《从跨文化交际看旅游英语翻译.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《从跨文化交际看旅游英语翻译.doc（24页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、摘 要本文首先阐述了跨文化交际的定义、起源和发展，随后探讨了文化意识和文化差异，对中西方文化在旅游方面的差异进行了对比，并指出将翻译技巧与跨文化意识相结合应是译者的一种基本技能。接着，作者通过案例分析，阐述了如何将跨文化理论应用于旅游英语的翻译实践中。最后，作者对旅游英语翻译的重要性以及在翻译中应该采取的策略进行了总结。关键词：跨文化交际；差异；旅游英语；翻译ABSTRACT This paper firstly briefly deals with the definition of intercultural communication, the beginning and the dev
2、elopment of intercultural communication. Then it analyzes cultural awareness and the cultural difference, the difference between the east and west, and puts forward the idea that translation of English for Tourism should be done in an intercultural perspective, and it should be done skillfully when
3、translating. On the basis of the above study, the practical example of the translation of tourist materials comes out. It is emphasized that intercultural awareness should run through the whole process of translating tourist materials. In the conclusion, the author restates the importance of transla
4、ting tourism English and sums up some strategies adopted in translation. Key words：Intercultural communication; difference; tourism English; translationContents1Introduction12. Intercultural Communication32.1 Definition32.2 Origin42.3Development of Intercultural Communications Application in Tourism
5、 Translation43. Intercultural Communication Difference in Tourism Translation73.1 Difference in Vocabulary73.2 Difference in Syntax Structure83.3 Difference in Culture93.3.1 Difference in Psychology93.3.2 Difference in Conventions103.3.3 Difference in Historical Culture113.3.4 Difference in Thinking
6、 Modes113.3.5 Difference in Aesthetic Taste124. Intercultural Communication Awareness in Tourism Translation134.1 Translation from Intercultural Perspective134.2 Case Studies145Conclusion16Acknowledgements16References161IntroductionNowadays, tourism has become one of the most important and growing i
7、ndustries in the rapidly changing world. The authoritative World Travel and Tourism Council declared that tourism is one of the worlds largest industries. The theme of the 27th Tourism Day is “Tourism Enriches”, which emphasizes the active role the tourism plays in boosting the world economy, cultur
8、al communication and social development. The development of travel industry has, in turn, exerted a tremendous influence on the economies and cultures of the world. Tourism creates the need to communicate with people of various cultural backgrounds. The contacts between foreign visitors and us are a
9、n intercultural communication. Given the frequent cultural exchanges in tourism industry, a further study into translation of English for tourism in an intercultural perspective is a must. That means translators have to adopt intercultural awareness when rendering source language into target languag
10、e so that the version in target language is more culturally acceptable, especially when rendering Chinese publicity materials into English. As for tourism service, translation in an intercultural perspective aims at exploring efficient ways to relate to or communicate with foreign visitors who speak
11、 a different language and live in a different culture. Translation plays a very important role in tourism service. To be more accurate, translation can be construed as intercultural translation as well as inter-language translation. The purpose of translation is to provide foreign readers useful inf
12、ormation, including culture-loaded information. Intercultural communication (cross-cultural communication) is communicative activities done by people of different cultural backgrounds. Therefore, translation done within an intercultural communication is of great practical significance.Concerning tou
13、rism translation, Since the 1980s major tourism translation research can be roughly classified into three categories: culture, landscape descriptions and both culture and landscape descriptions. The researchers approaching tourism translation from the perspective of culture include Chen Gang, Hu Wen
14、zhong, Pu Yuanming, Liu Huimei, Yang Shoukang, Yang Min and Ji Aimei. Jin Hailin argues that a good piece of tourism translation should reproduce the beauty of feeling, style and dynamic state. Like Jia Wenbo, Gao Jinling made his studies from the perspective of landscape descriptions. At broad, New
15、mark who has done a good research on translation leaves us great heritages. And Lefevere Andre did some researches on translation, history and culture.Tourism translation, as a theme, covers a variety of aspects. However, this paper will put emphasis on C-E translation, and offer some suggestions fr
16、om the perspective of inter-cultural communication on the basis of case studies.2. Intercultural CommunicationSince tourism translation has to be done in an intercultural communication perspective, intercultural communication factors are the primary elements to be considered. Translation is regarded
17、 as a channel of intercultural communication so the tourism translation is tightly related to intercultural communication studies.Before discussing the tourism translation, an analysis will be conducted of one of the most important factors that influence translation. Since translation is an activity
18、 which deals with not only two different languages, but also all other factors that are related to these languages, therefore a qualified translator should not only be competent in two involved languages but also be familiar with the involved cultures, which can be expressed by Nidas words “for trul
19、y successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meaning in terms of the cultures in which they function” 11102.1 DefinitionSamovar said in Communication between Cultures that: communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol s
20、ystems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 248Intercultural communication, also known as cross-cultural communication, is communication between people with different cultural perceptions and symbol systems. It centers on significant differences regarding social relations and concep
21、t of universe from different perspectives such as language, food, dress, attitude toward time, work habits, social behaviour that can cause frustration in communications and contacts. As newly-established discipline, intercultural communication makes multi-disciplinary study of politeness across cul
22、tural in great details. It helps people to bridge the gap between both cultural and linguistic differences. 395As the world is becoming a “global village”, its significance in intercultural communication in various aspects and language learning is becoming more and more self-evident. 3972.2 OriginAs
23、 an object, intercultural communication originated from America, based on Edward Halls research. Intercultural communication aims at the language and culture.Intercultural communication occurs whenever two or more people from different cultures or Micro-cultures come together and exchange verbal and
24、 nonverbal symbols. The world is changing, and the times are changing. All the changes have transformed the earth into the global village forecast by Marshall McLuhan. With the improvements in transportation technology, developments in communication technology, economic globalization, and changes in
25、 immigration patterns of communication and interaction, intercultural communication becomes more and more important in todays society.Then, intercultural communication begins to develop in all the other countries, and various kinds of researches have been found.2.3 Development of Intercultural Commu
26、nications Application in Tourism TranslationThe history of intercultural communication studies in China is a relatively short one compared with western world, which began in the early eighties of 20th century. Before that period China was engulfed in the Cultural Revolution which cut off any contact
27、 with the western world. The first few years of the eighties witnessed the initial opening of China to the western world when developments in sociolinguistics, pragmatics, intercultural communication and language teaching methodology were introduced to Chinese academics through some university schol
28、ar exchange programs. Later, the teaching and research of intercultural communication started in Chinese Universities. Despite its short history, there has been widespread interest in it. Several hundred articles appeared in academic journals in the past two decades and more than a dozen books have
29、been published. A national intercultural communication association has been founded and several international conferences held. Professor Hu Wenzhong divides its short history into the following tree periods:1)1978-1987 is the period marked by a heavy emphasis on foreign language teaching in his fir
30、st article written on the subject of culture related to the teaching of English vocabulary and translation. He points out in his article that some Chinese and English words may seem to be equivalent while they in fact carry different culture loads. Other articles discuss culture in connection with t
31、he communicative approach in language teaching. Many point out that the teaching of language alone does not enable the learner to communicate effectively and that knowledge of the culture of the target language is essential for all learners.2) During the period 1988-1994, intercultural communication
32、 course had been offered gradually in the English Departments of Beijing Foreign Studies University, Shanghai International Studies University, Harbin Institute of Technology and some other universities. Samovar and Porters anthology Intercultural Communication: a Reader was published in Chinese tra
33、nslation in 1988. In the same year, Shanghai Translation Publishing House published a collection of paper under the title of Intercultural Communication: What It Mean to Chinese Learners of English. The article is written by both Chinese and English proverbs to nonverbal communication. Language and
34、Culture written by Frank Tang and Liu Runqing published in 1989 deals with many aspects of cultural differences in the use of languagefrom euphemisms, taboos and conversation topics to the style of writing.4253)In 1995 the 5th International Conference on Cross-cultural Communication: East and West,
35、sponsored by Harbin Institute of Technology of China and Trinity College of the United States, was held with a total of 230 Chinese and 40 overseas attending. Topics of the presented papers include among others: “The Changing Patterns of Chinese Interpersonal Communication” “Cultural Input in Second
36、 Language Teaching” “A Cross-cultural Study of Politeness between China and the U.S.A.” During the conference, the China Association for Intercultural Communication was established. In August of 1996, Beijing University and Kent State University jointly sponsored another conference whose theme is “C
37、ommunication and CultureChina and the World Entering the 21st Century”.5177Nowadays, more and more people try to apply the study of intercultural communication to investigating some specific aspects of other subjects, including translation studies. There are numerous articles of this kind to show th
38、e charm of this very subject. For example, there are researches like “Intercultural Communication and International Advertising Translation”, “Intercultural Communication and Idiom Translation”, “Intercultural Communication and Animal Words Connotative Meaning Differences between English and Chinese
39、” , “Intercultural Communication and News Text Translation”, etc.3. Intercultural Communication Difference in Tourism Translation As people from different cultural backgrounds enhance their exchanges in recent days, communication and culture become gradually interrelated to each other. To live in so
40、cieties and to maintain their distinctive cultures people have to communicate. Communication is “the process by which people exchange information or express their thoughts and feeling.” According to the studies of Samovar, Porter and Stefani, there are several characteristics for communication, of w
41、hich the most important one is “communication is a dynamic process of encoding and decoding, during which message source, encoding, message, channel, receiver, decoding, response and feedback are the eight major communicative elements; successful communication only happens when the material is fille
42、d with culture-specific elements.223-27 Therefore, they argued that cultural differences are the main obstacles in intercultural communication. Besides, they emphasized that in the course of intercultural communication, a participant should not only be familiar with his/her own language and culture,
43、 but the language and culture of his/her counterpart, especially the differences between the two involved cultures. Only when the participant or the translator keeps these cultural factors in mind can he or she avoid a failure of communication.3.1 Difference in VocabularySome words carry the meaning
44、 of cultural traits which is particular to a certain communities and therefore they have no corresponding equivalents words in other communities. Thats to say, not all words in other language can find their counterparts in another language. Some words or phrases are unique and unshared. For example,
45、 “衙门”, “叩头”, “皇粮”, “庙会”, “重阳节”, “冰糖葫芦”, in Chinese can not be replaced with the equivalent words in English, because they have never appeared in the West. So far as the language which deals with natural phenomena and related concepts is concerned, many or Chinese “节气”do not have equivalents in Engli
46、sh. “雨水”,for example, is translated as Rain Water(2nd Solar Terms).Even the phrase “solar terms” is not understood by most Westerners. Such names mean little or nothing without some sort of additional explanation. When an expression in the materials manifests a unique element in that particular cult
47、ure, and such an element does not exist in the other country, a problem of vacant correspondence arises. For example , “阴”and “阳” have no equivalent words in English and are explained as “two forces through whose essences, according to Taoist cosmology, the universe was produced and cosmic harmony i
48、s maintained. Yin is dark, female and negative, and yang is light, male and positive”.611Yin and yang were seen as the underlying principle by traditional Chinese medical doctors who find it difficult for them to explain to Westerners. They have to describe the symptoms to them. Such examples are far too many to be mentioned here. As for tourist publicity materials, foreign tourists cant understand these culture-specific expressions without any explanations.3.2 Difference in Syntax StructureCultural differences in the semantic associations evoked by seemingly common concepts, it i