou
3、r life in modern society is deficient in fostering life and“life worth living,”and emphasizes the acquiring of objects.Your site hereLOGOvOnly a few limited activities such as horticulture，raising animals and nurturing children provide us with the behavior and thought of fostering life，which present
4、s the opportunity for us to live 4$human beings.Your site hereLOGOvLife worth living is also provided by horticulture;sharing the effort and products of horticulture such as vegetables，fruit，cut-and/or pot flowers,ornamentals,etc.;joining with others to create and/or maintain pleasant surroundings s
5、uch as parks，healthy,communities,school gardens，comfortable rooms，etc.;educating children or amateurs through gardening.Your site hereLOGOvThus，horticulture helps us to live as human beings，providing balance and harmony in our behavior and thought of fostering life and acquiring objects，and life wor
6、th living through communicating with others.Your site hereLOGOKey index words vGardening,Horticulture，Human being,Creative being,Treasure，Fostering,Acquiring，Social being，Life worth living，Education Your site hereLOGO1.Introduction vIn the United States，approximately 70%of the households are engaged
7、 in gardening(Relf et al.,1992)and 80%of the households believed gardening or horticulture is an incomparable pleasure(Ashizawa，1992).Your site hereLOGOvIn Japan，Leisure Hakusho(1980,1987,1994)，reported more than 30%of the Japanese population has enjoyed gardening or horticulture as a leisure activi
8、ty or hobby for more than 15 years(1978-1993).Your site hereLOGOvWhy does horticulture attract so many who have taken it as a hobby?In other words，why does horticulture as a hobby or leisure activity fascinate us?Your site hereLOGOvIn Great Britain，gardening is common in daily life(Kato,1969)and in
9、the United States it is used as a treatment for mentally retarded or physically handicapped individuals(Reif,1981),which is called horticultural therapy.Your site hereLOGOvIn recent years,the Japanese have paid much attention to horticultural therapy and there have been and will be several seminars/
10、conferences on horticultural therapy in Japan(Matsuo,1994b).Why should such a treatment be effective for disabled people?Your site hereLOGOvAs the number of elderly people increase in Japan，providing for their welfare is becoming an increasing large problem.For this purpose，horticulture is expected
11、to play an increasing role providing for this population.Your site hereLOGOv Why is horticulture expected to be one of the methods of providing welfare of older population?We also note that although the price of land is extremely expensive in Japan，the Japanese long to live in a house with a garden.
12、Is this desire natural or unreasonable?Why?Your site hereLOGOvThe answer for these above-mentioned questions is“because horticulture makes us feel that we are human beings.Your site hereLOGO2.A human is creative and humans are social beings vSince the Greek age，many definitions have been advanced ab
13、out a human being or human beings(Malsuo,1982)，but most of them have been too philosophical to understand，and we cannot have imagined the real status of a human being or human beings.Your site hereLOGOvStudies on brain physiology support the idea that a human being is a creative being(Homo creata)(I
14、chikawa,1972).That is，Homo sapiens has a unique nervous system called a creative system.which no other animals have(Tokizane,1974).Your site hereLOGOvWhen we Homo sapiens fully utilize this creative system，we may live as human beings.vAnother important aspect of human beings is that we cannot live w
15、ithout other human beings.Your site hereLOGOvThis situation is referred to as“social.”This is also expressed with Chine letters“人间人间”，which mean that a human being lives among human beings（Watsuji,1974).Thus，we can refer to human beings as creative and social beings.Your site hereLOGO 3.1.Acquiring
16、objects and fostering life vAnimals are instinctive(Tokizane，1974)，but a human being is also creative(Ichikawa，1972).When we are creative,we feel pleasure,but not hardship，even if the works or situation are trying,hard,painful，tedious or boring.Then how can we be creative?3.A human being is a creati
17、ve beingYour site hereLOGOvConsidering our daily behavior or activities，we know that a human being has two ways of being creative，by fostering life and by acquiring objects(Matsuo,1977).These are based on different philosophies:the philosophy of fostering and that of acquiring.Your site hereLOGO The
18、 philosophy of fostering originated in continuance of the race and Homo sapiens as an animal,instinctive being，has evolved into a human being，adding the philosophy of fostering life,and of acquiring objects.Your site hereLOGO These two philosophies and the activities associated with them make it pos
19、sible for us to live as human beings.Concrete examples of fostering life are growing plants,raising animals,nurturing and educating children or training successors(Table 1).Your site hereLOGOvAs examples of acquiring objects,we could mention obtaining materials and information fishing,hunting,shoppi
20、ng,reading,writing,painting,appreciating arts,making things,manufacturing,ect.(Table1).Your site hereLOGOvThere are important differences between these two ways of being creative:v1)by fostering life,although we only help life to develop according to its genetic information,we become deeply involved
21、 and often feel or find ourselves a part of it.Your site hereLOGOvFostering life requires that we continue our involvement during the entire period of growth,often for a long time.This attitude toward objects is quite nurturing and supportive,and it demands perseverance(Table 1).Your site hereLOGOv2
22、)In acquiring objects,the procedure is accomplished in response to our own desire.This attitude toward objects is very discriminatory,volitional,selective,or manipulative.Your site hereLOGOvThe fact that Homo sapiens can be creative in both ways enables him to live as a human being by satisfying the
23、 urge to foster and the urge to acquire.Therefore the following could be concluded:v1)If we repress one of both of these urges,we fail to live as a human beingYour site hereLOGOv2)if we are kept apart from either of them,we are prevented from living as a human being.vIn either case,we do not live as
24、 a human being,but instinctively as an animal，because these are required to maintain our human race and society.Your site hereLOGO 3.2.Life in modern society lacks fostering life and focused on acquiring objects Your site hereLOGOvIn our modern,so-called urbanized society,super-industrialized societ
25、y or informational society,if we analyzed our daily life most of us would not be surprised to find our thoughts and behaviors associated with acquiring objects not with fostering(MaIsuo,1977).Your site hereLOGOvThat is we wish to do everything easily effectively and/or efficiently,but are not willin
26、g to do hard,dirty and dangerous works.Your site hereLOGOvFor example,students want to pass their exams with less effort than attending lectures will rent their colleagues notebook;in supermarkets,packaged ingredients and partially cooked foods are in great demand,because housewives or young ladies
27、hope to reduce the time required for cooking;Your site hereLOGOvchildren purchase beetles grasshoppers and other insects at the department store to avoid painful scratches when catching them in the fields;people want to climb mountains by car,not on foot(Matsuo，1982).Your site hereLOGOvOn the other
28、hand,the urge to foster is lacking in our life.For example,in mass media,we can find many news items on abandoned children,infanticide,a forced child suicide,cruelty to children,refusal to raise children,etc.;Your site hereLOGOvhigh school students do not hope to enter the University Departments whi
29、ch deal with raising animals or plants,because they feel that work is hard(Kitsui)dirty(Kitanai)and dangerous(Kiken),so-called 3K job in Japan,and low pay,low prestige and low potential for promotion,so called 3L in English.Your site hereLOGOTypes of activitiesItemFosteringAcquiringPrimary objective
30、Maintenance of race Maintenance of bodyHomo sapiens as an animal(instinctive)Bringing up their children to maintenance of raceObtaining foods,collecting environmental information to maintain body Evolution from animal to human being Homo sapiens as human beingFostering lifeAcquiring or making object
31、sPhilosophical basisFosteringAcquiringConcrete activitiesGrowing plants;raising animals;educating children;training ones successors Obtaining materials and information;making goods;shopping;fishing;writing;reading;appreciating artsCharacteristics of activities Helping life to也develop;necessary to ke
32、ep company with it during growth;giving ourselves to lifeobtaining or making objects according to ones own will Attitude toward the objectiveActivities in horticulture Nurturing;supportive;subjective Taking care of plants Discriminating;volitional;taking;choosing;greeting;designed;objective Collecti
33、ng,harvesting and/or eating Vegetablesand/or fruit;planning or designing the usage of garden Your site hereLOGOvThere has been a change to acquisitive situations even in the field of agriculture or animal husbandry,where the urge to foster may have been the original philosophy;e.g.plant factory，broi
34、ler factory(growing chickens for broiling),egg factory(farms for chicken egg production)(Matsuo,1982).Your site hereLOGOvThus,our life in modern society lacks in the thought and behavior to foster,and the thought and behavior of acquiring overwhelms fostering.That is，the modem society does not allow
35、 us to live as human beings through both ways of being creative.If we compare a human being to a cart，a cart that has lost the balance of its wheels does not move normally.Your site hereLOGOvThis situation could be expressed as follows;nowadays most of us have lost the balance in fostering and acqui
36、ring，and when we consider it from the viewpoint of humanity，we may be in a condition of“pre-sickness”(Matsuo,1994a)，which is not recognized in appearance，but we can not be referred to as healthy.Your site hereLOGO 3.3.Horticulture provides us with both fostering and acquiring.Your site hereLOGOvThen
37、，how can we live as human beings in modem society?One of the ways and an easy one is practicing horticulture or gardening because it provides us with both acquiring and fostering，while most of other activities provide us with only acquiring.Your site hereLOGO 3.3.1.Acquiring activity in horticulture
38、 Acquiring activities are classified into two groups;hunting and making(Matsuo,1986a).Your site hereLOGOvHunting behavior is the act to get or obtain any material or information which we need or want.Making behavior is the act to produce any other things，information or documents using the hunted mat
39、erials or information.Your site hereLOGOvPleasure of hunting in horticulture is experienced in the following ways(Matsuo,1978，1979，1982):Your site hereLOGO 1)Harvesting，eating or admiring horticultural products:We enjoy harvesting or eating fruits or vegetables，and admiring flowers.These acts includ
40、e picking fruits such as apples,pears,mandarins,strawberries or grapes,and digging up sweet potatoes，peanuts or potatoes.These are typical and understandable examples of acquisitive acts in horticulture.Your site hereLOGO 2)Recovery of nature in urban area which is thought essential for us to live h
41、ealthy:Through gardening in allotments or Kleingaertens，people enjoy experiencing nature through bright sun shine，fresh air，feeling of soil，insects.fresh green,change of season,etc.which are lacking in urban areas(Matsuo,1981).Your site hereLOGO 3)Gratifying our desire for materials and knowledge:Am
42、ateur horticulturists find pleasure when they obtain plant species they long to have by exchange or when they receive a parcel containing a plant they ordered from a nursery.Unexpected income from horticultural products grown gives the gardener pleasure,although it is not the primary aim of growing.
43、Your site hereLOGOvOthers explain the pleasure of increasing their knowledge of plants and how to grow them,and of the communication with other people who are engaged in gardening or are specialists in horticulture.Your site hereLOGOvThus，we can be greatly engaged in hunting through horticulture and
44、 enjoy it.The pleasure of making or devising is another aspect of acquiring(Matsuo,1977,1978,1982).Your site hereLOGOv When we practice horticulture,we face many problems;no pot or no site for planting,strong wind,insects and disease,dryness or too much rain,etc.People experience pleasure when they
45、solve these problems by themselves.Your site hereLOGOvThese are expressed in“idea pot”,shelf under roof for plant growing,and protection from sunlight or strong winds.There are other pleasures:We dare take care of plants,imagining flowers in several months or a year.Your site hereLOGOvIn order to av
46、oid injury by successive cropping,we enrich the soil years before planting,and find the proper plants to be grown by referring to the information on crop planting.Your site hereLOGOvBy considering plant characteristics,such as shade tolerance,moisture or drought resistance,height herbaceous or woody
47、,vine,shrub or tree,evergreen or deciduous,etc.,we enjoy designing when and where to plant in the garden or where to put potted plants.Your site hereLOGOvThese are pleasures when we draw our dreams on the canvas of a garden.These are typical examples of our philosophy behind acquisitive horticulture
48、.Your site hereLOGO3.3.2.Fostering activity in horticulture vWhen we think of fostering in our daily horticultural activities，we notice many interesting experiences(Matsuo,1977,1979,1982).Your site hereLOGO For example：v 1)We have been pleased to observe our plants growing day by day.v2)We get up in
49、 the morning with expectation to know which flowers opened this morning.Your site hereLOGOvSimilar situation is expressed in a Waka poem by A.Tachibana:“Tanoshimi wa asa okiidete kinou made nakarisl hana no sakerumiru toki”(It is our pleasure to find flowers opened in the morning which were not open
50、 yesterday).Your site hereLOGOvwhich was cited by President Clinton in his greeting of welcome for the Japanese Emperor and Empress in June 1994.Your site hereLOGOv3)Having cared for our plants over a long period of time.we especially enjoy when they finally flower and set fruit or seeds.Thus,childr