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1、辩证唯物主义认识论可以认为是马克思主义哲学内容中的具体应用部分，在奠定了科学的物质世界观后，认识了整个物质世界的变化与发展，需要我们人类在尊重客观规律的基础上合理的改造世界。马克思说：“哲学家们只是用不同的方式解释世界，问题在于改变世界。这一章就是整个马克思主义哲学的根本落脚点。因此，在这一章中认识和实践的相关知识尤为重要。在联系前面我们学到的实践观，基本上就构成了哲学部分分析题中涉及“怎么做”相关设问的答题范围。所以综合这部分的内容特点，需要我们将这部分的认识和实践的关系部分（以及最后两者的统一）和物质观综合复习。对于认识的发展规律和真理价值部分知识点的掌握则需要我们的识记内容的基础上进行各
2、个击破。具体来说，此知识点包含五方面的内容：认识的发生、认识的本质、认识的发展规律、真理与价值、认识与实践的统一一、认识的发生实践活动中的主体、客体以及相互关系实践的主体是指具有思维能力、从事社会实践和认识活动的人。客体是指实践和认识活动所指向的对象。实践活动是以改造客观世界为目的，主体与客体之间通过一定的中介发生相互作用的过程。主体与客体的关系，从根本上说是认识关系和实践关系。实践对认识的决定作用实践是认识的来源。实践是认识发展的动力。实践是检验认识是否具有真理性的标准。实践是认识的目的。认识、理论对实践的指导作用它可以揭示事物的本质和规律，预见事物的发展趋势，明确实践活动的方向。根据正确的
3、认识、理论规定实践的目的、计划、过程，使实践获得成功。二、认识的本质唯物主义反映论与唯心主义先验论的对立一条是坚持从物到感觉和思想的唯物主义认识路线，即唯物主义反映论一条是坚持从感觉和思想到物的唯心主义认识路线，即唯心主义先验论能动反映（辩证唯物主义反映论）论与直观反映论（旧唯物主义反映论）的区别相同点：都坚持从物到感觉和思维的认识路线，认为认识是主体对客体的反映。区别：第一，辩证唯物主义的反映论把科学的实践观引进认识论，认为认识是在实践的基础上主体对客体能动的反映。旧唯物主义的反映论否认实践在认识中的作用，把认识看作是主体对客体消极、被动的反映。第二，辩证唯物主义的反映论把辩证法引入认识论，
4、科学地说明了认识发展的辩证过程。而旧唯物主义反映论不懂认识的辩证法，否定认识的辩证过程，认为认识是一次完成的。能动反映论的主要内容认识是主体对客体的反映主体对客体的反映是一个能动的创造性的过程主体对客体的能动反映是以实践为中介而实现的三、认识的发展规律感性认识和理性认识的辩证关系区别：感性认识是认识的初级阶段；理性认识是认识的高级阶段。感性认识是客观事物直接作用于人的感觉器官而产生的；理性认识是感性材料的抽象和概括。感性认识通过感觉、知觉，表象三种形式反映，理性认识通过概念、判断、推理三种形式反映。感性认识反映事物的现象，理性认识反映事物的本质。联系：理性认识依赖于感性认识。感性认识有待于发展
5、到理性认识，这是认识的任务。感性认识和理性认识是相互包含，相互渗透的感性认识和理性认识是辩证统一的，统一的基础是实践。只承认理性认识，否认感性认识的可靠性，在实际工作中表现为教条主义。只承认感性认识，否认理性认识，在实际工作中表现为经验主义。文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF
6、7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N
7、3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF
8、7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N
9、3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF
10、7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N
11、3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3认识过程的两次飞跃第一次飞跃是从感性认识到理性认识的飞跃第二次飞跃是从理性认识到实践的飞跃，比第一次飞跃更重要认识过程
12、中是理性因素和非理性因素理性因素（人的理性直观、理性思维等能力）在认识活动中起指导、解释和预见的作用。非理性因素（人的情感、意志等）在认识活动中则起到动力、引导和诱发的作用。认识过程的反复性和无限性反复性：人们对于一个复杂事物的认识往往要经过由感性认识到理性认识，再由理性认识到实践的多次反复才能完成无限性：客观世界是不断发展的，人的认识运动也必然随之不断发展。认识和实践的具体的历史的统一“实践、认识、再实践、再认识”这一辩证的认识运动，充分体现了主观和客观、认识和实践的具体的历史的统一。四、真理与价值真理的客观性真理是指人们对客观事物及期规律的正确反映。真理是客观的是因为首先真理的内容是客观的
13、，其次检验真理的社会实践是客观的。真理的绝对性和相对性及其相互关系真理的绝对性和相对性(或绝对真理和相对真理)是真理的两重属性，二者是对立统一关系。这是真理问题上的辩证法。真理和谬误相互区别（含义不同），相互联系（相对立而存在，相斗争而发展），在一定条件下相互转化实践是检验真理的唯一标准这是由真理的本性和实践的特点决定的真理的本性是主观和客观的一至，符合，所以只有把主观和客观相联系的东西，才能成为检验真理的标准文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U
14、3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L
15、3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U
16、3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L
17、3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U
18、3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L
19、3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U
20、3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3实践是主观见之于客观的活动，只有实践才能把主观和客观相联系，所以只有实践才是检验真理的唯一标准真理与价值真理和价值是人类活动的两个基本原则，二者既区别又统一。五、认识与实践的统一从实际出发，实事求是和解放思想在实践中坚持和发展真理认识世界和改造世界唯物辩证法唯物辩证法内容是马克思主义哲学的主体性内容，在明确了整个世界是物质的世界后，这一章带领我们具体考察整个世界的运转与发展，从世界上的物质如何存在到事物存在的具体形式。以一种科学的方式给我们的世界展开不断变化发展的视野。这一章在内容上以世界是普遍联系和永恒发展的以及事物发展的三大规律为重点内
21、容。复习过程中需要以练习选择和分析题并重。一方面，通过选择题的大量练习达到自己对相关或相似知识点的甄别。另一方面，要参考以往的复习资料对相关的论述题进行一定程度的练手，争取形成对相关知识点的熟练把握。从历年的考研真题设置来看，这一章涉及的选择和论述都比较普遍，需要大家在把握基本原理的同时，掌握相应的方法论意义，以便在分析作答时做到心中有数。具体来说，此知识点包含四方面的内容：唯物辩证法的总特征、唯物辩证法的三大规律、五对范畴、思维方法一、唯特辩证法的总特征（普遍联和永恒发展）普遍联系：联系是指事物内部各要素之间和事物之间相互影响、相互制约和相互作用的关系。联系具有客观性、普遍性和多样性的特点。
22、永恒发展：发展是前进上升的运动。发展的实质是新事物的产生和旧事物的灭亡。二、唯物辩证法的三大规律对立统一规律对立统一规律是唯物辩证法的实质和核心。对立统一规律揭示了普遍联系的根本内容和永恒发展的内在动力。矛盾分析法是人们认识世界和改造世界的根本方法。文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H
23、3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A
24、2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H
25、3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A
26、2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H
27、3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A
28、2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N31、矛盾的同一性和斗争性及其相互关系（1）、矛盾是指事物之间的对立和统一及其关系，要区分逻辑矛盾与辩证矛盾。（
29、2）、同一性是指矛盾双方相互依存、相互贯通的性质和趋势。（3）、斗争性是矛盾对立面之间相互排斥、相互分享的性质和趋势。（4）、矛盾同一性和斗争性的原理，要求我们要分析和解决矛盾时，必须从对立中把握同一，从同一中把握对立。2、矛盾的同一性和斗争性在事物发展中的作用(1)、矛盾是事物发展的动力是指，矛盾着的对立面又统一、又斗争推动了事物的运动和变化。矛盾的同一性和斗争性在事物发展中都有重要作用。(2)、矛盾的同一性在事物发展中的作用是：第一，提供矛盾得以存在和发展的条件。第二，使矛盾双方相互吸取有利于自身的因素而得到发展。第三，矛盾双方相互贯通规定了事物发展的基本趋势和方向。(3)、矛盾的斗争性的
30、作用表现在量变和质变两种状态中：在量变过程中，斗争性推动矛盾双方量的变化，通过双方力量的消长，为质变作准备；在质变过程中，斗争性使旧的矛盾统一体分解，新的矛盾统一体产生，完成质变。3、矛盾的普遍性和特殊性及其相互关系矛盾的普遍性是指矛盾存在于一切事物的发展过程当中，即矛盾无处不在，无时不有。矛盾的特殊性是指具体事物在其运动中的矛盾及每一矛盾的各个方面都有其特点。矛盾的普遍性和特殊性是辩证统一的关系。4、矛盾分析法根本认识方法：包含分析矛盾特殊性的方法，两点论与重点论相结合的方法，抓关键、看主流的方法，在对立中把握同一与在同一中把握对立的方法，指着与继承下统一的方法等。质量互变规律质是一事物成为
31、自身并区别于它事物的规定性。量是事物存在和发展的规模、程度、速度以及它的构成成分在空间上的排列组合等可以用数量表示的规定性。文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8
32、N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 H
33、F7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8
34、N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 H
35、F7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8
36、N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 H
37、F7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3度是保持事物的质的稳定性的数量界限。量娈和质变的辩证关系：第一，量变是质变的必要准备。第二，质变是量变的必然结果。第三，量变和质变是相互渗透的。否定之否定规律肯定因素是维持现存事物存在的因素，否定因素是促使现存事物灭亡的因素。辩证的否定
38、观：(1)辩证的否定是包含肯定的否定。(2)辩证的否定是事物的自我否定，是事物自身肯定因素和否定因素矛盾运动的必然结果。(3)辩证的否定是发展环节和联系环节。(4)辩证的否定是“扬弃”。克服旧事物中的消极因素，保留它的积极因素。否定之否定规律：事物变化发展的方向道路是由肯定到否定，再到否定之否定的循环往复的过程。三、五对范畴原因和结果（1）、原因和结果是揭示客观世界中普遍联系着的事物，引起被引起、彼此制约的一对范畴。原因是引起一定现象的现象。结果由于原因作用而引起的现象。（2）、判断前后相继的两个现象之间是否具有因果联系，其根本标志是看它们是不是引起被引起的关系。（3）、原因和结果的区分既是确
39、定的又是不确定的。如果把两个具有因果联系的现象从普遍联系中抽出来加以考察，原因与结果的区分是确定的，如果把它们放在世界无限发展的链条中去考察，那么原因和结果的区分则是不确定的。同一个现象是在一种关系中是结果，在另一种关系中则是原因，反之亦然。（4）、原因和结果相互作用、相互转化、互为因果。必然性和偶然性（1）、必然性和偶然性是揭示事物产生、发展、灭亡不同趋势的一对范畴。（2）、必然性和偶然性是对立的有区别的。表现在：必然性是指在事物发展中一定如文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2
40、O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3
41、 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2
42、O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3
43、 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2
44、O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3
45、 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2
46、O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3此的趋势；偶然性是事物发展中并非必定发生的、不确定的趋势。必然性是由事物内部的根本矛盾决定的；偶然性是由非根本矛盾和外部条件造成的。必然性对事物的发展起决定作用，它决定事物的发展方向；偶然性则对事物的发展起影响作用，加速或延缓事物的发展。(3)必然性和偶然性相互依存，又相互转化。可能性和现实性可能性是指包含在现实事物之中的、预示着事物发展前途的种种趋势。现实性是包含内在根据的、合乎必然性的存在。可能性和现实性是相互依赖、相互转化的。可能性和现实性相互依存，密不可分。可能性和现实性在一定条件下相互转化。现象和
47、本质本质和现象是揭示客观事物的内在联系和外在联系相互关系的一对范畴。内容和形式内容和形式是提示事物内在要素同这些要素的结构和表现方式的关系范畴。四、四种思维方法客观辩证法与主观辩证法及其关系唯物辩证法的方法与认识方法和工作方法的关系辩证思维的基本方法辩证唯物论唯物辩证法内容是马克思主义哲学的主体性内容，在明确了整个世界是物质的世界后，这一章带领我们具体考察整个世界的运转与发展，从世界上的物质如何存在到事物存在的具体形式。以一种科学的方式给我们的世界展开不断变化发展的视野。这一章在内容上以世界是普遍联系和永恒发展的以及事物发展的三大规律为重点内容。复习过程中需要以练习选择和分析题并重。一方面，通
48、过选择题的大量练习达到自己对相关或相似知识点的甄别。另一方面，要参考以往的复习资料对相关的论述题进行一定程度的练手，争取形成对相关知识点的熟练把握。从历年的考研真题设置来看，这一章涉及的选择和论述都比较普遍，需要大家在把握基本原理的同时，掌握相应的方法论意义，以便在分析作答时做到心中有数。文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A2O8N3文档编码:CX1H7R1U3H3 HF7P4H7A9B9 ZC7L3A
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