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1、competitionIn Compassion and Self HateI wrote about how competition is a form of self-hate and how our culture has come to believe that competition brings out the best in people.I still believe that it brings out the worst.It is intimately linked to envy,jealousy,and paranoia,and blocks evolvement a
2、nd development of self.It ultimately has a depleting and deadening effect on self as its unrelenting demands are met and self-realizing needs are ignored.在同情与自我憎恨中，我写到了竞争是自我憎恨的一种形式，以及我们的文化是如何让我们相信竞争能激发出人们最好的一面。我仍然相信它会带来最坏的结果。它与嫉妒、嫉妒和偏执密切相关，并阻碍自我的进化和发展。它最终会对自我产生消耗和抑制的效果，因为它无情的需求被满足了，而自我实现的需求被忽视了。In c
3、ompetition,the focus of ones life is essentially outside ones self.The use of our time and energy is determined by our competitors rather than by our own selves and our own real needs.This weakens our own sense of identity,and to compensate for this ever-increasing feeling of emptiness and vulnerabi
4、lity we compete still more,completing a self-depleting cycle.When enough depletion takes place to preclude furthersuccessfulcompetition,we feel hopeless and futile and our lives seem purposeless.在竞争中，一个人的生活重心基本上在自我之外。我们的时间和精力的使用是由我们的竞争对手决定的，而不是由我们自己和我们自己的真正需要决定的。这削弱了我们自己的认同感，为了弥补这种不断增长的空虚感和脆弱感，我们会更多
5、地竞争，完成一个自我消耗的循环。当足够的消耗发生，阻止进一步的“成功”竞争，我们感到绝望和无用，我们的生活似乎没有目的了。Despite talking about good sportsmanship,competition is totally incompatible with the kind of easy aliveness that is the aim of this book.It flourishes in an atmosphere of high stimulation and vindictive triumph.Its rewards and goals are i
6、mmediate and short-lived,and self-glorification guarantees virtual exclusion of self-realization.It destroys our inner sense of autonomy and stability and is also destructive to outside relationships and to real communication. Competitive friction is inimical to kindness,and without kindness a self-
7、enriching philosophy is impossible.Despite protestations and reassurances aboutfriendly competition,antagonists are not friendly.Thefeeling goodthat competitors say comes from competition is based on someone elses feeling bad.And thisfeeling gooddoesnt last because it is based upon putting the next
8、fellow down rather than on a sustained strengthening of yourself-through self-realization.So competition becomes addictive.尽管谈到了良好的体育精神，但竞争与这种精神是完全不相容的，这就是这本书的目的。它在高度刺激和报复性的胜利气氛中蓬勃发展。它的回报和目标是立刻并且短暂的，自我荣耀确保了对自我实现的实质排斥。它破坏了我们内心的自主性和稳定性，也破坏了外部关系和真正的交流。竞争性的摩擦对善意是有害的，没有善意，自我充实的哲学是不可能的。尽管一再宣称和保证“友好竞争”，但对手
9、并不友好。竞争者说对于竞争“感觉良好”是建立在别人感觉不好上。这种“感觉良好”不会持续太久，因为它是建立在贬低别人的基础上的，而不是建立在你自己的不断加强上的-通过自我实现。所以竞争让人上瘾。Competition is a residual of a primitive past,and it is not a genetic residual.It is passed on to us through training in our society from generation to generation.This training starts early and can usuall
10、y be seen very early sibling rivalry.I do not believe that rivalry among children of the same family is instinctual.I believe that it is engendered by parents who themselves were victims of victims:they may convey the competitive motif blatantly or so subtly that it is not readily perceived.They the
11、mselves are caught in the same trap-they spend enormous time and energy getting ahead of the Joneses.竞争是原始历史的残余，而不是遗传的残余。它通过我们社会中的训练代代相传。这种训练很早就开始了，经常很早就可以看到兄弟姐妹之间的竞争。我不认为同一家庭的孩子之间的竞争是他们的本能。我相信这是由那些自己也是受害者的父母们所引起的:他们可能会公然地或如此微妙地传达竞争的主题，并且这点不容易被察觉。他们自己也被困在同样的陷阱里他们花费大量的时间和精力超越和他们地位差不多的人。Small wonder s
12、o many children are pressured into Little League or equivalent competitive structures-all with rationalization that this will promote their self-development,well-being,and health.Actually these activities and organizations nearly always serve as vicarious vehicles designed to satisfy parental cravin
13、g for competitive success. People brought up in this way feel lost if they are suddenly thrust into a situation of low competitive tension.They exist to compete and theyve lost their raison detre,so they invent hierarchies and games to provide the simulation they need tokeep the motor running”,even
14、if these inventions are ultimately destructive to inner peace and personal health.难怪如此多的孩子被迫进入少年棒球联盟或类似的竞争性组织所有这些都合理化，这将促进他们的自我发展，幸福和健康。实际上，这些活动和组织几乎总是作为替代工具来满足父母对竞争成功的渴望。以这种方式长大的人，如果突然被推入一个低竞争压力的环境，他们会感到失落。他们的存在是为了竞争，他们已经失去了存在的理由，所以他们发明了等级制度和游戏来模拟他们需要去“保持竞争”，即使这些发明最终会破坏内心的平静和个人的健康。I am reminded of
15、my own medical school experience in Lausanne,Switzerland.I was part of a group of about eighty Americans studying at the medical faculty of the university at that time.The system was noncompetitive.People who were qualified were accepted into the school.These consisted of people who received passing
16、 grades in the required premedical or foundation courses.Two series of examinations-one in the basic sciences one and one half years after admission,and the other after studies were completed-determined qualification for graduation.Students were allowed to postpone these examinations as long as they
17、 felt was necessary.To pass,students were required to demonstrate adequate knowledge of the material. The atmosphere was totally benevolent and without the presence of any coercion or intimidation whatsoever.There was nocurve”and students were not graded relative to each other.这让我想起了自己在瑞士洛桑医学院的经历。我是
18、当时在大学医学院学习的大约80名美国人中的一员。这个系统是非竞争性的。合格的人被学校录取了。这些人包括在医学预科或基础课程中取得及格成绩的人。两个系列的考试一个是入学后一年半的基础科学考试，另一个是完成学业后的考试决定了毕业的资格。学生被允许推迟考试，只要他们觉得有必要。为了通过考试，学生们被要求证明对材料有足够的认识。气氛非常友好，没有任何胁迫或恐吓。没有“曲线”，学生之间也没有相对的评分。The Swiss students exhibited great camaraderie among themselves,helped each other,and for the most par
19、t demonstrated great proficiency in grasping and integrating the material.There were no trickswhatsoever,no surprise quizzes or exams.Indeed there were no examinations at all,other than the two sets of standardized government exams.Requirements for passing the examinations were well defined for ever
20、yone.Instruction was superb. 瑞士学生之间表现出极大的同学情谊，互相帮助，在很大程度上表明了他们对材料的掌握和整合能力。没有任何“花招”，没有突击测验或考试。事实上，除了两套标准化的政府考试之外，根本就没有考试。通过考试的要求对每个人都有明确的规定。这种教导很棒。We Americans arrived as graduates of a highly competitive system.Indeed,many of us arrived as refugee victims of that system. We were all qualified to att
21、end medical school inasmuch as all of us had satisfactorily completed bachelor degrees in the premedical courses necessary for medical school.Some of us had fair grades in the premedical courses,some good grades,and some excellent.None of us had been admitted to an American medical school. Some had
22、been excluded because of the Jewish quota was quite prevalent in our own country at that time;some because we had gone to thewrong schools”;some of us for receiving good but not perfect grades;and some of us for all three reasons.我们美国人毕业于竞争激烈的体制。事实上，我们许多人是作为这一制度的难民受害者抵达的。我们都有资格上医学院，因为我们都圆满地完成了医学院必要的
23、医学预科课程的学士学位。我们中有些人在医学预科课程中取得了不错的成绩，有些成绩很好，有些很优秀。我们都没有被美国的医学院录取。有些人被排除在外是因为当时犹太人的配额在我们国家非常普遍;有些人是因为我们上了“错误的学校”;我们中的一些人得到了好成绩，但不是完美的成绩，还有一些人这三个原因都占了。By the time we arrived in Switzerland our paranoia ran high.I suppose we suffered a kind of culture shock.Few of us could believe that medical school cou
24、ld be such a straightforward, noncompetitive activity,and that we would be required to learn only the material we were told to learn.当我们到达瑞士时，我们的妄想症已经很严重了。我想我们遭受了一种文化冲击。我们中很少有人会相信，医学院会是这样一种直接的、非竞争性的活动，我们只需要学习被告知要学习的内容。Stimulation addicts like ourselves found little motivation in the Swiss system-so
25、we formed competitive cliques.Some people convinced themselves and others that the Swiss professors were tricky and that the two sets of exams could never be passed.Others stated that the school was not good,below standard,and that it would never be recognized in the United States.(This belief persi
26、sted,despite the fact that the school had been in existence for hundreds of years and was superb in all respects.)像我们这样依赖刺激的人在瑞士的体制中找不到什么动力于是我们形成了竞争小集团。一些人说服了自己和其他人，认为瑞士的教授们很狡猾，这两套考试根本不可能通过。另一些人说这所学校不好，低于标准，在美国永远不会被承认。(尽管这所学校已经存在了几百年，在各方面都是一流的，但这种信念依然存在。)People kept secret from each other the ready
27、availability of course notebooks.Bets were made as to who would and who would not get through.Scouts were secretly sent from various cliques to see if other European schools were better.People tried to convince other people that they would never get through and should return home.There was much goss
28、ip about absences from classes and who was and who wasnt dedicated to medical school and his chosen field.Former friends who came to Switzerland together stopped talking to each other because they now saw each other as competitors.人们互相保密着随时可以得到的课程笔记本。有人打赌谁会通过，谁不会通过。各个小团体都秘密派出了侦察员，看看其他欧洲学校是否更好。人们试图说服
29、其他人，他们将永远无法通过，应该回家。关于缺课、谁在医学院、谁不在他所选择的领域工作，有很多流言蜚语。以前一起来瑞士的朋友不再互相交谈，因为他们现在把对方视为竞争对手。The Swiss went on as they always did.The Americans did also.They had re-created American competition in Switzerland.Some of them became so panicked and depressed that they packed up and went home,giving up their life
30、s desire forever.Some adjusted to the benevolent society they found themselves in and became good doctors.But even now,after some thirty years,one of my former Lausanne classmates still feels he has to say that the Swiss medical schools are particularly tough to get through-he must exaggerate a sens
31、e of accomplishment by exaggerating the difficulty or if necessary inventing it.And after I graduated from medical school I heard that several suicides had occurred among students who came after me.I wondered about the role hysterical competition had played in these tragedies.瑞士人一如既往地生活着。美国人也是如此。他们在
32、瑞士重新创造了美国的竞争。他们中的一些人变得如此恐慌和沮丧，他们打包回家，永远放弃了他们对生活的渴望。有些人适应了他们所处的慈善社会，成为了好医生。但即使是现在，已经过了30年，我的一位前洛桑同学仍然认为，他必须说瑞士的医学院特别难通过他必须通过夸大难度(或者在必要时发明难度)来夸大成就感。在我从医学院毕业后，我听说在我的学生中发生了几起自杀事件。我想知道歇斯底里的竞争在这些悲剧中所起的作用When my son Jeff,now an M.D.and a psychiatrist,was taking a microbiology examination in premed school,h
33、e realized that most of the students were making sure that the microscopes they had used were out of focus before passing on to succeeding specimens-this to make it more difficult for theircolleaguestaking the exam.What effect can this kind of cutthroat competition to get into medical school,and to
34、stay there,have on our future medical practitioners?我儿子杰夫现在是（一位精神科医生博士）在医学院预科参加微生物学考试，他意识到大多数学生在进行后续的样本检测之前，会确保他们使用完的显微镜是失焦的这使得他们的“同事”更难去通过测试。这种残酷的竞争进入医学院，并留在那里，对我们未来的医生有什么影响?Competition damages people other than students.It provides a stressful,isolating,and paranoid atmosphere that is the very ant
35、ithesis of peace of mind.Competitive strivings are not felt directly or blatantly.They do not occur solely when we are locked in antagonistic embrace with adversaries-we have,after all,come a considerable distance from the dinosaurs.But the subtle influence of competitive standards to be met and our
36、 consciousness of how the next guy is doing-in terms of earnings,position,accomplishments,notoriety, possessions,or whatever-work their subtle and not-so-subtle corrosive effects.They provide constant pressure and undermine our efforts to build a self-realizing value system.This means that we are mo
37、re involved with how the next fellow is doing than with knowing what we really want to do.We are more concerned with how they feel about us than how we feel.竞争伤害的不是学生，而是其他人。它提供了一种紧张、孤立和偏执的气氛，这些是内心平静的对立面。竞争奋斗不会被直接或公然感受到。它们并不仅仅发生在我们与对手处于敌对状态时毕竟，我们与恐龙已经有了相当大的距离。但是，竞争标准所带来的微妙影响，以及我们对下一个人如何行事的意识在收入、地位、成就
38、、名声、财产等方面会产生微妙或不那么微妙的侵蚀作用。它们不断给我们带来压力，破坏我们努力去建立的自我实现价值体系。这意味着我们更关心下一个人在做什么，而不是知道我们真正想做什么。我们更关心他们对我们的感觉，而不是我们的感觉。Competition also contributes to a mood of paranoia.Since anyone and everyone can be a potential or actual competitor,suspiciousness reigns supreme and openness is viewed with contempt.This
39、 makes it very difficult to accept and to feel the nourishing effects of give-and- take and often makes much-needed help from others impossible to accept.Our culture in large measure has made this paranoid closure to nourishment from others a virtue,especially a masculine virtue,often rationalized b
40、y ideas about independence and self-reliance.Independence and self-reliance are valuable assets but often they are actually cover-ups of fear of other people and are functions of sick pride invested in isolation and rejection of other peoples much-needed help.竞争也助长了一种偏执的情绪。由于任何人和每个人都有可能成为潜在的或实际的竞争对手
41、，因此猜疑占据了主导地位，而开放被视为轻蔑。这使得人们很难接受和感受到给予和索取的滋养作用，而且常常使人们无法接受他人提供的急需帮助。我们的文化在很大程度上把不接受别人的帮助的偏执当作一种美德，尤其是一种男性的美德，常常被独立和自力更生的思想合理化。独立和自力更生是宝贵的资产，但实际上它们往往掩盖了对他人的恐惧，是孤立的病态骄傲和拒绝他人急需的帮助的表现。Competition in this way also has a powerful fragmenting effect:it causes us to be preoccupied with fragmented single area
42、s rather than with integration and wholeness. Competitors almost inevitably become specialists,limiting the area of their endeavors and concentrating all their energy in the pursuit of one goal in order to beat the competition.Thus, the bigsuccessesin our culture are usually successful in their given areas but fail in all others.这样的竞争也具有强大的碎片化效应:它使我们专注于碎片化的单一领域，而不是专注于一体化和整体性。竞争者几乎不可避免地成为专家，限制了他们努力的领域并且把所有的精力集中在追求一个目标上，以击败竞争对手。因此，在我们的文化中，巨大的“成功”通常是在特定领域的成功，但在其他所有领域都是失败的。