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1、专升本语法第五讲专升本语法第五讲-形容形容词副词解读词副词解读一、形容词在句中的作用v1作定语：作定语：vChina is a great socialist country中国是伟大的社会主义国家。中国是伟大的社会主义国家。vPresident Abraham Lincoln was a self-made man。林肯总统是。林肯总统是一个自学成才的人。一个自学成才的人。v2.作表语：作表语：vMost leaders were well-educated大多数领导人受过良好的教育。大多数领导人受过良好的教育。vDont get over-tired不要过度劳累。不要过度劳累。v3作宾语补
2、足语：作宾语补足语：vWho left the door open？谁没关门？谁没关门？vDo sit down and make yourself comfortable请坐，不要拘束。请坐，不要拘束。v4作状语：作状语：v单独起一个无动词分句作用，修饰全句。单独起一个无动词分句作用，修饰全句。vShe arrived home，hungry and tired她回到家，又饿又累。她回到家，又饿又累。二、形容词的排列顺序v（2）若有多个形容修饰名词，它们的位置要由它们与被修饰词的密切程度来决定。其排列顺序通常是：（县官行令杀国材）v限定词描绘性形容词颜色国籍、地区用途、类别名：v县，即“限”
3、，指限定词，如：the;a/an;this;that;your;my;v官，即“观”，指观点或评价性词，如：lovely;interesting;cutev行，即“形”，指形状大小，如：large;big;small;little;round;v令，即“龄”，指年龄及新旧，如：new;old;ancient;oldv杀，即“色”，指颜色，如：red;green;orange;brownv国，指国家或出处，如：Chinese;Japanese;home-madev材，指材料，也就是用什么做的。如：glass;stone;wood二、形容词的排列顺序1.Chinese,glass,a,beauti
4、ful,tableabeautifulChineseglasstable2.wonderful,my,garden,new,largemywonderfullargenewgarden3.a,round,table,smallasmallroundtable4.a,old,dirty,brownshirtadirtyoldbrownshirt三、形容词作后置定语的几种情况：v单个形容词作定语，一般放在名词前。但在下列情况下，它要后置：单个形容词作定语，一般放在名词前。但在下列情况下，它要后置：vl）用在由）用在由some，any，no等构成的合成不定代词之后等构成的合成不定代词之后,如如som
5、ething,anything,nothing v I have something important to tell you.v There is nothing dangerous here.v2）带有不定式、介词短语等修饰语的短语：）带有不定式、介词短语等修饰语的短语：v It is a problem difficult to solve这是一个难解决的问题。这是一个难解决的问题。v This is the book easy to read.这是一本容易读的书。这是一本容易读的书。v3）同表示数量的短语连用时：）同表示数量的短语连用时：v It is a stream about
6、two hundred miles long这条河长约二这条河长约二百英里。百英里。v4）由）由and，or连接的并列形容词，有时后置：连接的并列形容词，有时后置：v Everybody,man and woman,old and young,should attend the meeting.v 每一个人每一个人,男女老少男女老少,都应该参加会议。都应该参加会议。三、形容词作后置定语的几种情况：v5）一些表语形容词作定语时必须置与名词之后：）一些表语形容词作定语时必须置与名词之后：alive,afraid,awake,alone,asleep,worthvHe is the most fam
7、ous scientist alive in the world today.他是当今世界上活着的最著名的科学家。他是当今世界上活着的最著名的科学家。vThe baby still asleep might be awake very soon.正熟睡的婴儿可能马上就会醒来。正熟睡的婴儿可能马上就会醒来。v6)有些形容词作前置定语和后置定语意义不同。有些形容词作前置定语和后置定语意义不同。vOur present problem is how to help reduce noise around the school.我们目前的问题就是如何帮助我们目前的问题就是如何帮助较少学校周围的噪音。（
8、前置：目前的，现在的）较少学校周围的噪音。（前置：目前的，现在的）vThe people present at the meeting are mostly from the west of China.出席会议的大多数人来自中国出席会议的大多数人来自中国的西部。（后置：出席的，在场的）的西部。（后置：出席的，在场的）四、有些形容词限定用法：v1.很多以很多以a开头的形容词只能作表语的形容词：开头的形容词只能作表语的形容词：afraid害怕；害怕；alone独独自的；自的；asleep睡着的；睡着的；awake醒着的；醒着的；alive活着的；活着的；aware明白的，明白的，alike（相同
9、），等。这类形容词一般不与（相同），等。这类形容词一般不与very连用。例如，我们不说连用。例如，我们不说very awake，而要说，而要说wide awake（完全醒着）；同样我们用（完全醒着）；同样我们用fast asleep（沉睡，酣睡）代替（沉睡，酣睡）代替very asleep；我们说；我们说very much alone，all alone（非常孤独），而不说（非常孤独），而不说very alone。是表语形容词。是表语形容词。v2.貌似副词的形容词：貌似副词的形容词：lonely独自的；独自的；friendly友好的；友好的；lively生动的；生动的；lovely可爱的可爱的
10、v3.一些表示身体健康状况的形容词，如一些表示身体健康状况的形容词，如ill，well，unwell，fit，poorly等，都是表语形容词。例如：等，都是表语形容词。例如：She is feeling faint（poorly）她感到头晕（身体不舒服）。）她感到头晕（身体不舒服）。He is ill（unwell well）他病了（不舒服身体好）。）他病了（不舒服身体好）。v 比较：比较：他是一个重病人。他是一个重病人。v He is a very ill man(错错)He is a very sick man（正）（正）ill也可以用作定语，这时它们的意义就变了。例如：也可以用作定语，这
11、时它们的意义就变了。例如：ill health（不健康），（不健康），ill news（坏消息），（坏消息），ill luck（不幸）（不幸）五、形容词常用句型v形容词常用句型形容词常用句型v1.“Its+adj.+of+sb.+不定式不定式”表示表示“某人某人(做某事做某事)怎么样怎么样”。v 注意：这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词，如注意：这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词，如good(好好的的)，kind(友善的友善的)，nice(友好的友好的)，polite(有礼貌的有礼貌的)，clever(聪聪明的明的)，foolish(愚蠢的愚蠢的)，lazy(懒惰的懒惰的)
12、，careful(细心的细心的)，careless(粗心的粗心的)，right(正确的正确的)，wrong(错误的错误的)等。等。v例如，例如，Its very kind of you to help me.(=You are very kind to help me.)你能帮助我，真好。你能帮助我，真好。vIts very rude of her to say such words.(=She is very rude to say such words.)v她说这样的话，真粗鲁。她说这样的话，真粗鲁。vIts foolish of him to go alone.(=He is fooli
13、sh to go alone.)他单独出去太傻了。他单独出去太傻了。五、形容词常用句型v2.“Its+adj.+for+sb.+不定式不定式”表示表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样做某事对某人来说怎么样”。v注意：这一句型中常用的形容词有注意：这一句型中常用的形容词有important(重要的重要的)，necessary(必要的必要的)，difficult(困难的困难的)，easy(容易的容易的)，hard(艰难的艰难的)，dangerous(危险的危险的)，safe(安全的安全的)，useful(有益的有益的)，pleasant(舒适的舒适的)，interesting(有趣的有趣的)，imposs
14、ible(不可能的不可能的)等。等。v 例如，例如，Its not easy for them to learn a foreign language.(=To learn a foreign language is not easy for them.)对于他们来说学好一门外语不容易。对于他们来说学好一门外语不容易。v Its very important for students to listen to teachers carefully.(=To listen to teachers carefully is very important for students.)对于学生来说上课
15、认真听老师讲课是非常对于学生来说上课认真听老师讲课是非常重要的。重要的。vIts necessary for us to get to school on time.(=To get to school on time is necessary for us.)对于我们来说按时到校是非对于我们来说按时到校是非常必要的。常必要的。五、形容词常用句型v3）主语）主语+be+形容词形容词+about+宾语宾语vMary is very anxious about Toms health.玛丽非常挂念汤姆的身玛丽非常挂念汤姆的身体状况。体状况。v4）主语）主语+be+形容词形容词+at+宾语宾语vMa
16、ry was amazed at what Tom had done.玛丽对汤姆的所作所为玛丽对汤姆的所作所为大为惊讶。大为惊讶。v5）主语）主语+be+形容词形容词+from+宾语宾语vTwo students are absent from class today.今天又两名学生缺课。今天又两名学生缺课。v6）主语主语+be+形容词形容词+in+宾语宾语vHe was soon absorbed in his book.他很快就专心看书了。他很快就专心看书了。v7）主语）主语+be+形容词形容词+to+宾语宾语vHe is accustomed to walking with his wi
17、fe after dinner.他已他已经习惯于晚餐后和妻子一起散步。经习惯于晚餐后和妻子一起散步。v8）主语）主语+被被+形容词形容词+with+宾语宾语vShe was annoyed with the boy for being so careless.她因为这她因为这个男孩如此粗心儿对他很生气。个男孩如此粗心儿对他很生气。v大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差v原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。形容词的比较级和最高级规则变化构成法原级比较级最高级一般单音节词未尾加-er,-esttalltall
18、ertallest以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以-le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-stnicenicernicest以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er,-estbigbiggerbiggest以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加-er，-estbusybusierbusiest少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-estclevercleverercleverest其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级important more importantmost important不规则变化原级比较级最高级good
19、betterbestwell（健康的）badworseworstill（有病的）oldolder/elderoldest/eldestmuch/manymoremostlittlelessleastfar farther/furtherfarthest/furthest原级、比较级和最高级的用法v形容词的比较等级有原级、比较级和最高级。形容词的比较等级有原级、比较级和最高级。v1同级比较：同级比较：as+adj./adv.+as（否定为（否定为not so/as+adj./adv.+as）v She has a voice as beautiful as a singers.她的声音像歌唱她的
20、声音像歌唱家一样优美动听。家一样优美动听。v He does not smoke so heavily as his brother.他抽烟没有他抽烟没有他兄弟抽得凶。他兄弟抽得凶。v注意：在注意：在as.as结构中，若形容词作定语修饰单数可数名词，不定冠词结构中，若形容词作定语修饰单数可数名词，不定冠词a(an)应置于形容词和名词之间，不可放在形容词之前。例如：应置于形容词和名词之间，不可放在形容词之前。例如：as+adj.+a+n.+as v 或或 as+many/much+n.+asv 她和你的父亲一样是个好老师。她和你的父亲一样是个好老师。误误 She is as a good tea
21、cher as your father.正正 She is as good a teacher as your father.This is as good an example as the other is.v I can carry as much paper as you can.比较等级之比较级v1.主语主语1+谓动谓动+(much/less)+形形/副比较级副比较级+than+主语主语2v A modern train is much faster than a car.v I think English is less difficult than math.v2“the+比较级
22、比较级+of the two”来表示来表示“两个中最两个中最”v表示两者中较突出者，且比较级后又有名词，表示两者中较突出者，且比较级后又有名词，这时的比较级前一定要加定这时的比较级前一定要加定冠词冠词the:v Joan is the taller of the two girls.v3.比较级比较级+and+比较级比较级v常用常用“比较级比较级+and+比较级比较级”来表达来表达“越来越越来越 v His voice got weaker and weaker.v Take some medicine and youll get better and better.v4.“the+比较级比较
23、级,the+比较级比较级”来表达来表达“越越，（就）越，（就）越”v The more clothes you wear,the warmer you will feel.v5“more A than B”表示表示“与其说是与其说是B，不如说是，不如说是A”v He is more diligent than clever.v“not+比较级+than”结构，意为“前者不如后者”，表示两者都具有该形容词的属性，但前者不如后者v而“no+比较级+than”结构意为“和一样不 ”表示两个人都含有与该形容词相反的属性His English is not better than mine.他的英语不如
24、我的英语好。His English is no better than mine.他的英语同我的英语一样不好。(即一样差)You are not more careful than he is.你不如他仔细。You are no more careful than he is.你和他一样不仔细。(即一样粗心)比较等级之比较级v(1)比较的对象必须是属于同一性质(范畴)内的人或物:误The weather of Shanghai is finer than Beijing.v这句表达的是上海的天气与北京相比，比较对象不一致。应改为：The weather of Shanghai is finer
25、 than that of Beijing.使用比较级要注意的几点v(2)要避免比较级中自身与自身比较。如:误Joan studies harder than any student in her class.Joan属于any student中的一位，没有排除自身比较。应改为:Joan studies harder than any other student in her class.Joan studies harder than any of the other students in her class.Joan studies harder than anyone else in
26、her class.v上述三个正确的句子可分别用下列结构表示:v any other+单数可数名词v 比较级+than+any of the other+复数可数名词v anyone else使用比较级要注意的几点v但是，不同范围的同类人或物进行比较时，则than引导的从句中不用other。如:China is larger than any country in Europe.v(3)要避免重复比较。如:误 Mary runs more faster than Lucy.vmore是many/much的比较级，它只能构成比较级而不能修饰比较级,应改为:Mary runs faster tha
27、n Lucy.使用比较级要注意的几点v表示倍数v(1)倍数+形容词(或副词)的比较级+than This rope is twice longer than that one.v(2)倍数+as+形容词(或much)或副词原级+as This big stone is three times as heavy as that one.v(3)倍数+the size(length,width,height)of This street is four times the length of that one.v注意：如果形容词是修饰名词的，要把名词放在形容词后面。即：倍数+more+名词(可数，
28、不可数)+than倍数+as many(或much)+名词+其他+as比较等级之最高级比较等级之最高级1.最高级构成：最高级构成：the+最高级最高级+比较范围。比较范围。It is the most beautiful city in the world.这是世上最美丽这是世上最美丽的城市。的城市。He sings the best in the class.他在班里唱得最好。他在班里唱得最好。2.“one of the+最高级最高级+复数名词复数名词”表示表示“最最之一之一”。例如：。例如：China is one of the largest countries in the world
29、.3.“the+序数词序数词+最高级最高级+单数可数名词单数可数名词”表示表示“第几第几”。例如：。例如：The Yellow River is the second longest river of China.4.当最高级前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格修饰时，其前不加当最高级前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格修饰时，其前不加the；若两个最高级并列使用，后一个最高级前也可以不加；若两个最高级并列使用，后一个最高级前也可以不加the。例如：。例如：He is our best friend.Liu Fang is the youngest and shortest girl in our
30、 class.5.形容词最高级前一般加形容词最高级前一般加the，但当自己与自己比较时，可省略，但当自己与自己比较时，可省略the。I am busiest in December.我十二月份最忙。我十二月份最忙。Vegetables are best when they are fresh.蔬菜新鲜时最好。蔬菜新鲜时最好。Shanghai is most beautiful in spring.副词就是修饰或限制动词或形容词作用、表程度或范围的词 v作状语作状语：v1程度副词：much,little,very,rather,so,too,still,quite,enough,almost,h
31、ardly.(1)程度副词一般放在被修饰的动词、形容词或副词的前面，放在to be或第一个助动词和情态动词之后 I can hardly believe what he said.I am very happy to be with you.The last time I spoke to Bob,he seemed very sad.副词及其基本用法v(2)too(that,this,as,so,how,however)+形容词+a/an+名词 Ive never seen that big an apple.This is too difficult a question.v副词enoug
32、h要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可：If I had a long enough holiday Id visit Europe.There is enough food for everyone to eat.=There is food enough for everyone to eat.副词及其基本用法v2频度副词:often,sometimes,seldom,never,constantly,frequently,occasionally,usually等。v通常在不需要强调时放在行为动词前，放在to be或第一个助动词和情态动词之后。v I often saw
33、 her walk in the park.He is always talking in the class.副词及其基本用法副词及其基本用法 v3方式副词carefully,properly,suddenly,normally,fast,well,politely,warmly,方式副词一般放在动词后 The girl danced beautifully.She speaks English very well.v被动语态中,方式副词一般放在be与谓语动词之间：The runner was badly hurt.English is widely spoken in the world
34、today.副词及其基本用法v4时间副词，finally,yet,still,now,soon,lately,shortly,then,recently,already,before,early,late,today等。v时间副词,尤其是表示具体时间的副词，一般放在句首或句尾 He will be back tomorrow.They have already been to the UK twice.副词及其基本用法v5地点副词，away,abroad,everywhere,outside,around,here,anywhere,somewhere,near,far,up,down等。v通
35、常置于句尾，有时置于句首，一般不置于句中 The boys are playing outside.There you can see thousands of bikes flying.副词及其基本用法副词及其基本用法 v(2)作表语：作表语：v地点副词一般可以作表语,放在be等连系动词之后,说明人物所处的位置：Imverysorryheisntinatthemoment.Ihavebeenawayfornearly20years.副词及其基本用法v(3)作定语：时间副词(如now、then)以及许多地点副词都可以作名词的定语,放在名词的后面：People now often have th
36、eir dinners at restaurants.Women there were living a terrible life in the 1920s.v(4)作宾语补足语：地点副词一般可以作宾语补足语：Put your dirty socks away,Jim!v 注意“动词+副词”的宾语如果是代词,则该副词应该放在代词之后：He wrote down the word.He wrote it down.副词及其基本用法v(1)close与closely close意思是“近”；closely 意思是“仔细地”。例如：He is sitting close to me.Watch h
37、im closely.v(2)late 与lately late意思是“晚”；lately 意思是“最近”。例如：You have come too late.What have you been doing lately?兼有两种形式的副词v(3)deep与deeply deep意思是深，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，深深地。He pushed the stick deep into the mud.Even father was deeply moved by the film.v(4)high与highly high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much：T
38、he plane was flying high.I think highly of your opinion.v5）wide与widely v wide表示空间宽度；vwidely意思是“广泛地”，“在许多地方”：He opened the door wide.English is widely used in the world.v6）free与freely v free的意思是“免费”；vfreely 的意思是“无限制地”。He gives out free candies in the park.You may speak freely;say what you like.v7）ago
39、、before的用法：v“时间段+later/ago”“(多久)以后/以前”,用于过去时v“after/before+某个时刻”表示“在某时刻之后/之前”,此时两个词是介词。He had an accident a week ago.Some years later,the boy became a singer.vago与before：ago只能用于过去时,before用于完成时：Have you been there before?She told me that she had left for BJ 2 days ago.v8）too、also、either、nor的用法：vtoo(“
40、也”)用于肯定句和疑问句的末尾,且用逗号隔开；valso(“也”)用于肯定句句子谓语动词之前,be动词之后；veither(“也”)用于否定句末尾,也用逗号隔开；vnor(“也不”)用于倒装句句首：Are you American,too?I am also a student.He is not happy and I am not happy,either.He didnt watch the football game.Nor did I.v9）sometimes、sometime、some times、some time的用法：vsometimes(有时)用于一般现在时、vsometi
41、me(在将来某时)用于将来时、vsome times(数次)表示次数、vsome time(一些时间)表示一段时间 Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains.I will meet your father sometime.I will stay here some time.I have been to HK some times.v10）already、yet的用法：v在完成时中,already一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句：Have you done it already?I have not had my breakfast ye
42、t.v11）hard与hardly的用法：vhard作为副词意思是：“努力地,猛烈地”,vhardly是否定词,意思是：“几乎不”,一般与情态动词can/could连用：They study English very hard.You can hardly see a person in the street.v12）“quite/what+a+形容词+名词”的用法：vquite/such/what.+a+形容词+名词;vso/too/how+形容词+a+名词;vrather+a+形容词+名词=a+rather+形容词+名词 I have never seen such a strange g
43、uy It is quite a nice day for a walk.v13）rather与quite的用法区别：同very一样,两个词都表示形容词或副词的程度,quite表示“不到最高程度但是比预料的好”,rather比quite更接近very的含义,含有令人惊讶的意思。见下图对“nice”程度的描绘：Its quite a nice film (可能意味着不是一部最好的电影)Its rather a nice film (意味着比大多数电影都好)v14）farther与further的用法区别：v表示地点、方向或距离时两个词同义,意思为“更远、较远”vfurther还表示“更多、进一步
44、、额外”等意思,此时不能换为farther They decided to go farther/further the next day.This problem will be further discussed.Every one of them had their further studies abroad.v15）maybe、possibly、perhaps的区别：vmaybe“可能,也许”,比另两个较不正式、可能性不大；vpossibly“可能地,或者,也许”,可能性较大,在否定句和疑问句中表示“无论如何”；vperhaps“可能”,较为常用而且正式,可能性也不大 Maybe y
45、ou are right.I couldnt possibly have finished this work in such a short time.I thought perhaps it was the dress you want.v16）most、mostly的区别：vmost作为形容词和名词时意思是“大多数的、大部分的”,作为副词时意思为“最,十分、很”；vmostly仅为副词,意为“主要地、多半地、大部分”地：I was at home most of the time when I was free.Most children are naughty.She is mostl
46、y out on Sundays.v17）(be)worth、(be)worthy of的区别：vworth一般被看作是介词,后面接名词或者动名词,用主动表示被动含义,还可以用副词well修饰；vworthy of表示“值得的、配得上的”,后面跟动名词的被动形式 The car is worth￥3,000 This book is well worth reading several times.It is a thing worthy of being seen.v18）almost、nearly的区别：两个词意思相近,都表示“几乎、将近”,大多数情况下可以互换,与否定词连用时用almos
47、t不用nearly.almost no 相当于hardly any(几乎没有)。We are almost/nearly there.He had done almost nothing today.v19）a bit与a little的区别：v这两个名词短语经常当作副词使用,修饰形容词或副词的原级或比较级,可以互换,语气比rather弱。This digital camera is a bit(a little)expensive.It is a little(a bit)colder than yesterday.v 另外,a little可以直接加不可数名词,a bit 则采用“a bi
48、t+of+名词(不可数或可数名词复数)”的形式 I have got a bit of a cold.Go and get a little water for me,pleasev注意 not a bit(=not at all)意为“根本不”,v而 not a little则意为“非常,不是一点”。v20）especially;specially;particular 特别地、尤其地v(1)especially 常用于正式文体,通常用来对前面所叙述的事情作进一步补充或说明，“特别地、尤其地”。v(2)specially常用于口语中，表示为了特别的目的、专门的。v(3)particular含
49、有“特有的”和“个别的”之意。指从众多事例中选出一个“个别的”，但有时也表示特殊，意义与special相同。I love this city,especially in winter.He come here specially to see you.Any particular places you want to see?v既是形容词也是副词的单词有：early,late,long,last,next,first,near,enough,much,all,hard,alone,fast,slow,high,low,straight等等：It was a long holiday He stayed there very long.Think hard then you will find a way.He is a very hard(难对付的)person.结束结束