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1、1 语法：连词Link words 连词是虚词，不能在句中单独担任成分，只起连接作用。按其用法，连词可分为两大类：并列连词(Coordinate Conjunctions)和从属连词(Subordinate Conjunctions)。一并列连词：连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子。1.并列关系：and,not onlybut also,bothand,neithernorI used to live in Paris and London.Both Jane and Jim are interested in fishing.The weather here is neither too co
2、ld nor too hot.She is not only kind but also honest.2.转折关系：but,yet,while(然而),when(然而，偏偏)The car is very old but it runs very fast.The problem was a little hard,yet I was able to work it out.The winter in Beijing is very cold while that of Kunming is warm.Why did you borrow the book when you had one?
3、3.选择关系：or,notbut,eitheror,Would you like to live or would you like to stay?He is not a teacher but a writer.You can come either on Saturday or on Sunday.4.因果关系：for It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet now.The leaves of the trees are falling,for it s already autumn.5.区别（1）and和 or 1)并列
4、结构中，or 通常用于否定句，and 用于肯定句。2)但有时 and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：There is no air or water in the moon.There is no air and no water on the moon.在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。典型例题-I don t like chicken _ fish.-I don t like chicken,_ I like fish very much.A.and；andB.and；butC.or；butD.or；and 答案 C。否定句中表并
5、列用or,but 表转折。判断改错：(错)We will die without air and water.(错)We can t live without air or water.(对)We will die without air or water.(对)We can t live without air and water.(2)表示选择的并列结构1)or意思为 否则。I must work hard,or I ll fail in the exam.2)either or意思为 或者或者。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。Either you or I am right.(3)表示转折或对
6、比1)but 表示转折，while 表示对比。Some people love cats,while others hate them.典型例题-Would you like to come to dinner tonight?-I d like to,_ I m too busy.A.andB.soC.asD.but答案 D。but 与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and，结果的 so，原因的 as 都不符合句意。2)notbut 意思为 不是而是 not 和 but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。They were not the bones of an animal,but(the bo
7、nes)of a human being.(4)表原因关系1)for 判断改错：(错)For he is ill,he is absent today.(对)He is absent today,for he is ill.for 是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。2)so,therefore He hurt his leg,so he couldn t play in the game.注意：a.两个并列连词不能连用，但therefore,then,yet.可以和并列连词连用。You can watch TV,and/or you can go to
8、bed.He hurt his leg,and so/and therefore he couldn t play in the game.b.although yet，但 although 不与but 连用。(错)Although he was weak,but he tried his best to do the work.(对)Although he was weak,yet he tried his best to do the work.(5)注意：not only but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。Not only does he like
9、reading stories,but also he can even write some.neithernor 意思为 既不也不谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor 后的词保持一致。(6)比较 so 和 such 其规律由so 与 such 的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much，little 连用，形成固定搭配。so+adj.such+a(n)+n.so+adj.+a(n)+n.such+n.(pl.)so+adj.+n.(pl.)such+n.(pl.)so+adj.+n.不可数 s
10、uch+n.不可数 so foolishsuch a foolso nice a flowersuch a nice flower so many/few flowerssuch nice flowers 2 so much/little money.such rapid progressso many peoplesuch a lot of people so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于many，但a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such 搭配。sothat 与 suchthat 之间的转换即为so 与 such 之间的转换。二从属连词：指在复合句中引导从句的连结
11、词。常见的从属连词有：引导时间状语从句的：after,before,when,as,while,since,until,till,as soon as 引导原因状语从句的：because,since,as 引导让步状语从句的：although,though,no matter（无论）,even if(though)引导条件状语从句的：if,unless,once,as(so)long as 引导结果状语从句的：so,so that,so that ,such that 引导目的状语从句的：so,so that ,in order that 引导比较状语从句的：as as ,not so(as)
12、,as,than 引导方式状语从句的：as,as if,as though 引导地点状语从句的：where，wherever 引导名词性从句（主语，宾语、表语或同位语从句）的连词主要有：that,whether,if 三个。其中 that 和 whether 间或还可以引起同位从句和状语从句。（一）某些用法比较特殊的从属连词用法区别1、当 while,when,as引导时间状语从句时的区别：while 引导的状语从句中动词必须是延续性。谓语动词多为进行时，或状态动词的一般时。while 的这些用法可用when 代替，等于“at the time that”,“during the time t
13、hat”。例如：Please keep quiet while(when)others are studying；when 除可指一段时间外，还可用来指一点时间，等于“at the time”，when 引出的时间状语从句中的谓语动词可以是终止性的，也可以是延续性的。因此主句和从句的谓语可以是一般时，进行时，或完成时。例如：When I went into the lab,the teacher was doing an experiment.（不能用while）He often makes mistakes when he is speaking English.（when 可换成 whil
14、e）as常可与 when，while 通用，但强调“一边、一边”。例如：As(when,while)I was walking down the street,I noticed a police car in front of number 37.when 引导的状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致，主、谓是“主语+系动词”结构时，这时主语和系动词可以省略。例如：When(he was)young,he worked for a rich man.She ll be here to give you help when(if it is)necessary.when 有时代替if，引导条件句，意为
15、“如果”、“假如”，例如：I ll come when(if)Im free.2、before 作连词一般表示时间，意为“在 之前”，但有些句子中这样译就显得别扭。试看以下句子的翻译：He almost knocked me down before he saw me.他几乎把我撞倒才看见我；Before I could get in a word he had measured me.我还没来得及插话，他已经给我量好了尺寸。3、till,until 作为介词式从属连词引导时间状语短语或状语从句，用于否定句时，结构为 not until(till)，主句谓语动词延续与非延续皆可，意为“直到 才
16、”。用于肯定句时，只与延续性动词连用，表示“到 为止”。例如：They played volleyball until(till)it got dark.They didn t talk（延续）until(till)the interpreter（译员）came.He didn t go to bed（非延续）until(till)the his father came back.；until 可以放在句首，till 则不行，例如：Until the last minute of the match we kept on playing.Not until he finished his wo
17、rk did he go home.（倒装）；till,until 只用于时间，以下句子是错误的：We walked till the edge of the forest.（要用 as far as或 to）。4、because,since,as引导原因状语时注意使用上的区别：如果原因构成句子的最主要部分,一般用 because,因此 because引导的从句往往放在句末。用 why 提问的句子，一定用because回答。例如：He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.；如原因已为人们所知，或不如句子的其他部分重要，就用as，或s
18、ince。since 比 as 更正式些。as 和since 引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如：As you are tired,you had better rest./Since everyone is here,now lets begin.5、although 和 though 引导让步状语从句往往用法一样，但注意以下区别：although 用于各种文体，而though 则多用于非正式的口语或书面语中。注意由although,though 引导的从句后，主句不能用but，但可用副词yet,still。例如：Although/Though it rained all the morni
19、ng,they still went on working.（或 yet they went on working）though 常与 even 连用，even though 表示强调，意为“即使”，但不能说even although，例如：Even though I didn t understand a word,I dept smiling.though 可用作副词，意为“然而”，常用逗号与句子分开。although 则不能这样使用，它只作连词。例如：It was a quiet party,I had a good time,though.6、once作副词译“曾经”，作为连词译“一旦
20、”，引导条件状语从句。相当于if 的加强形式。例如：I don t believe he was once a thief.(once 这里是副词)/Once Aristotle had made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster than light objects,he taught it as a truth to his students.(once 连词)7、unless引导条件状语从句等于if not。例如：He ll accept the job unless the salary is too low.(=Hel
21、l accept the job if the salary is not too low.)8、在用 as if引导的方式状语从句及表语从句中，根据情况要使用虚拟语气。例如：He talks as if he knew all about it.但有时也可用直陈语气。It looks as if it is going to rain.9、whether,if 引导从句的用法区别：引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句时，用whether，不用 if。例如：Whether they will go to the Great Wall is not known./The question is w
22、hether we can finish the task on time./The question whether we will take part in the physics contest has not been decided.whether 可接不定式，而if 则不可。例如：I haven t decided whether to leave or not.whether 可作介词的宾语或置于句首表示强调，而if 则不可。例如：Everything depends on whether we have enough money./Whether he will come,I
23、am not sure.whether 和 if 均可引导宾语从句，whether 引导的宾语从句一般都是肯定句，if 引导的宾语从句可以是肯定的，也可以是否定的（此时不能用whether），例如：Could you tell us whether/if it rains in winter in Australia?/文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9
24、Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F
25、9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6
26、F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE
27、6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:C
28、E6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:
29、CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码
30、:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T103 I wonder if it doesn t rain.引导宾语从句的whether 和 if 常可与 or not 连用。连用时要注意or not 的位置，它一般与whether、if分开使用，有时它可与whether 合起来使用，但不能与if 合起来使用。例如：I don t know whether/if they will come o
31、r not./I don t know whether or not they will come.if 可用来引导条件状语从句，译“如果”，whether 则不行。例如：If you work hard,you are sure to succeed.10、as作从属连词可引导多种状语从句。as引导时间状语从句，意为“当时”。例如：As(he was)a young man,he was a storekeeper and later a postmaster./He sang as he worked.as引导方式状语从句，意为“象一样”。例如：We must do as the Part
32、y teaches us.as引导原因状语从句。意为“由于”，例如：As you are tired,you had better rest.as引导让步状语从句。意为“虽然”、“尽管”Child as he is,he can do it well.(=Although he is a child,he can do it well.)另外，as做为关系代词还可以引导定语从句，如：I have the same book as you.连词 while 是高考一个命题的热点，你知道其考点主要涉及哪些方面吗？一、考查表示时间的用法，其意为“当的时候”。如：We must strike whil
33、e the iron is hot.我们要趁热打铁。Stand still while I take your photograph.我给你拍照时站着不要动。Have we got enough books to read while we are on holiday?假期里我们有足够的书看吗?Were there any calls for me while I was out?我出去的时候，有人来过电话吗?She hates anyone listening while she is telephoning.她打电话时不愿让任何人听。二、考查表示让步的用法，其意为“尽管”“虽然”。如：W
34、hile the work was difficult,it was interesting.虽然工作有难度，但很有趣。While I understand what you say,I can t agree with you.虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。三、考查表示对比的用法，其意为“而”“但”。如：Some people waste food while others havent enough.一些人糟踏食物而另一些人却食不果腹。I went swimming while the others played tennis.我去游泳，而其余的人则去打网球了。Prices are
35、rising sharply,while incomes are lagging far behind.物价飞涨而收入却远远落后。注：这样用时，while 引出的句子通常位于末，但有时也可位于句首。如：While most children learn to read easily,some need extra help.大多数儿童学会阅读很容易，有一些儿童却需要特别帮助。While Deauville is a holiday resort,Trouville is more of a working town.特维尔是个度假胜地，而特鲁维尔更多的却是个工业城市。四、考查其省略用法，即主句
36、与从句主语相同，且从句谓语动词含有动词be 时，通常可省略从句主语和动词 be。如：While(he was)in prison,she wrote her first novel.她在狱中写出了第一部小说。He had strayed from home while still a boy.他小时候就离开家到处流浪了。He fell asleep while(he was)doing his homework.他做着做着功课就睡着了。I was only listening to the radio with half an ear,while(I was)preparing some fo
37、od.我正在做吃的东西，没太留心听收音机。【考点实训】1.She just sits there reading her story book,_ I do all the work.A.until B.while C.because D.though 2.Their economy has expanded enormously,_ ours,by contrast,has declined.A.while B.unless C.in case D.which 3.Could you watch my bags for me,_ I go to the toilet?A.though B.u
38、nless C.what D.while 4.The professor is typing his own letters _ his secretary is ill.A.what B.which C.if D.while 5.She said she was going to the shops and asked me whether I wanted anything _ she was out.A.though B.while C.which D.before 6.Tea is the most popular drink,_coffee comes second.A.since
39、B.until C.what D.while 7.Schools in the north tend to be better equipped,_ those in the south are relatively poor.A.since B.before C.while D.because 8.It is no accident that men fill most of the top jobs in nursing,_ women remain on the lower grades.A.after B.since C.while D.which 9._ trying to open
40、 the can,I cut my hand.A.Though B.Because C.For D.While 10.Some people prefer a vegetarian diet,_ others prefer a meat-based diet.A.though B.while C.which D.for 11.He didn t ask me in;he kept me standing at the door _ he read the message.A.while B.before C.after D.which 12.Now s the time to buy a ca
41、r,_ the interest rates are low.A.but B.which C.while D.until 13.The couple took good care of the baby _ occupied by their work.A.while B.after C.which D.since 14.How did you spend your time _ you were on holiday?A.although B.while C.which D.since 15.Because Jane had once had a bad accident _ driving
42、,she was afraid to try it again.A.though B.unless C.for D.while（以上答案均是while）文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F
43、9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6
44、F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE
45、6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:C
46、E6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:
47、CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码
48、:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T10文档编
49、码:CE6F9Z8C10I8 HT2A9X5S1M8 ZQ10R5Q4T2T104 改错题1.连词(1)Im sorry,and I wont be able to come tonight.(2)He is not only a football player and also a famous writer.(3)What he said at the meeting was either important nor true.(4)You must get up early tomorrow,for I will go there alone.(5)Without both money
50、or talent,science would progress slowly.(6)Though we got very tired,but we didnt stop working in the factory.(7)Where Peter goes,he is welcome.(8)Youll miss the train until you hurry up.(9)If you are there or not doesnt matter much.(10)The book is interesting so it has many stories of adventure.(ll)