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1、|目 录第一篇 词法 .2一、 名词 .2二、 冠词 .11三、 代词 .17四、 形容词、副词 .28五、 连 词 .46六、 介 词 .54七、 数 词 .69八、 动 词 .74第二篇 句法 .97一、 主 要 句 式 .97二、 定 语 从 句 .110三、 常见习惯用语 .115四、 完形填空 与阅读 .129附 录 .144中学生英语学习常见错误一览表 .144A .144B .152C.158D .164E .168F .171G .176H .178I .183J .185 .186L .187 .192 .196 .199 .201 .204 .207 .212 .215 .
2、217 .218 .221|第一篇 词法一、 名词(一) 知识概要 名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法，但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨把它分为两大类：专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义，专有名词是指：个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称，如，the Great Wall， America它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词，如 pen, worker它表示单一的个体人或事物；集体名词，如：family,class， team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体；物质名词，如：water,paper它表示的是一种物质，原
3、材料；而后一种是抽象名词，如:work, time它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到，但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。见下表。名词一览表种类 专有名词 London, John, the Communist Party of China 普 通 名 词 类名词 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table 集体名词 class, family, army, police, team, people 物质名词 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand 抽象名词 happiness, love, wo
4、rk, life, courage, honest 功用 主语 My family is now in New York. 表语 His father is a scientist. 宾语 We love our great motherland. 宾语补足语 He made London the base for his work. 定语 The girls are making paper flowesrs. 状语 The car cost him 1000 dollars. 同位语 Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here. 名词在使用中的
5、难点在于名词的数，即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算，所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等，如：English,air,water,cotton,work可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词，所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。可数名词复数形式的构成规律是：|1. 一般情况加 s,如：penpens, doctordoctors,boyboys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读s ，在元音和浊辅音后读z 。如:mapmap ， boyboys.2. 在以 s,sh,ch,x 结尾的名词后面加 es，如：busbuses,classclasses,其读音为i
6、z 。3. 以 ce,se,ze,(d)ge 结尾的名词加 s，其读音为iz 。4. 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词，要将 y 变为 i 再加 es，读作z ，如：factoryfactories,countrycountries, familyfamilies.但要注意的是以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词的复数形式只加 s，如:boyboys,daydays。5. 以 o 结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加 es，但如果 o 前面是元音字母或外来词，缩写词以 o 结尾的则只加 s，如：tomatotomatoes,heroheroes;photophotos,radioradios,pianopiano
7、s6. 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词的复数形式要将 f 或 fe 变为 v 再加 es，如：knifeknives, leafleaves, 但有些例外的词如 roof 的复数形式是 roofs。7. 不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的，它没有规律可循，如:manmen,womanwomen, childchildren, footfeet,toothteeth, mousemice8. 单复同形的名词有：fish, sheep,deer 9. 单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police 等。 名词还有格的变化，其主格可作主语，宾格可作宾语。还有所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及
8、领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加s 其复数形式是 s，如其结尾不是 s 的复数形式仍加s，如：a students room, students rooms, Childrens Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家名词的所有格要用s，如：a twenty minutes walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用 of 结构，如：the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers(二) 正误辨析误Please give me a paper.正Please give me a piece of paper.析不要认为可以数的
9、名词就是可数名词，这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了，所以造成了这样的错误，因paper 在英语中是属于物质名词一类，是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时，要用与之相关的量词来表达，如：two pieces of paper.误Please give me two letter papers.正Please give me two pieces of letter paper.析paper 作为纸讲是不可数名词，而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has le
10、arnt.误My glasses is broken.正My glasses are broken.误I want to buy two shoes.正I want to buy two pairs of shoes.|析英语中 glasses眼镜，shoes鞋，trousers裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用 a pair of glasses 而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如：This pair of glasses is very good.误May I borrow two radioes?正May I borrow two radios?析以 o 结
11、尾的名词大都是用加 es 来表示其复数形式，但如果 o 前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加 s 就可以了。这样的词有 zoozoos,pianopianos.误This is a Marys dictionary.正This is Marys dictionary.析如名词前有指示代词 this, that, these those,及其他修饰词 our,some, every, which, 或所有格时，则不要再加冠词。误There are much people in the garden.正There are many people in the garden.析可数名词前应用 many
12、, few, a few, a lot of 来修饰，而 people 是可数名词，而且是复数名词，如：The people are planting trees here.误I want a few water.正I want a little water.析不可数名词前可以用 a little, little, a lot of, some 来修饰，但不可用many,few 来修饰。误Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me.正Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to m
13、e.误Toms and Marys family are waiting for us.正Toms and Marys families are waiting for us.误Im sorry. I have to go. Toms families are waiting for me.正Im sorry. I have to go. Toms family are waiting for me.析集合名词如果指某个集合的整体，则应视为单数，如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Toms family
14、were watching TV. 即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有：family class, team 等。误Dont eat too much meats.正Dont eat too much meat.误Food in that restaurant is very good.正The food in that restaurant is very good.析物质名词是不可数名词，在使用中不可以加 s，即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如：I dont like drinking coffee, but the coffee in th
15、at cup is really good.误Please give me two waters.|正Please give me two glasses of water.正Please give me two coffees.析物质名词如要加计量时，一定要加量词， 如：two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf of bread,a piece of bread,a box of sugar,a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange,a bag of earth 例： Ill tell y
16、ou a piece of good news.但只有 coffee 可以用 coffees 来取代 many cups of coffee.误Can you give me the newspaper of today?正Can you give me todays newspaper?析加s 构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如：Marys hair，但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用s 来构成而不用 of 结构。如：a five minutes walk.误Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.正Plea
17、se make room for the lady in the school bus.析英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的，如： room 为可数名词时为 “房间” ，如：I live in Room 5.而 room 为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为“请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。 ”这样的词还有：glass 玻璃 glasses 眼镜 stone 石头 a stone 一块石头 time 时间 two times 两次wood 木头 woods 树林误There is a flowers garden behind my house.正There is a flower gard
18、en behind my house.析名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外，还可以用来修饰另一个名词，这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式，如：shoe factory (鞋厂),post office(邮局),evening paper (晚报),night school (夜校),head master (校长),a law school (法律学院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train( 货车),sports meeting (运动会)。误My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.正My mother bought tw
19、o fish for supper this morning.析英语中有些名词单复同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese (中国人), means (方法)。所以应讲 one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果讲There are five fishes in the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。误Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.正Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.析英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如
20、： thanks, greens， 而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes 为衣服，而 cloth 则是布， sand 沙子，而 sands 是沙滩。误I offered my son my congratulation on his success.正I offered my son my congratulations on his success.|析英语中表示祝贺的词虽有单数形式，但一般要用其复数形式。如握手为shake hands.误We have five German in this meeting.正We have five Germans in this
21、meeting.析英国人 Englishman 的复数形式为 Englishmen，而 German 则要加 s，因为它不是由国名与 man 的组合词。误There are two As in this word.正There are two As in this word.析在大写字母缩写形式的复数表达法中应加 s，但如字母是 A、I 时，为了防止与 As 和 Is 相混，则要用s 即 As，Is误There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.正There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephon
22、e number.析在小写字母与数字的复数形式表达法中要用s误We have many woman teachers in our school.正We have many women teachers in our school.析一般组合名词变为复数形式时只将词中心词变为复数如：half brotherhalf brothers(同父异母或同母异父的兄弟 )daughter in lawdaughtersin law,(儿媳)但要注意的是：man drivermen drivers(男司机) woman doctorwomen doctors(女大夫)grown upgrown ups(成
23、年人) 但是 boy student则变为 boy students误Physics are very difficult to learn.正Physics is very difficult to learn.析虽以 s 结尾但只能用作单数名词有：科学，学科名字： Physics. Mathematics politics 游戏名称： bowls 专有名称：Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布) 其他名词：news( 消息，新闻 )误There is a people in the room.正There is a person in the room.正There is a man
24、in the room.析people 是复数名词，不可用作单数，如要用来讲一个人时应用 a person, a man, a woman。同样的词有 police.要讲一个警察时则要用 a policeman, a policewoman。误Where is my shoe?正Where are my shoes?析常常只用作复数形式的词有 trousers, pants, shorts(短裤)，socks(袜子),shoes, gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一个则要指明，这时还是应用单数形式。如：Wheres my left glove?( 我左手的手套在哪?)误I paid fi
25、ve pennies for the sweet.正I paid five pence for the sweet.|析英语中便士有两个复数形式 pence 用来表达一定数量的钱。而 pennies是指一个个的硬币，如：I want to change this note for pennies.我想把这纸币换成硬币。(即一便士一个的硬币)。误There are many fruit in the shop.正There are many fruits in the shop.析物质名词为不可数名词，但是用来表示种类时则可以用作可数名词，这里应译为各种各样的水果。误There is a new
26、 car. It is Jones and Marys.正There is a new car. It is Jone and Marys.析有生命名词的所有格，如果是单数名词则加s 如：Marys car.如果是以s 结尾的复数名词则只在 s 后面加如：teachers offices.如果是复数名词但不是以 s 结尾，则只加s，如：childrens palace 组合名词的所有格是在最后一个词尾加s 如：girl friend girl friends someone elsesomeone elses a week or threea week or threes 如名词后有同位语时，
27、则应加在同位语的词尾上，如：It is my girl friend, Marys car.要注意的是当两个名词并列时，如表示归两人共同所有，则在最后一个名词后面加s，如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分别加s，如：This is Mary and Jones home.即 Mary 与 Jone 是一家人。这是他们共同的家。而 These are Marys and Jones homes.则应译为这里是 Mary 的家与Jone 的家。误It is really beautiful. It is a work of nature.正It is really beautiful. It is a
28、 Natures work.析无生命名词的所有格应用 of 结构。但是s 形式的所有格可用于以下无生命的名词：表示时间的词：todays newspaper, a twenty minutes walk, an hours, rest 表示长度的词：three metres distance, a boats length， twenty miles journey 表示重量的名词：two pounds weight 价格名词：two dollarsworth 拟人化的名词：Natures work, natures lesson(大自然的教训)及国家、机关、团体、城市等机构性名词：the u
29、niversitys library误He is an old friend of my father.正He is an old friend of my fathers.析这是英语中的一种习惯用法而不要根据语法去推理。如：This pen is Toms.误My father is a good cooker.正My father is a good cook.析一般动词加上 er 后则转意为执行该动作的执行者，如:teach(教)teacher(老师),think(想)thinker( 思想家),drive( 开车 )driver(司机),sell(卖)seller(卖物者) 但不能总是
30、以此类推，比如 cook 是动词“做饭” 。而 cook也可作为名词“厨师”讲，而 cooker 则为厨具，餐具，即锅、碗、勺等做饭用具。|误The young is dancing there.正The young are dancing there.析英文中用定冠词加上形容词表示一类人时应按复数名词，如：the rich 富人，the poor(穷人),the wise 聪明人，但如果用定冠词加形容词来表示事物则要用作单数名词，如：The beautiful is still here. 美丽的风景依旧。误The stories of the book was written many y
31、ears ago.正The stories of the book were written many years ago.析这句话的真正主语应是 stories，所以应用复数谓语动词。误This is one of the English Chinese dictionary.正This is one of the English Chinese dictionaries.析one of 意为“ 之一” ，of 后面的名词要用复数形式。误Lets go to uncle Wang for supper.正Lets go to uncle Wangs for supper.析uncle Wan
32、gs 意为“王叔叔家” ，doctors 意为“医院或私人诊所” 。误I think we will make a friend with each other.正I think we will make friends with each other.析make friends 为习惯用法，即交朋友。误I want to tell you much pieces of good news.正I want to tell you many pieces of good news.析news 为不可数名词，但加了量词之后则要用 many 来修饰量词，因量词是可数名词，或可以说 I want to tell you some good news.因 some 即可用在可数名词前，也可用在不可数名词前作形容词，如：I want to tell you some pieces of good news.误The teacher with five students are coming here.正The teacher with five students is coming here.析要注意由 with 引出的介词短语不是本句的