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1、初中物理知识点第一章 声现象知识归纳1.声音的发生：由物体的振动而产生。振动停止，发声也停止。2声音的传播：声音靠介质传播。真空不能传声。通常我们听到的声音是靠空气传来的。3声速：在空气中传播速度是：340 米/秒。声音在固体传播比液体快，而在液体传播又比空气体快。4利用回声可测距离：S=1/2vt 5乐音的三个特征：音调、响度、音色。(1)音调:是指声音的高低，它与发声体的频率有关系。(2)响度:是指声音的大小，跟发声体的振幅、声源与听者的距离有关系。6减弱噪声的途径：(1)在声源处减弱；(2)在传播过程中减弱；(3)在人耳处减弱。7 可听声：频率在 20Hz20000Hz 之间的声波：超声
2、波：频率高于 20000Hz的声波；次声波：频率低于20Hz 的声波。8 超声波特点：方向性好、穿透能力强、声能较集中。具体应用有：声呐、B 超、超声波速度测定器、超声波清洗器、超声波焊接器等。9次声波的特点：可以传播很远，很容易绕过障碍物，而且无孔不入。一定强度的次声波对人体会造成危害，甚至毁坏机械建筑等。它主要产生于自然界中的火山爆发、海啸地震等，另外人类制造的火箭发射、飞机飞行、火车汽车的奔驰、核爆炸等也能产生次声波。第二章 光现象知识归纳1.光源：自身能够发光的物体叫光源。2.太阳光是由红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫组成的。3光的三原色是：红、绿、蓝；颜料的三原色是：红、黄、蓝。4不可见光
3、包括有：红外线和紫外线。特点：红外线 能使被照射的物体发热，具有热效应（如太阳的热就是以红外线传送到地球上的）；紫外线 最显著的性质是能使荧光物质发光，另外还可以灭菌。1.光的直线传播：光在均匀介质中是沿直线传播。2光在真空中传播速度最大，是 3108米/秒，而在空气中传播速度也认为是 3108米/秒。3 我们能看到不发光的物体是因为这些物体反射的光射入了我们的眼睛。4光的反射定律：反射光线与入射光线、法线在同一平面上，反射光线与入射光线分居法线两侧，反射角等于入射角。（注：光路是可逆的）5漫反射和镜面反射一样遵循光的反射定律。6平面镜成像特点：(1)平面镜成的是虚像；(2)像与物体大小相等；
4、（3）像与物体到镜面的距离相等；(4)像与物体的连线与镜面垂直。另外，平面镜里成的像与物体左右倒置。7平面镜应用：(1)成像；(2)改变光路。8平面镜在生活中使用不当会造成光污染。球面镜包括凸面镜（凸镜）和凹面镜（凹镜），它们都能成像。具体应用有：车辆的后视镜、商场中的反光镜是凸面镜；手电筒的反光罩、太阳灶、医术戴在眼睛上的反光镜是凹面镜。光的折射：光从一种介质斜射入另一种介质时，传播方向一般发生变化的现象。光的折射规律：光从空气斜射入水或其他介质，折射光线与入射光线、法线在同一平面上；折射光线和入射光线分居法线两侧，折射角小于入射角；入射角增大时，折射角也随着增大；当光线垂直射向介质表面时，
5、传播方向不改变。（折射光路也是可逆的）第三章 透镜知识归纳1、凸透镜：中间厚边缘薄的透镜，它对光线有会聚作用，所以也叫会聚透镜。2、凸透镜成像的应用:照相机：原理；成倒立、缩小的实像，u2f 幻灯机：原理、成倒立、放大的实像，fu2f 放大镜：原理、成放大、正立的虚像，u2f f v 2f像、物异侧缩小倒立实像照像机u=2fv=2f像、物异侧等大倒立实像测焦距fu2f像、物异侧放大倒立实像幻灯机、投影仪5、凸透镜成像的作图：(1)物体在二倍焦距以外(u2f)，成倒立、缩小的实像(像距：fv2f)，如照相机；(2)物体在焦距和二倍焦距之间(fu2f)。如幻灯机。文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6
6、HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U
7、3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6
8、HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U
9、3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6
10、HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U
11、3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6
12、HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2(3)物体在焦距之内（u U0时，则 P P0；灯很亮，易烧坏。文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:
13、CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A
14、8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:
15、CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A
16、8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:
17、CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A
18、8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2当 U U0时，则 P L2,平衡时F1F2。特点是省力，但费距离。（如剪铁剪刀，铡刀，起
19、子）(2)费力杠杆：L1F2。特点是费力，但省距离。（如钓鱼杠，理发剪刀等）(3)等臂杠杆：L1=L2,平衡时 F1=F2。特点是既不省力，也不费力。（如：天平）21定滑轮特点：不省力，但能改变动力的方向。（实 质是个等臂杠杆）22动滑轮特点：省一半力，但不能改变动力方向,要费距离.(实质是动力臂为阻力臂二倍的杠杆)23滑轮组：使用滑轮组时,滑轮组用几段绳子吊着物体,提起物体所用的力就是物重的几分之一。第十四章压强和浮力知识归纳1压力：垂直作用在物体表面上的力叫压力。2压强：物体单位面积上受到的压力叫压强。3压强公式：P=F/S，式中 p 单位是：帕斯卡，简称：帕，1 帕=1 牛/米2，压力
20、F 单位是：牛；受力面积S单位是：米2 4增大压强方法:(1)S 不变，F;(2)F 不变，S(3)同时把 F，S。而减小压强方法则相反。5液体压强产生的原因：是由于液体受到重力。6 液体压强特点：(1)液体对容器底和壁都有压强，(2)液体内部向各个方向都有压强；(3)液体的压强随深度增加而增大，在同一深度，液体向各个方向的压强相等；(4)不同液体的压强还跟密度有关系。7*液体压强计算公式：，（是液体密度，单位是千克/米 3；g=9.8 牛/千克；h 是深度，指液体自由液面到液体内部某点的竖直距离，单位是米。）8根据液体压强公式：可得，液体的压强与液体的密度和深度有关，而与液体的体积和质量无关
21、。9 证明大气压强存在的实验是马德堡半球实验。10大气压强产生的原因：空气受到重力作用而产生的，大气压强随高度的增大而减小。11测定大气压强值的实验是：托里拆利实验。12测定大气压的仪器是：气压计，常见气压计有水银气压计和无液气压计（金属盒气压计）。13 标准大气压：把等于760 毫米水银柱的大气压。1 标准大气压=760毫米汞柱=1.013105帕=10.34米水柱。14沸点与气压关系：一切液体的沸点，都是气压减小时降低，气压增大时升高。15.流体压强大小与流速关系：在流体中流速越大地方，压强越小；流速越小的地方，压强越大。16浮力：一切浸入液体的物体，都受到液体对它竖直向上的力，这个力叫浮
22、力。浮力方向总是竖直向上的。（物体在空气中也受到浮力）17物体沉浮条件：（开始是浸没在液体中）方法一：（比浮力与物体重力大小）(1)F 浮 G，上浮(3)F 浮=G，悬文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6
23、 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3
24、U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6
25、 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3
26、U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6
27、 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3
28、U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2浮或漂浮方法二：（比物体与液体的密度大小）(1)F 浮 G，上浮(3)F 浮=G，悬浮。（不会漂浮）18浮力产生的原因：浸在液体中的物体受到液体对它的向上和向下的压力差。19阿基米德原理：浸入
29、液体里的物体受到向上的浮力，浮力大小等于它排开的液体受到的重力。（浸没在气体里的物体受到的浮力大小等于它排开气体受到的重力）20阿基米德原理公式：21计算浮力方法有：(1)称量法：F 浮=G F，(G 是物体受到重力，F 是物体浸入液体中弹簧秤的读数)(2)压力差法：F 浮=F 向上-F 向下(3)阿基米德原理：(4)平衡法：F 浮=G 物(适合漂浮、悬浮)22浮力利用(1)轮船：用密度大于水的材料做成空心，使它能排开更多的水。这就是制成轮船的道理。(2)潜水艇：通过改变自身的重力来实现沉浮。(3)气球和飞艇：充入密度小于空气的气体。第十五章功和机械能1功的两个必要因素：一是作用在物体上的力；
30、二 是物体在力的方向上通过的距离。2功的计算：功(W)等于力(F)跟物体在力的方向上通过的距离(s)的乘积。（功=力距离）3.功的公式：W=Fs；单位：W焦；F牛顿；s米。(1 焦=1 牛米).4功的原理：使用机械时，人们所做的功，都等于不用机械而直接用手所做的功，也就是说使用任何机械都不省功。5斜面：FL=Gh 斜面长是斜面高的几倍，推力就是物重的几分之一。（螺丝、盘山公路也是斜面）6机械效率：有用功跟总功的比值叫机械效率。计算公式：P有/W=7功率(P)：单位时间(t)里完成的功(W)，叫功率。计算公式：。单位：P瓦特；W焦；t秒。（1 瓦=1 焦/秒。1 千瓦=1000瓦）8一个物体能够
31、做功，这个物体就具有能（能量）。9动能：物体由于运动而具有的能叫动能。10运动物体的速度越大，质量越大，动能就越大。11势能分为重力势能和弹性势能。12重力势能：物体由于被举高而具有的能。13物体质量越大，被举得越高，重力势能就越大。14弹性势能：物体由于发生弹性形变而具的能。文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文
32、档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N
33、9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文
34、档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N
35、9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文
36、档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N
37、9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V215物体的弹性形变越大，它的弹性势能就越大。16机械能：动能和势能的统称。（机械能
38、=动能+势能）单位是：焦耳17.动能和势能之间可以互相转化的。方式有：动能重力势能；动能弹性势能。18自然界中可供人类大量利用的机械能有风能和水能。第十六章热和能知识归纳1内能：物体内部所有分子做无规则运动的动能和分子势能的总和叫内能。（内能也称热能）2物体的内能与温度有关：物体的温度越高，分子运动速度越快，内能就越大。3热运动：物体内部大量分子的无规则运动。4改变物体的内能两种方法：做功和热传递，这两种方法对改变物体的内能是等效的。5物体对外做功，物体的内能减小；外界对物体做功，物体的内能增大。6物体吸收热量，当温度升高时，物体内能增大；物体放出热量，当温度降低时，物体内能减小。7所有能量的
39、单位都是：焦耳。8热量（Q）：在热传递过程中，传递能量的多少叫热量。（物体含有多少热量的说法是错误的）9比热（c）：单位质量的某种物质温度升高（或降低）1，吸收（或放出）的热量叫做这种物质的比热。10比热是物质的一种属性，它不随物质的体积、质量、形状、位置、温度的改变而改变，只要物质相同，比热就相同。11比热的单位是：焦耳/(千克)，读作：焦耳每千克摄氏度。12水的比热是：C=4.2103 焦耳/(千克)，它表示的物理意义是：每千克的水当温度升高（或降低）1时，吸收（或放出）的热量是4.2103 焦耳。13热量的计算：Q 吸=cm(t-t0)=cmt 升（Q 吸是吸收热量，单位是焦耳；c 是物
40、体比热，单位是：焦/(千克)；m 是质量；t0 是初始温度；t 是后来的温度。Q 放=cm(t0-t)=cmt 降14热值（q）：1 千克某种燃料完全燃烧放出的热量，叫热值。单位是：焦耳/千克。15燃料燃烧放出热量计算：Q 放=qm；（Q 放 是热量，单位是：焦耳；q 是热值，单位是：焦/千克；m 是质量，单位是：千克。16利用内能可以加热，也可以做功。17内燃机可分为汽油机和柴油机，它们一个工作循环由吸气、压缩、做功和排气四个冲程。一个工作循环中对外做功1 次，活塞往复2 次，曲轴转2周。18热机的效率：用来做有用功的那部分能量和燃料完全燃烧放出的能量之比，叫热机的效率。的热机的效率是热机性
41、能的一个重要指标19在热机的各种损失中，废气带走的能量最多，设法利用废气的能量，文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5
42、N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2
43、文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5
44、N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2
45、文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5
46、N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2
47、文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2是提高燃料利用率的重要措施。第十七章能源与可持续发展知识归纳1.人类开发利用能源的历史：火化石能源电能核能。2能源的种类很多，从不同角度可以分为：一次能源和二次能源；可再生能源和不可再生能源；常规能源（传统能源）和新能源；清洁能源和非清洁能源等。3核能获取的途径有两条：重核的裂变
48、和轻核的聚变（聚变也叫热核反应）。原子弹和目前人类制造的核电站是利用重核的裂变释放能量的，而氢弹则是利用轻核的聚变释放能量的。4核电站主要组成包括：核反应堆、热交换器、汽轮机和发电机等。5太阳能是由不断发生的核聚变产生的，地球上除核能、地热能和潮汐能以外的所有的能量，几乎都来自太阳。人类利用太阳能的三种方式是：光热转换（太阳能热水器）；光电转换（太阳能电池）；光化转换（绿色植物）。6能量的转化和守恒定律：能量既不会凭空消灭，也不会凭空产生，它只会从一种形式转化为另一种形式，或者从一个物体转移到另一个物体，而在转化或转移的过程中，其总量保持不变。7能量的转移和转化具有方向性。输出的有用能量转换的
49、能量8能量转换装置的效率=100输入的总能量.文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U
50、3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6 HQ5N9N1A8Z5 ZZ8A3Z3U3V2文档编码:CG1A6O6O6Z6