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1、World War II (19391945)World War II (19391945)Axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria) versus Allies (U.S., Britain, France, USSR, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia).Clockwise from top
2、 left: Chinese forces in the Battle of Wanjialing, Australian 25-pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein, German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front winter 19431944, US naval force in the Lingayen Gulf, Wilhelm Keitel signing the German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the Ba
3、ttle of Stalingrad Date 1 September 1939 2 September 1945 (6 years, 1 day) Location Europe, Pacific, Atlantic, South-East Asia, China, Middle East, Mediterranean and Africa, briefly North and South America Result Allied victory Collapse of the Third Reich Fall of Japanese and Italian Empire Creation
4、 of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers Beginning of the Cold War Casualties and losses Military dead:Over 16,000,000Civilian dead:Over 45,000,000Total dead:Over 61,000,000 (193745) Military dead:Over 8,000,000Civilian dead:Over 4,000,000Total dead:O
5、ver 12,000,000 (193745) World War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the worlds nationsincluding all of the great powerseventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It
6、was the most widespread war in history, with more than 100 million people serving in military units from over 30 different countries In a state of total war, the major participants placed their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the dis
7、tinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the only use of nuclear weapons in warfare, it resulted in 50 million to over 75 million fatalities. These deaths make World War II the deadliest conflict in human history. The Empire of
8、 Japan aimed to dominate East Asia and was already at war with the Republic of China in 1937, the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom. From late 1939 to ear
9、ly 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany formed the Axis alliance with Italy, conquering or subduing much of continental Europe. Following the MolotovRibbentrop Pact, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories between themselves of their European neighbours, incl
10、uding Poland and the Baltic states. The United Kingdom and the other members of the British Commonwealth were the only major Allied forces continuing the fight against the Axis, with battles taking place in North Africa as well as the long-running Battle of the Atlantic. In June 1941, the European A
11、xis launched an invasion of the Soviet Union, giving a start to the largest land theatre of war in history, which tied down the major part of the Axis military forces for the rest of the war. In December 1941, Japan joined the Axis, attacked the United States and European territories in the Pacific
12、Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance was stopped in 1942, after Japan lost a series of naval battles and European Axis troops were defeated in North Africa and, decisively, at Stalingrad. In 1943, with a series of German defeats in Eastern Europe, the Allied inv
13、asion of Italy which brought about that nations surrender, and American victories in the Pacific, the Axis lost the initiative and undertook strategic retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany
14、and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the United States defeated the Japanese Navy and captured key Western Pacific islands. The war in Europe ended with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet and Polish troops and the subseque
15、nt German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945. Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August respectively With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent, and t
16、he Soviet Union having declared war on Japan by invading Manchuria, Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945, ending the war in Asia and cementing the total victory of the Allies over the Axis. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world. The United Nations (UN) was est
17、ablished to foster international cooperation and prevent future conflicts. The great powers that were the victors of the warthe United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, and Francebecame the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. The Soviet Union and the United S
18、tates emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers started to decline, while the decolonisation of Asia and Africa began. Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic
19、 recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to stabilise postwar relations and fight more effectively in the Cold War. Benito Mussolini (left) and Adolf Hitler (rightMost countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integrati
20、on, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to stabilise postwar relations and fight more effectively in the Cold War. Pre-war events Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) Main article: Second Italo-Abyssinian War The Second ItaloAbyssinian War was a brief colonial war that began in October 1935 an
21、d ended in May 1936. The war was fought between the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy (Regno dItalia) and the armed forces of the Ethiopian Empire (also known as Abyssinia). The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Af
22、rica (Africa Orientale Italiana, or AOI); in addition, it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace. Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations, but the League did nothing when the former clearly violated the Leagues own Article X.Spanish Civil War (193639) The less
23、on of Guernica after its bombing in 1937 sparked European-wide fears that the next war would be based on bombing of cities with very high civilian casualties. Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist insurrection led by general Francisco Franco in Spain. The Soviet Union support
24、ed the existing government, the Spanish Republic. Furthermore, over 30,000 foreign volunteers, known as the International Brigades fought against the Nationalists. Both Germany and the USSR used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics. The Bombing o
25、f Guernica by the German Condor Legion in April 1937 heightened widespread concerns that the next major war would include extensive terror bombing attacks on civilians. The Nationalists won the war in April 1939; their dictator Francisco Franco bargained with both sides during the war, but never con
26、cluded any major deals. He did send volunteers to fight under German command but Spain remained neutral and did not allow either side to use its territory.Japanese invasion of China (1937) Second Sino-Japanese War. In July 1937, Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Beijing after ins
27、tigating the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China.A Chinese machine gun nest in the Battle of Shanghai, 1937. The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support, effectively ending Chinas prior co-operation wit
28、h Germany. Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai, but, after three months of fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back, capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 and committed the Nanking Massacre. In June 1938, Chinese for
29、ces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding the Yellow River; this manoeuvre bought time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan, but the city was taken by October. Japanese military victories did not bring about the collapse of Chinese resistance that Japan had hoped to achieve, instead
30、 the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war.Japanese invasion of the Soviet Union and Mongolia (1938) Soviet and Mongolian troops fought the Japanese during the Battle of Khalkhin Gol in Mongolia, 1939. These clashes convinced some factions in the Japanese government
31、that they should focus on conciliating the Soviet government to avoid interference in the war against China and instead turn their military attention southward, towards the US and European holdings in the Pacific, and also prevented the sacking of experienced Soviet military leaders such as Georgy Z
32、hukov, who would later play a vital role in the defence of Moscow.European occupations and agreementsFurther information: Anschluss, Appeasement, Munich Agreement, German occupation of Czechoslovakia, and Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact From left to right (front): Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini, a
33、nd Ciano pictured before signing the Munich Agreement. In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming bolder. In March 1938, Germany annexed Austria, again provoking little response from other European powers. Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland, an area of Czechoslovakia
34、with a predominantly ethnic German population; and soon France and Britain conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement, which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government, in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands. Soon afterwards, Germany and Italy for
35、ced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary and Poland. Although all of Germanys stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement, privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation. In subsequent speeches Hit
36、ler attacked British and Jewish war-mongers and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build-up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy. . In March 1939, Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia an
37、d the pro-German client state, the Slovak Republic. Alarmed, and with Hitler making further demands on Danzig, France and Britain guaranteed their support for Polish independence; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939, the same guarantee was extended to Romania and Greece. Shortly after the Fra
38、nco-British pledge to Poland, Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel. Hitler accused Britain and Poland of trying to encircle Germany and renounced the Anglo-German naval agreement and the German-Polish non-aggression pact. He offered Poland a new non-aggression pact
39、and recognition of its current frontiers if it agreed to permit the German-inhabited city of Danzig to return to Germany, but the Poles declined the proposal and emphasised that Danzig was necessary for Polands security. In August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the MolotovRibbentrop Pact,
40、45 a non-aggression treaty with a secret protocol. The parties gave each other rights, in the event of a territorial and political rearrangement, to spheres of influence (western Poland and Lithuania for Germany; eastern Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Bessarabia for the USSR). It also raised t
41、he question of continuing Polish independence. The agreement was crucial to Hitler because it assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two front war, as it had in World War I, after it defeated Poland. The situation reached a general crisis in late August as German troops contin
42、ued to mobilise against the Polish border. In a private meeting with Italian foreign minister Count Ciano Hitler asserted that Poland was a doubtful neutral that needed to either yield to his demands or be liquidated to prevent it from drawing off German troops in the future unavoidable war with the
43、 Western democracies. He did not believe Britain or France would intervene in the conflict. On 23 August Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August, but upon hearing that Britain had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality, he decided to
44、delay it. In response to British pleas for direct negotiations, Germany demanded on 29 August that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig and the Polish Corridor to Germany as well as to agree to safeguard the German minority in Poland.Course of the
45、 warWar breaks out in Europe (193940) Common parade of German Wehrmacht and Soviet Red Army on 23 September 1939 in Brest, Eastern Poland at the end of the Invasion of Poland. In the centre is Major General Heinz Guderian and on the right is Brigadier Semyon Krivoshein.The Poles refused to comply wi
46、th this request and on the evening of 31 August Germany declared that it considered its proposals rejected. On 1 September 1939, Germany and Slovakia (which was a German client state at the time) invaded Poland on the false pretext that Poland had launched attacks on German territory. In a speech to
47、 the Reichstag Hitler also stated that his aims were to protect the German minority in Poland from alleged persecution,and to force the Polish government to concede Danzig and the Polish Corridor. Italy quickly proposed an armistice and a peace conference. Germany and France agreed to the proposal,
48、but Britain insisted that an armistice was insufficient and that Germany must also evacuate Polish territory. On 3 September France and Britain, followed by the fully independent Dominions51 of the British Commonwealth,52 Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa declared war on Germany, but p
49、rovided little support to Poland other than a small French attack into the Saarland.53 Britain and France also began a naval blockade of Germany on 3 September which aimed to damage the countrys economy and war effort.Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and war ships
50、 (Battle of the Atlantic). On 17 September 1939, after signing a cease-fire with Japan, the Soviets also invaded Poland.56 The Polish army was defeated and Warsaw surrendered to the Germans on 27 September, with final pockets of resistance surrendering on 6 October. Polands territory was divided bet