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1、Product DesignErgonomicsergon (work)+nomos (laws)=ErgonomicErgonomics GeneralErgonomics is the science of fitting jobs to people. The discipline encompasses a body of knowledge about physical abilities and limitations as well as other human characteristics that are relevant to job design. Essentiall
2、y, ergonomics is the relationship between the worker and the job and focuses on the design of work areas to enhance job performance. Ergonomics can help prevent injuries and limit secondary injuries as well as accommodate individuals with various disabilities, including those with musculoskeletal di
3、sorders (MSDs). Discipline Ergonomics Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human wel
4、l-being and overall system performance. (according International Ergonomics Association 2009)Figure 1.1 A simple work system. People interact with machines to turn inputs into outputs. System capacity refers to amount of input that can be processed over time. Productivity refers to the ratio of outp
5、uts to inputs. Efficient systems minimise by-products of all kinds (E = local environment, M = machine, H = human operator).Five Aspects of Ergonomics Safety - Medicine bottles: The print on them could be larger so that a sick person who may have bad vision (due to sinuses, etc.) can more easily see
6、 the dosages and label. Ergonomics could design the print style, color and size for optimal viewing. Comfort - Alarm clock display: Some displays are harshly bright, drawing ones eye to the light when surroundings are dark. Ergonomic principles could re-design this based on contrast principles. Ease
7、 of use - Street Signs: In a strange area, many times it is difficult to spot street signs. This could be addressed with the principles of visual detection in ergonomics.Five aspects of ergonomics Productivity/performance - HD TV: The sound on HD TV is much lower than regular TV. So when you switch
8、from HD to regular, the volume increases dramatically. Ergonomics recognizes that this difference in decibel level creates a difference in loudness and hurts human ears and this could be solved by evening out the decibel levels. Aesthetics - the look and feel of the object, the user experience. Hist
9、ory Ancient Greece-Hellenic civilization in the 5th century BC used ergonomic principles in the design of their tools, jobs, and workplaces. Hippocrates gave described how a surgeons workplace should be designed Wojciech Jastrzbowski (polish biologist) first used the word “ergonomics” in his 1857 ar
10、ticle Rys ergonomji czyli nauki o pracy, opartej na prawdach poczerpnitych z Nauki Przyrody (The Outline of Ergonomics, i.e. Science of Work, Based on the Truths Taken from the Natural Science). Frederick Winslow Taylor pioneered the Scientific Management method, which proposed a way to find the opt
11、imum method for carrying out a given task in the early 19th century. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth expanded Taylors methods in the early 1900s to develop Time and Motion Studies. They aimed to improve efficiency by eliminating unnecessary steps and actions which increase the bricklayers productivity fr
12、om 120 to 350 bricks per hour. World War II marked the development of new and complex machines and weaponry, It was observed that fully functional aircraft, flown by the best-trained pilots, still crashed. In 1943, Alphonse Chapanis, a lieutenant in the U.S. Army, showed that this so-called pilot er
13、ror could be greatly reduced when more logical and differentiable controls replaced confusing designs in airplane cockpits.History In the decades since the war, ergonomics has continued to flourish and diversify. The Space Age created new human factors issues such as weightlessness and extreme g-for
14、ces. The dawn of the Information Age has resulted in the new ergonomics field of human-computer interaction (HCI). Likewise, the growing demand for and competition among consumer goods and electronics has resulted in human factors in product design.Domains Physical ergonomics: is concerned with huma
15、n anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity. (working postures, materials handling, repetitive movements, work related musculoskeletal disorders etc.)Ergonomic Multilock Office Air Mesh Series Desk Chair - W81 Cognitive ergonomics
16、: is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system.(mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance, human-computer interaction, human reliability etc.)Theoretical Framework fo
17、r HCI Organizational ergonomics: is concerned with the optimization of sociotechnical systems, including their organizational structures, policies, and processes.(Relevant topics include communication, work design, design of working times, participatory design, community ergonomics, cooperative work
18、 etc.)ApplicationSEATING AND POSTURE FOR TYPICAL OFFICE TASKS1 SEAT BACK ADJUSTABILTY2 GOOD LUMBAR SUPPORT3 SEAT HEIGHT ADJUSTABILITY4 NO EXCESS PRESSURE ON UNDERSIDE OF THIGHS AND BACKS OF KNEES5 FOOT SUPPORT IF NEEDED6 SPACE FOR POSTURAL CHANGE, NO OBSTACLES UNDER DESK7 FOREARMS APPROXIMATELY HORI
19、ZONTAL8 MINIMAL EXTENSION, FLEXION OR DEVIATION OF WRISTS9 SCREEN HEIGHT AND ANGLE SHOULD ALLOW COMFORTABLE HEAD POSITION10 SPACE IN FRONT OF KEYBOARD TO SUPPORT HANDS/WRISTS DURING PAUSES IN KEYINGErgonomics in the workplaceErgonomics is the science of designing the job, equipment, and workplace to
20、 fit the worker. Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent repetitive strain injuries, which can develop over time and can lead to long-term disability. The four main contributing causes of these injuries are quick, repetitive actions, awkward position, use of force, and lack of rest. Minimiza
21、tion of repetitive tasks and awkward body positions can help to prevent such injuries from occurring.What are common ergonomic risk factors? Repetition Awkward Body Postures Force Contact Stress Vibration HeatCommon Symptoms pain numbness and tingling stiffness or cramping inability to hold objects
22、or loss of grip strength Cumulative Trauma Disorders PreventionGood body postureEngineering controlsAdministrative ControlsJob enlargementJob rotationWork breaksTraining. Figure Separate banks of keys for each hand may relieve wrist strain.What are individuals responsibilities?Faculty and StaffParti
23、cipate in ergonomics training and problem-solving. Implement ergonomic recommendations. Choose tools, furniture, and equipment that fit your job tasks and your body. Listen to your body and adjust your workstation furniture and accessories to support comfortable postures. Think before you lift, get
24、help if necessary, and follow safe lifting guidelines. Vary your job tasks throughout the day, take frequent short stretch breaks when performing highly repetitive tasks, and perform simple stretches. Exercise, including walking and climbing stairs, to build stamina and muscle tone. Report work-rela
25、ted injuries to your supervisor promptly.SupervisorsLearn about ergonomic risk factors and how to prevent them. Provide ergonomics training and encourage input in ergonomic problem-solving. Support your departments computer workstation evaluator. Contact the campus Ergonomics Specialist for a worksi
26、te assessment of non-computer jobs involving ergonomic risk factors. Provide ergonomic workstation furniture and tools. Promote frequent, short rest breaks and alternative work activities for staff performing highly repetitive tasks. Encourage staff to report symptoms early. Send injured employees f
27、or medical treatment, report injuries promptly, and implement work restrictions and workplace modifications. Seek assistance on ergonomic issues from campus resources when necessary.Sustainable DesignChart AnalysisFigure. 2.1 World oil productionFigure2.2 Annual Fossil-Fuel Emissions In many past si
28、tuations, environmental effects were ignored during the design stage for new products and processes. Hazardous wastes were dumped in the most convenient fashion possible, ignoring possible environmental damage. Inefficient energy use resulted in high operating costs. Waste was common in material pro
29、duction, manufacturing and distribution. Consumers cast aside products, usually with only minimal re-manufacturing or recycling.What is “Green design”?Green design is the design of a product to minimise its environmental impacts over its entire lifetime and to meet customer requirements 3915The elem
30、ents of a life-cycle inventory analysisMaterials acquisitionProduct distributionProduct useRecycle: Products,components, materialsWaste managementMaterialsEnergyAirWaterFormulation, processing,and manufacturingPrincipalproductsCo-productsWatereffluentsAirborneemissionsSolidWasteOther environmentalin
31、teractions 41Figure 1. The Shift to Sustainable Design*General goals for green design Reduce or minimize the use of non-renewable resources Manage renewable resources to insure sustainability; Reduce, with the ultimate goal of eliminating, toxic and otherwise harmful emissions to the environment, in
32、cluding emissions contributing to global warming. Use less material* Use materials with less environmental impact Use fewer resources Produce less pollution and waste Reduce the impacts of distribution Optimise functionality and service life Make re-use and recycling easier Reduce the environmental
33、impact of disposal Key environmental considerations*Systems Thinking Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a technique for tracing out all the environmental effects and resource needs of a new product or process through the material suppliers, through manufacture, use and disposal Material Fl
34、ows and Cycles is a technique for tracing material use and location over time. In tracing materials flows, it is important to be clear about the boundaries of analysis and the uncertainty of mass measurements.*Sustainable Product Design Five factors have been identified for perfect sustainable produ
35、ct design. Cyclic Solar Safe Efficient SocialMinimising Waste Production Waste is lost profit. The four rs can help reduce waste. Reduce Reuse Recycle RecoverReduce Reduce the amount of materials used for the product. Reduce the amount of materials used for the packaging. Can be done by using: Light
36、er weight of materials Only one type of packaging material Packaging fits around the productReuse Reusing containers stops need for: New packaging Recycling (as it costs money) Collection (as it costs money) Washing and refilling should be less than that of producing a new container.Recycle Designer
37、s must consider design for recycling and the products life cycle. Components should be recycled and recyclable.Recover When a product is discarded and put into a landfill site energy is lost. This energy can be recovered through incineration in specialised power stations.Green Design Methods and Too
38、ls Mass balance analysis Green Indices Design for disassembly and recycling aids Risk analysis Material selection and label advisors Full cost accounting methodologiesResponsibilities of the Designer What are some of the moral and social responsibilities of designers in relation to green design issues? Consider issues relating to: waste Pollution Resources market forces wealth creation. 为良善人生而设计，用良善设计服务于大众人生。为良善人生而设计，用良善设计服务于大众人生。 李泽厚李泽厚