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1、企業成立目的企業成立目的What is a business?What is a business?What is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole ProprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying BusinesslBusinessBusinesslAn An exchange activityexchange activity that that provides provides goods or
2、servicesgoods or services in in order to earn order to earn profitprofit.Management FunctionsManagement Functions l規劃規劃:界定組織的目標,並找尋達成目:界定組織的目標,並找尋達成目標的手段或方法。標的手段或方法。l組織組織:界定各單位的業務職掌與權責,:界定各單位的業務職掌與權責,建立分工合作的關係。建立分工合作的關係。l領導領導:激勵員工使其朝向組織的目標努:激勵員工使其朝向組織的目標努力,提供最大貢獻。力,提供最大貢獻。l控制控制:掌握業務的進行方向,以追求組:掌握業務的進
3、行方向,以追求組織目標的達成織目標的達成Business FunctionsBusiness Functions l l生產生產生產生產:透過轉換過程將各種投入資源轉換成最終產品與服:透過轉換過程將各種投入資源轉換成最終產品與服:透過轉換過程將各種投入資源轉換成最終產品與服:透過轉換過程將各種投入資源轉換成最終產品與服務。務。務。務。l l行銷行銷行銷行銷:發掘消費者實質或潛在的需求,並透過各種手段加:發掘消費者實質或潛在的需求,並透過各種手段加:發掘消費者實質或潛在的需求,並透過各種手段加:發掘消費者實質或潛在的需求,並透過各種手段加以滿足。以滿足。以滿足。以滿足。l l人力資源管理人力資源
4、管理人力資源管理人力資源管理:配合組織的策略及各項作業需要,適時的:配合組織的策略及各項作業需要,適時的:配合組織的策略及各項作業需要,適時的:配合組織的策略及各項作業需要,適時的提供所需人力在質與量上的滿足。提供所需人力在質與量上的滿足。提供所需人力在質與量上的滿足。提供所需人力在質與量上的滿足。l l研究發展研究發展研究發展研究發展:配合組織的策略需求,維持組織的產品與製程:配合組織的策略需求,維持組織的產品與製程:配合組織的策略需求,維持組織的產品與製程:配合組織的策略需求,維持組織的產品與製程技術在一定水準上的程度,以求提昇企業的競爭力。技術在一定水準上的程度,以求提昇企業的競爭力。技
5、術在一定水準上的程度,以求提昇企業的競爭力。技術在一定水準上的程度,以求提昇企業的競爭力。l l財務財務財務財務:配合組織各項作業,找尋適當資金來源,以最低的:配合組織各項作業,找尋適當資金來源,以最低的:配合組織各項作業,找尋適當資金來源,以最低的:配合組織各項作業,找尋適當資金來源,以最低的資金成本滿足組織資金需求,並將風險控制在可以接受範資金成本滿足組織資金需求,並將風險控制在可以接受範資金成本滿足組織資金需求,並將風險控制在可以接受範資金成本滿足組織資金需求,並將風險控制在可以接受範圍之內。圍之內。圍之內。圍之內。l l資訊資訊資訊資訊:籌建組織的資訊系統,提供組織各階層所需的資訊,:
6、籌建組織的資訊系統,提供組織各階層所需的資訊,:籌建組織的資訊系統,提供組織各階層所需的資訊,:籌建組織的資訊系統,提供組織各階層所需的資訊,以支援內部作業、輔助決策制定,或以網路連結上、下游以支援內部作業、輔助決策制定,或以網路連結上、下游以支援內部作業、輔助決策制定,或以網路連結上、下游以支援內部作業、輔助決策制定,或以網路連結上、下游的供應商、通路與顧客,追求提昇企業的競爭優勢。的供應商、通路與顧客,追求提昇企業的競爭優勢。的供應商、通路與顧客,追求提昇企業的競爭優勢。的供應商、通路與顧客,追求提昇企業的競爭優勢。Why go into business?Why go into busi
7、ness?What is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businesslF Financial independenceinancial independencelI Income substitutionncome substitutionlP Personal freedom and controlersonal freedom and cont
8、rollC ChallengeshallengeslP Power and influenceower and influenceEconomic Systems and the Role of BusinessEconomic Systems and the Role of Businessl An An economic systemeconomic system is the is the combination of combination of policiespolicies and and choiceschoices made by a made by a nationnati
9、on regarding regarding ownership of ownership of capitalcapital and where and where economic economic decisionsdecisions are made.are made.What is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessFive Fa
10、ctors of ProductionFive Factors of ProductionWhat is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessGoodsGoods&ServicesServicesLaborLaborLandLandEntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurshipCapitalCapitalKnowledgeK
11、nowledgeThree Types of Economic SystemsThree Types of Economic SystemsPlanned EconomiesMarket EconomiesMixed EconomiesWhat is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessPlanned EconomiesPlanned Eco
12、nomiesWhat is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessSocialismCommunism Major industry ownership Private ownership Private ownership eliminated Government ownership of all major forms of produc
13、tion Central planningMarket EconomyMarket EconomyWhat is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessLittle Government involvementProfit motiveCompetition for customersInvisible hand寇斯定律寇斯定律What is
14、business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessl不管權利屬誰,只要將不管權利屬誰,只要將財財產權界定為私有產權界定為私有,便可,便可發發揮市場機制,讓資源的使揮市場機制,讓資源的使用最佳化用最佳化。(R.H.Coase)The trend today is toward The trend today is toward market economie
15、smarket economies:To:To survive and prosper in market economies survive and prosper in market economies you need you need Business SkillsBusiness Skills.What is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying b
16、usiness創業精神創業精神(entrepreneurship)(entrepreneurship)What is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessl求新求變的精神求新求變的精神l永不滿足的工作精神永不滿足的工作精神l旺盛鬥志與競爭精神旺盛鬥志與競爭精神l堅持到底的精神堅持到底的精神l拓荒冒險的精神拓荒冒險的精神ExampleExamp
17、leWhat is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businesslLa Crema vs.CIA Cafel聖銀時代聖銀時代l上閤屋上閤屋 Forms of BusinessForms of BusinessWhat is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsF
18、orms of BusinessSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessl依企業成立目的分類依企業成立目的分類l營利事業營利事業(for-profit organizations)l非營利事業非營利事業(not-for-profit organizations)l依企業所有權分類依企業所有權分類l國營事業國營事業(state-owned enterprises)l民營事業民營事業(private enterprises)l公有民營公有民營(Public-own&Priv
19、ate-operate)事業事業 Forms of BusinessForms of BusinessWhat is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsForms of BusinessSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessl依企業規模分類依企業規模分類l大型企業大型企業l中小企業中小企業(small&medium enterprises,SME)l依資本組成分類依資本組成分類
20、l獨資獨資(sole proprietorships)l合夥合夥(partnerships)l公司公司(corporations)依企業成立目的分類依企業成立目的分類What is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsForms of BusinessSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessl營利事業營利事業l以提供產品或服務以提供產品或服務,換取換取財務性財務性報償報償為目的之事
21、業組織。營利事為目的之事業組織。營利事業可以將經營所獲得的業可以將經營所獲得的利益利益,在在繳交營利事業所得稅之後繳交營利事業所得稅之後,依法依法分配給原出資股東分配給原出資股東。l非營利事業非營利事業l營運收入之結餘不得進行分配營運收入之結餘不得進行分配,且限定該結餘之運用用途。且限定該結餘之運用用途。依企業所有權分類依企業所有權分類1What is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsForms of BusinessSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporatio
22、nsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessl國營事業國營事業(中油、中船中油、中船)l事業機構的事業機構的資本資本,50%以上由以上由政政府所擁有府所擁有。l營運活動與收支處理受到國家預營運活動與收支處理受到國家預算法令的限制。算法令的限制。l員工為公務員員工為公務員,其任用與解雇受其任用與解雇受法律的保障。法律的保障。l民營事業民營事業l政府資本低於政府資本低於50%的營利事業體。的營利事業體。依企業所有權分類依企業所有權分類2What is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusines
23、s skillsForms of BusinessSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessl公有民營事業公有民營事業(區域性大型垃圾焚化廠區域性大型垃圾焚化廠)l事業機構的資本事業機構的資本,50%以上由政府所擁有。以上由政府所擁有。l員工任用不受公務人員資格限制。員工任用不受公務人員資格限制。l國營事業民營化國營事業民營化(中鋼中鋼)l將政府持有資本的比例降低至將政府持有資本的比例降低至50%以下。以下。l不受國營事業之相關法規限制提升營運績不受國營事業之相關法規限制
24、提升營運績效。效。l藉由參與董事會運作使其繼續執行既有的藉由參與董事會運作使其繼續執行既有的政府政策。政府政策。中小企業中小企業What is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsForms of BusinessSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying business製造業製造業營造業營造業礦業礦業土石採取業土石採取業原則:實收資本額新台幣八原則:實收資本額新台幣八千萬以下千萬以下例外:經常雇用
25、員工未滿例外:經常雇用員工未滿200人人未滿未滿20人人行業別行業別中小企業之認定標準中小企業之認定標準小企業小企業中華民國中華民國89年年5月月3日發佈日發佈中小企業中小企業What is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsForms of BusinessSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying business中華民國中華民國89年年5月月3日發佈日發佈未滿未滿5人人原則:前一年營業額新台幣
26、原則:前一年營業額新台幣一億元以下一億元以下例外:經常雇用員工未滿例外:經常雇用員工未滿50人人農林漁牧業農林漁牧業水電燃氣業水電燃氣業商業商業運輸倉儲通信業運輸倉儲通信業金融保險不動產業金融保險不動產業工商服務業工商服務業社會服務及個人服務業社會服務及個人服務業行業別行業別中小企業之認定標準中小企業之認定標準小企業小企業 3 Forms of Business Ownership3 Forms of Business OwnershipSole ProprietorshipSole ProprietorshipOne ownerOne ownerPartnershipPartnershipT
27、wo or more ownersTwo or more ownersCorporationCorporationOwned by stockholdersOwned by stockholdersWhat is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessSole ProprietorshipSole ProprietorshipWhat is b
28、usiness?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessl獨資企業是指一個獨資企業是指一個自然人自然人以以自己為自己為權利義務的主體權利義務的主體,依法依法登記而從事商業交易登記而從事商業交易,以賺取以賺取利潤的組織利潤的組織。Sole ProprietorshipSole ProprietorshipWhat is business?Why go into bu
29、siness?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessAdvantagesAdvantagesDisadvantagesDisadvantagesEasy to startEasy to startSimplicitySimplicityFreedomFreedomPossible tax Possible tax advantagesadvantagesUnlimitedUnlimited Liabil
30、ity LiabilityFinancial Financial restraintsrestraintsSurvival tied Survival tied To one personTo one personTime Time commitmentcommitmentPartnershipsPartnerships1 1What is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperative
31、sStudying businessl合夥者合夥者,謂謂二人以上二人以上互約出資以共同互約出資以共同經營事業之契約經營事業之契約。(民法第民法第667條條)l每一合夥人對企業均須負每一合夥人對企業均須負完全之責任完全之責任,不因出資多寡而有所不同。不因出資多寡而有所不同。(民法第民法第671條條)l合夥人之合夥人之表決權表決權與出資多寡無關,每與出資多寡無關,每人僅有一表決權。人僅有一表決權。(民法第民法第671條條)l合夥於年終結算時合夥於年終結算時損益之分配損益之分配成數,成數,除另有約定外依照各合夥人除另有約定外依照各合夥人出資額之出資額之比例比例而定而定(民法第民法第677條條)Par
32、tnershipsPartnerships2 2What is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessl各合夥人之各合夥人之出資及其他合夥財產出資及其他合夥財產為其為其他他全體合夥人共有全體合夥人共有。(民法第民法第668條條)l合夥人除有特別約定外合夥人除有特別約定外,無於約定出無於約定出資之外增加出資之義務資之外增加出資之義務,因損失而致因
33、損失而致資本減少者資本減少者,合夥人亦無補充之義務合夥人亦無補充之義務。(民法第民法第669條條)l若合夥財產不足清償合夥之債務時若合夥財產不足清償合夥之債務時,各合夥人對於不足之額各合夥人對於不足之額,連帶負其責連帶負其責任任。(unlimited liability)(民法第民法第681條條)Partnerships:Two typesPartnerships:Two typesPartners have Partners have Unlimited Unlimited liabilityliabilityLimited liabilityLimited liabilityNo mana
34、gementNo managementparticipation participation GeneralGeneralPartnershipPartnershipLimitedLimitedPartnershipPartnershipWhat is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessPartnershipPartnershipWhat
35、is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessAdvantagesAdvantagesDisadvantagesDisadvantagesMore capitalMore capitalExpanded Expanded Management skillsManagement skillsIndividuals canIndividuals ca
36、nspecializespecializeUnlimited Unlimited liabilityliabilityLegal Legal complicationscomplicationsTransfer of Transfer of ownershipownershipCorporationCorporationWhat is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesSt
37、udying businessl所謂公司指以營利為目的所謂公司指以營利為目的,依照公司法組織登記成立的依照公司法組織登記成立的社社團法人團法人(公司法第一條公司法第一條)。l公司是一個公司是一個經營權與所有權經營權與所有權分離分離的法律實體。的法律實體。CorporationCorporationWhat is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying busin
38、essCorporatecharterBoard of directorsStockholdersA legal entityKey termsKey termsDifferent types of CorporationsDifferent types of CorporationsWhat is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessMul
39、tinational Multinational CorporationCorporationPublic Public CorporationCorporationPrivate Private CorporationCorporationDifferent types of CorporationsDifferent types of Corporations(公司法第二條公司法第二條)What is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnerships
40、CorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessl無限公司無限公司l由由兩人以上兩人以上的股東組成,對公司債務負連的股東組成,對公司債務負連帶帶無限清償責任無限清償責任之公司。之公司。l有限公司有限公司l由由五人以上,二十一人以下五人以上,二十一人以下的股東組成,的股東組成,就其就其出資額為限出資額為限,對公司負其責任之公司。,對公司負其責任之公司。l兩合公司兩合公司l由由一人以上無限責任一人以上無限責任股東,與股東,與一人以上有一人以上有限責任限責任的股東組成。的股東組成。l股份有限公司股份有限公司l由由七人以上七人以上的股東組成,全部資
41、本分為股的股東組成,全部資本分為股份,股東就其所份,股東就其所認購之出資股權認購之出資股權,為對公司,為對公司盈虧之最大責任限額之公司。盈虧之最大責任限額之公司。公司組織的所有權與經營權公司組織的所有權與經營權What is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying business股東股東大會總經理所有權經營權工會代理關係資本市場投資大眾營運組織經理經理經理董事
42、會董事長公司組織的所有權公司組織的所有權What is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessl所有所有出資股東出資股東,都是公司的,都是公司的所有權人所有權人;其擁有的;其擁有的所有權比例所有權比例,就是其,就是其出資比例出資比例。l所有出資股東,都依據其出資比例行駛所有出資股東,都依據其出資比例行駛所有權所有權,包括包括分配經營利得分配經營
43、利得、選任董監事選任董監事、或承擔該企業、或承擔該企業之之債務清償責任債務清償責任。l股份有限公司股份有限公司的全體所有權人,藉由的全體所有權人,藉由股東大會股東大會之之定期集會(股東會),參與定期集會(股東會),參與公司經營重大事項之公司經營重大事項之決議決議(依出資比例之所有權比例依出資比例之所有權比例,進行投票表決,進行投票表決為之)。為之)。l董事董事,係由股東互選,代表所有股東定期集會,係由股東互選,代表所有股東定期集會(董事會)討論各項(董事會)討論各項重大經營事項重大經營事項、與作成決議。、與作成決議。l董事長董事長,係由董事互選,代表全體股東,係由董事互選,代表全體股東執行決策
44、執行決策權權;董事長為公司的;董事長為公司的法定負責人法定負責人。股東的基本權利股東的基本權利What is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying business重大決議之議決權議決權營運獲利之分配權分配權參與董監事之選舉與被選舉之權利參與重大經營決策之表決權營運獲利之分配權普通股與特別股普通股與特別股What is business?Why go into
45、 business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessl普通股普通股(common stock)l擁有一般股東所具有之所有權擁有一般股東所具有之所有權利的股票。利的股票。l特別股特別股(preferred stock)l限制某些股東權利,但也屬於限制某些股東權利,但也屬於資本出資形態的股票。資本出資形態的股票。特別股之獲利分配特別股之獲利分配What is business?Why go into
46、business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessl優先分配權優先分配權:通常,這是特別股的基本:通常,這是特別股的基本權利。公司年度獲利,需要優先分配完特權利。公司年度獲利,需要優先分配完特別股股息之後,餘額才分配給普通股股東,別股股息之後,餘額才分配給普通股股東,此項權利,謂之優先分配權。此項權利,謂之優先分配權。l保留權保留權:若當年度獲利總額不足以支付:若當年度獲利總額不足以支付事先約定的
47、股息,未分配之餘額,是否保事先約定的股息,未分配之餘額,是否保留至下一年度補足的權利,此項權利謂之留至下一年度補足的權利,此項權利謂之保留權。保留權。l參加權參加權:若當年度獲利狀況甚佳,普通:若當年度獲利狀況甚佳,普通股之股息分配比例高於特別股時,特別股股之股息分配比例高於特別股時,特別股股東能否參與該高出部份的分配權利,此股東能否參與該高出部份的分配權利,此項權利謂之參加權。項權利謂之參加權。ExampleExampleWhat is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietor
48、shipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessl台灣高鐵發行特別股保證獲利:台灣高鐵發行特別股保證獲利:前二年前二年18%!所有權大眾化所有權大眾化What is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessl上市上市l企業向主管機關申請在企業向主管機關申請在台
49、灣證券交易所台灣證券交易所掛牌買賣。掛牌買賣。l上櫃上櫃l企業向主管機關申請在企業向主管機關申請在中華民國證券櫃台買賣中心中華民國證券櫃台買賣中心掛牌買賣。掛牌買賣。l公開發行公開發行l上市之前公司必須先公開發行:向不特定眾募集資上市之前公司必須先公開發行:向不特定眾募集資金。金。l公開發行一段時間後公開發行一段時間後(目前規定為三年目前規定為三年),並達,並達股權股權分散之標準分散之標準(目前規定為目前規定為股東股東1000人以上人以上,小股東小股東(持持股一千股至五萬股股一千股至五萬股),人數人數須達須達500人以上且人以上且所所持股持股份份合計佔發行股合計佔發行股總額的總額的20%以上或
50、滿足以上或滿足1000萬股萬股者,者,即可向證券交易所提出上市之申請。即可向證券交易所提出上市之申請。公司股票申請上市的條件公司股票申請上市的條件(一般類一般類)What is business?Why go into business?Types of economiesBusiness skillsSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsCorporationsFranchisesCooperativesStudying businessl成立五年以上成立五年以上l實收資本額新台幣六億元以上實收資本額新台幣六億元以上l營業獲利率與稅前淨利率為營業獲利率與稅前淨利率為