(完整word版)高中化学常见物质的检验学案苏教版必修一.pdf

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1、1 1.2.2 常见物质的检验学案(苏教版)汪锦龙目标:1、学会 Cl-、SO42-、CO32-、NH4+等离子的检验;2、能用焰色反应、离子检验法设计简单的实验方案探究某些常见物质的组成成分。一、常见物质的检验1、NH4+的检验:实验步骤:实验现象:实验原理:NH4Cl+NaOH-实验结论:2、Cl-的检验:实验步骤:实验现象:实验原理:NH4Cl+AgNO3-实验结论:3、SO42的检验:实验步骤:实验现象:实验原理:(NH4)2SO4+BaCl2-实验结论:讨论 实验 1:试纸为何要润湿?实验2:为何要加稀硝酸?实验3:为什么要加稀盐酸?二、焰色反应问题:什么叫焰色反应?为何可用焰色反应

2、来检验金属或金属离子?如何进行焰色反应实验?操作中要注意什么问题?1、焰色反应:许多金属或它们的化合物在灼烧时都会使火焰呈现特殊的颜色。2、实验步骤:一根铂丝,将铂丝在中蘸一下,然后在酒精灯火焰上。用灼烧后的铂丝蘸取少许待测物,火焰中灼烧观察到不同颜色的火焰(钾的焰色要透过钴玻璃观察)。3、应用:根据火焰所呈现的特征焰色,可以检验金属或金属离子的存在。钠钾(透过钴玻璃观察),焰色反应是表现元素的性质,是变化。注意:1、铂丝在灯焰上灼烧至无色再蘸取试样2、要用盐酸洗涤铂丝2 3、观察钾的焰色时,要透过蓝色钴玻璃4、焰色反应是物理变化信息博览现代化学分析测试中,常用一些仪器来分析化学物质的组成。如

3、红外光谱仪确定物质中含有的某些有机基团;元素分析仪测定物质中元素;原子吸收光谱确定物质中含有的金属元素。附:一、一些常见物质的检验物质(离子)检验方法碳酸盐 CO32与稀盐酸反应,产生使澄清石灰水变浑浊的无色、无味的气体(CO2)。铵盐 NH4+与 NaOH 浓溶液加热反应,产生使湿润的红色石蕊试纸变蓝色的刺激性气味气体(NH3)硫酸盐SO42与 BaCl2溶液反应,生成不溶于稀盐酸的白色沉淀盐酸盐 Cl与 AgNO3溶液反应,生成不溶于稀硝酸的白色沉淀钠盐 Na+焰色反应呈黄色钾盐 K+焰色反应呈紫色(透过蓝色钴玻璃)I2 遇淀粉显蓝色丝绸制品(蛋白质)灼烧 有烧焦羽毛气味酸碱二、常见物质的

4、检验方法观察法:从物质的特征颜色、状态、气味等进行检验、离子检验法:利用物质中离子的特征反应来检验、焰色反应:根据金属或金属化合物在灼烧时使火焰呈现的特殊焰色进行检验、仪器分析法三、物质检验的一般程序:观察溶解离子检验进一步检验物质检验的一般程序:对试样的外观进行观察确定颜色、状态、气味等试样是固体的取少量配成溶液观察其溶解性若可溶观察溶液的颜色及有无气体产生取少量溶液进行离子检验进一步检验四、探究物质性质的一般程序:观察预测物质的性质实验观察现象分析现象并解释得出结论同步练习1可用来鉴别氯化铁溶液和氢氧化铁溶胶的简便方法是()A过滤B渗析C电泳D丁达尔效应2某物质灼烧时,焰色反应为黄色,下列

5、判断中正确的是()A该物质一定是钠的化合物B该物质一定含钠元素C不能确定该物质中是否含钾元素D该物质一定是金属钠3能把 Na2SO4、NH4NO3、KCl、(NH4)2SO4四瓶无色溶液加以区别的一种试剂是(必要时可以加热)()文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10

6、HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A

7、9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1

8、 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6

9、T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4

10、文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:C

11、J3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2

12、F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z43 ABaCl2BNaOH CBa(OH)2DAgNO34对于某些离子的检验及结论一定正确的是()A加入稀盐酸产生无色气体,将气体通入澄清石灰水中,溶液变浑浊,一定有CO32B加入氯化钡溶液有白色沉淀产生,再加盐酸,沉淀不消失,一定有SO42C加入氢氧化钠溶液并加热,产生的气体能使湿润红色石蕊试纸变蓝,一定有NH4+D加入碳酸钠溶液产生白色沉淀,再加盐酸白色沉淀消失,一定有Ba2+5下列除去杂质的方法正确的是()A除去 N2中的少量 O2:通过灼热的 CuO 粉末B除去 CO2中的少量 HCl:通入 Na2CO3溶液C除去 KCl 溶

13、液中的少量 K2CO3:加入适量的盐酸D除去 KCl 溶液中的少量 MgCl2:加入适量 NaOH 溶液,过滤6某校化学课外活动小组对实验室两瓶失去标签的白色固体Na2SO4和 NH4Cl 进行鉴别,经讨论可行的实验方案有多种。请你设计四种实验方案加以鉴别。简要写出操作过程、现象和结论。方案操作过程现象和结论7某气体可能含有 CO、CO2、NH3、HCl、H2和水蒸气中的一种或几种,依次通过澄清石灰水(无浑浊现象)、氢氧化钡溶液(有浑浊现象)、浓硫酸、灼热的氧化铜(变红)和无水 CuSO4(变蓝),判断该气体中一定有()AHCl、CO2、H2BCO、H2、H2O CCO、H2、NH3DHCl、

14、CO、H2O 参考答案:文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6

15、T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4

16、文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:C

17、J3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2

18、F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10

19、HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A

20、9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z44 1.D 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.C 6.方案操作过程现象和结论用洁净的铂丝分别蘸取固体样品在火焰上灼烧焰色呈黄色,原样品为Na2SO4分

21、别取少量固体放入试管中加热固体逐渐变少而消失,原样品为NH4Cl 分别取少量固体放入试管,加入NaOH 溶液,微热产生刺激性气味气体,原样品为NH4Cl 分别取少量固体放入试管,加适量水溶解再滴加BaCl2溶液产生白色沉淀,原样品为Na2SO47.A 文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:C

22、J3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2

23、F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10

24、HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A

25、9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1

26、 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6

27、T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4文档编码:CJ3J2T2F2B10 HK3X3A9F10Y1 ZA3X6T8U2Z4

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