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1、|（ 2011 届） 题 目 模糊限制语视角下的女性话语特征分析 学 院 外国语学院 专 业 英 语 班 级 英 语 071 学 号 200736635122 学生姓名 夏菁菁 指导教师 周红 完成日期 2011.5.18 教 务 处 制二 o 一 一年 五 月 十 八 日|Analysis of Characteristics of Female Utterance from the Prospective of Hedges A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the B.A. Degree in
2、English Language and Literature By Xia Jing-jing Supervisor: Zhou Hong Academic Title: Professor College of Foreign LanguagesJiaxing University, Zhejiang Province, P.R.C. May 18, 2011|诚 信 声 明我声明，所呈交的论文(设计)是本人在老师指导下 进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我查证，除了文 中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文(设计)中不包含 其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得 或其他教育机构的学
3、位或证书而使用过的 材料。我承诺，论文(设计)中的所有内容均真实、可信。论文(设计)作者签名： 签名日期： 年 月 日|授 权 声 明 学校有权保留送交论文（设计）的原件，允许论文（设计） 被查阅和借阅，学校可以公布论文（设计）的全部或部分 内容，可以影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文（设计） ， 学校必须严格按照授权对论文(设计)进行处理，不得超越 授权对论文（设计）进行任意处置。论文(设计)作者签名： 签名日期： 年 月 日|摘 要作为模糊语言家族的一个组成部分，模糊限制语是其中最普遍、最典型的、 最具研究价值的语言现象。研究表明，与男性相比，女性更倾向于高频率地使 用模糊限制语，因此，模糊
4、限制语已成为女性话语的一个重要特征。本文首先 以 2009年，2010年奥斯卡奖项以及 2010年 MTV 这三场国际性影视颁奖典礼 上女性获奖感言为语料，着重分析获奖感言中女性使用模糊限制语的原因：生 理因素，心理因素，言语话题需要，工作性质，探究模糊限制语在女性话语中 的语用功能，合理地使用模糊限制语可以使得会话更加精确，同时展示说话人 的礼貌，保护自我，展示自我，使读者了解到模糊限制语在女性话语中发挥着 不可忽视的意义。 关键词：模糊限制语; 女性话语; 原因; 语用功能|Abstract As a part of the fuzzy language, hedges are the m
5、ost common, typical, and of most worthy researching in all of the language phenomena. It shows that female, compared with male, tend to make use of hedges frequently. Therefore, hedges have become a distinguishing feature in the female utterance. Based on the females speech on several award presenta
6、tion ceremonies of international film and television circles, this thesis emphatically looks into the factors of hedges in the female utterance, namely physiological factor, psychological factor, the factor of utterance topic, and the factor of working environment, analyzes the pragmatic functions o
7、f hedges in the female utterance .The appropriate use of hedge in female utterance is able to achieve the relative precision of communication, show courtesy, protect herself and present herself, which makes readers aware of the hedges greater influence in the female utterance. Key Words: hedges; fem
8、ale utterance; factors; pragmatic functions|Contents 1. Introduction.1 2. Hedges.22.1 The Definition of Hedges22.2 The Classification of Hedges.22.3 The Structure of Hedges.3 3. Analysis of Material .4 4. The Factors for Hedges Used Frequently in Female Utterance.54.1 Physiological Factor.64.2 Psych
9、ological Factor.64.3 The Factor of Utterance Topic .74.4 The Factor of Working Environment8 5. The Pragmatic Functions of Hedges.95.1 The Relative Precision of Communication.95.2 Showing Courtesy.105.3 Self-protection like some suffixes ish, -likely, -ly , once they are added to words, these words m
10、ay become hedges; some words indicate speakers hesitation or uncertainty, acting as adverbials of manner or adverbials of degree; when someone expresses oneself, he /she makes use of sentence structure in order to show more polite. Kasper (1981) regarded hedges as downgrader: face marker, such as “p
11、lease”, “could”; understater, like “a little”; subjectivizer,like “im afraid”; downtoner, such as “probably” , “maybe”; cajoler, like “you know”; appealer, like “right”; hesitation marker, like “well”; limiter, like “this weekend”. In our country, according to He Zirans research, hedges consist of a
12、pproximations and shields. From the board semantic characters, Chen Linhua (1994) divides hedges into five types: degree, range, quality, quantity and manner. Semantic hedges and pragmatic hedges under the degree of hedges depending on contexts make |up of hedges proposed by Gao Xiaofang and Zhang Q
13、in. Whats more, Zhao Yinglin classifies hedges of science and technology language into three parts: accuracy- oriented hedges, author-oriented hedges and reader-oriented hedges in accordance with hedges functions and restrictive range. However, so far the most influential and widely recognized one i
14、s proposed by E. F. Prince and his colleagues, J. Frader and C. Bosk from the point of pragmatics. AdaptorsApproximators Rounders Hedges Plausibility shieldsShields Attribution shields2.3 The structure of hedges Approximators can alter the original meaning of discourse structure, or make some change
15、s of the original words to some extend based on the practical situation, or give a fluctuating range to the original words. Adaptors are those that can reveal the true extent of differences in discourse, while rounders are those that limit fluctuating range. On the contrary, shields dont change the
16、original meaning of discourse structure. It is just addition of an explanation which makes original affirmative tone towards relaxation. Plausibility are those speakers pluzz or doubt the theme, while shields shows speakers uncertainty of the theme, but it borrows the third persons opinion in order
17、to express oneself indirectly. |Hedges Approximators Shields Adaptors Rounders Plausibility Attribution Kind of Sort of A little bit Really Somewhat Very Quite Almost Just Commonly In a sense More or less Especially Much Slightly Highly To some extent About Around Roughly approximately Over Somethin
18、g between A lot of Or so At most At least Many Seldom Several Most Sometimes Strictly speaking Virtually Regular Practically Actually Technically In some aspects Relatively essentially Less than/more than I think I believe I guess I suppose I suspect I wonder I hope I know Hard to say As far as I ca
19、n tell As far as I know Probably Seem Maybe Im afraid Sb. says that According to sb. The probability would be It is said that As its well known, Presumably It is assumed that You know It is believed It is reported It seems 3 Analysis of Material This paper collects the females speech on the ceremony
20、 of 20092010 Oscar and 2010 MTV and analyzes hedges among these materials. Relatively speaking, these prizes are enjoying a high reputation all the times, a reflection American films development, even having great effect on many countries art in the world. Hence, annual award ceremony is considerabl
21、y holy in numerous movie lovers heart.|Who Gender When Words Hedges Rate Sandra Bullock Female 2010 Oscar “Best leading actress” 476 41 8.61% Jeff Bridges Male 2010 Oscar “Best leading actor” 273 16 5.86% Kate Winslet Female 2009 Oscar “Best leading actress” 359 44 12.26% Sean Pen Male 2009 Oscar “B
22、est leading actor” 280 16 5.71% Kristen Stewart Female 2010 MTV “Best leading actress” 74 10 13.51% Robert Pattison Male 2010 MTV “Best leading actor” 66 4 6.06% From the data of chart, we can learn that hedges take up quite a few of proportion in their speech. In addition, compared with male, femal
23、e are inclined to use hedges at a higher rate. In 2009 Oscar, the rate of women using hedges is 2.75% higher than the males. Furthermore, in 2010, the gap rate increases by 6.55% on Oscar ceremony, while the rate of using hedges in female utterance on 2010 MTV ceremony gets to 13.51% , 7.45% higher
24、than males. 4. The Factors for Hedges Used Frequently in Female Utterance From the chart analysis above, we acknowledge that the phenomenon female tend to use hedges at a higher rate actually exists. As is known to us, there are many reasons for the present situation. On one hand, it could trace bac
25、k to women physiological and psychological factors. On the other hand, from the view of social development, it may regulate the language development. In short, nature, culture and social, all of these altogether shape the character in female utterance. Many linguists regard the social status as the
26、main reason in recent years research. That is to say, women lower social status than men leads to the high rates in female utterance. Nevertheless, in view of the public figures high social status involved in the materials, we dont |expound the social status factor any more. 4.1 Physiological factor
27、 In terms of physiological mechanism, women physiological mechanism is more excellent than men, so women are good at expressing themselves and possessing outstanding language ability. K.W.Spevry, the professor and neurophysiologist in American Californian Institute of Technology, revealed the secret
28、s of brain hemispheres. After that, a considerable part of researches show that women brain develops one year and a half to two years earlier than men, especially the early development of brain left hemisphere control of language center. Therefore, women have the advantage of communication. “on thin
29、king, women imaginable thinking provides unique condition for women usage in expression of feeling.” There exists gender difference of development speed and level of brain hemisphere specialization function. Women left brain grows earlier, and levels are higher, whereas men right brain grows earlier
30、, and levels higher. This accounts for males better special ability and females better language ability. Through the comparison of Sandra Bullock- Jeff Bridges，Kate Winslet- Sean Pen and Kristen StewartRobert Pattison, it can be proved that female are inclined to use more hedges, and that women use
31、diverse hedges words , while men use plain hedges words. Therefore, hedges in female utterance have the natural condition for more frequent use. Getting to the bottom of the matter, women advantageous language ability elaborates the character. 4.2 Psychological factor From psychology mechanism, the
32、females growth environment makes feeling deeper, and more meticulous. Doctor Caroline, the professor of Institute of Pedagogy in Harvard, disclosed in her book the female stance in the male life cycle (1982): Females main character is to care and love others, pay attention to delicate feeling in the
33、 communication relationship. At the same time, in allusion to the Freudian mental theory” male suppresses female”, she points out in a sharp way: caring, loving people and emotion arent female flaw, but the superiority by the comparison of male. Female and male get different gender identification in the growth process since