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1、Chapter 1Napoleon：From Schoolboy to EmperorNapoleon was a French soldier who became emperor of France. He was born in 1769 on the island of Corsica. When he was only 10 years old, his father sent him to military（军事） school in France. N. wasnt a very good student in most of his classes, but he excell
2、ed（优于）in mathematics and military science. When he was 16 years old, he joined the French army. In that year he began the military career that brought him fame, power, riches, and, finally, defeat. N. became a general in the French army at the young age of 24. Several years later, he became the empe
3、ror of the French Empire. N. was many things. He was, first of all, a brilliant（杰出的） military leader. His soldiers were ready to die for him. As a result, N. won many, many military victories. At one time he controlled most of Europe, but many countries, including England, Russia, and Austria fought
4、 fiercely against him. His defeat his end came when he decided to attack Russia. In this military campaign against Russia, he lost most of his army.The great French conqueror died alone - deserted by his family and friends in 1821. N. was only 51 years old when he died. PostlisteningA. The Comprehen
5、sion Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. When was Napoleon born? (a)2. What kind of student was Napoleon in most of his classes? (d) 3. What did Napoleons military career bring him? (d)4. When did Napoleon become emperor of the French Empire? (d)5. One reason that Napoleon won ma
6、ny military victories was that his soldiers were ready to fight to the death for him. (T)6. Austria and Russia fought fiercely against Napoleon, but England did not. (F England also fought against him.)7. Many of Napoleons family and friends were with him when he died. (F He died alone and deserted
7、by his family and friends.)8. Napoleon died before he reached the age of 52. (T)Listening Factoid#1The cause of Napoleons death at the age of 51 on the island of St. Helena is still a mystery. There is no doubt that a very sick man at the time of his death. One theory about the cause of his death is
8、 that he had stomach cancer. Another theory is that he was deliberately poisoned by a servant. This third theory suggests that he was poisoned, but not by his servant. This third theory suggests that that he was poisoned, accidentally by fumes（烟气） from the wallpaper were analyzed and traces（追踪） of a
9、rsenic were found in it. Arsenic is powerful poison that was used in some of the dyes in wallpaper during the time that Napoleon lived. More than 170 years after his death, people are still speculating(猜测) about the cause of his death.Listening Factoid #21. Ten people who speak make more noise than
10、10,000 who are silent.2. In politics, stupidity is not a handicap（不利条件）.3. A man will fight harder for his interests than for his rights.4. Men of genius（天才） are meteors（流星） intended to burn to light their century.5. I know, when it is necessary, how to eave the skin of the lion to take the skin of
11、the fox.（舍不得孩子套不着狼）6. History is the version of past events that people have decided to agree upon.7. It is success which makes great men.Chapter 2Pompeii：Destroyed, Forgotten, and FoundToday many people who live in large metropolitan（大都市的） areas such as Paris and New York leave the city in the summ
12、er. They go to the mountains or to the seashore to escape the city noise and heat. Over 2,000 years ago, many rich Romans did the same thing. They left the city of Rome in the summer. Many of these wealthy Romans spent their summers in the city of Pompeii. P. was a beautiful city; it was located on
13、the ocean, on the Bay of Naples.In the year 79 C.E., a young boy who later became a very famous Roman historian was visiting his uncle in P. The boys name was Pliny the Younger. One day Pliny was looking up at the sky. He saw a frightening sight. It was a very large dark cloud. This black cloud rose
14、 high into the sky. Rock and ash flew through the air. What Pliny saw was the eruption the explosion - of the volcano, Vesuvius. The city of P. was at the foot of Mt. V.When the volcano first erupted, many people were able to flee the city and to escape death. In fact, 18,000 people escaped the terr
15、ible disaster. Unfortunately, there was not enough time for everyone to escape. More than 2,000 people died. These unlucky people were buried alive under the volcanic ash. The eruption lasted for about 3 days. When the eruption was over, P. was buried under 20 feet of volcanic rock and ash. The city
16、 of P. was buried and forgotten for 1,700 years. In the year of 1748 an Italian farmer was digging on his farm. As he was digging, he uncovered a part of a wall of the ancient city of P. Soon archaeologists began to excavate to dig - in the area. As time went by, much of the ancient city of P. was u
17、ncovered. Today tourists from all over the world come to see the ruins of the famous city of Pompeii.PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. At what time of the year did wealthy Romans like to visit Pompeii? (in the summertime)2. In what year did Pli
18、ny pay a visit to his uncle/s house in Pompeii? (in 79 C.E.)3. What did Pliny see when he was looking out over the Bay of Naples one day? (a large dark cloud)4. Where was Pompeii located in relation to Mt. Vesuvius? (Pompeii was located at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius.)5. When did an Italian farmer disc
19、over a part of an ancient wall of Pompeii? in 1748)6. Rome was located at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius. (F Pompeii was located at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius.)7. Most of the people of Pompeii were able to flee the city and to escape death. (T)8. Pompeii was buried under two feet of volcanic ash. (F Pompeii
20、 was buried under 20 feet of volcanic ash.)9. Pompeii lay buried and forgotten between 79 C.E. and 1748. (T)10. The Italian farmer was looking for the ancient city of Pompeii. (F The farmer was digging on his farm.)11. Tourists come to excavate the city of Pompeii, (F Tourists come to see the ruins
21、of the ancient city of Pompeii.)Listening factoid #1In 1951, an Australian pilot prevented his plane form being shot down-by flak form a volcano. The plane was flying over a volcano in Papua, New Guinea when the volcano suddenly erupted. It sent ash and flak 36,000 feet into the air. Bits of stone p
22、ounded against the planes wings and fuselage, but the pilot kept control and flew the plane to safety. Incidentally, almost 3,000 people on the ground died as a result of the eruption of this volcano.Listening factoid #2Pliny the Younger saw the eruption of Mount Vesuvius form a distance. On the day
23、 of the eruption, the boys uncle Pliny the Elder was in command of a Roman fleet which was not far off the shore of Pompeii. On seeing the remarkable eruption of Mt. Vesuvius, Pliny the Elder, who was a great naturalist, sailed to shore to take a look at the eruption of the mountain. On his approach
24、 to the shore, he was met by a shower of hot cinders which grew thicker and hotter as he advanced. He finally landed on the shore, and went to a house away form the beach. He even went to sleep, but later in the night, the servants woke him up. By then, the house had begun to rock so violently that
25、Pliny and everyone in his household left the house and went toward the beach to escape. Tying pillowcases on their heads, and using torches to light the way, they groped their way to the beach. But it was too late for Pliny the Elder. Apparently, he became tired and lay down on the ground to rest. B
26、ut when he lay down on the ground, he died. His death was probably due to carbon dioxide poisoning. Since CO2 is heavier than air, it hugs the ground and makes it impossible to breathe when one is close to the ground. It is likely that others in the area also died of carbon dioxide poisoning if they
27、 lay down to rest on the ground below Mt. Vesuvius.Chapter 3Lance Armstrong: Survivor and WinnerLance Armstrong was born on September 18, 1971 in a suburb of Dallas, Texas, called Plano. Lance began running and swimming competitively when he was only 10 years old. By the time he was 13, he was compe
28、ting in triathlons and won the Iron Kids Triathlon. Lances mother, who raised L. mostly by herself, recognized and encouraged his competitive spirit.During his senior year in high school, L. was invited to train with the US Olympic cycling developmental team in Colorado. From that time on, L. focuse
29、d completely on cycling. By 1991, L. was the US National Amateur Champion. He also won 2 major national races the same year - even beating some professional cyclists.Although he was generally doing very well, L. had his ups and downs. In 1992, he was expected to do very well at the Barcelona Olympic
30、s, but finished in 14th place. This was a big disappointment. L. got over the disappointment and decided to turn professional. In his first professional race, the 1992 Classico San Sebastian, he ended up finishing dead last, 27 minutes behind the winner. L.s mother continued to encourage L. through
31、his difficult times.Things went much better for L. in the following years. In 1993, he was the youngest person to win the World Race Championships. In the same year, he entered the Tour de France for the first time. He won one stage of the race, but dropped out of the race before finishing. In 1995,
32、 he even won the Classico S. S., the race he had finished last in, in 1992. L. also won the most important US tournament, the Tour du Pont, 2 times, in both 1995 and 1996. By 1996, L. was ranked 7th among cyclists in the world, and he signed a 2-year contract with a French racing team. At that time,
33、 everything was looking very good for L.A.However, everything changed dramatically and drastically in October of 1996, shortly after his 25th birthday. At this time, L. was diagnosed with advanced cancer that had already spread to his brain and lungs. He almost immediately underwent 2 cancer surgeri
34、es. After these 2 surgeries, he was given a 50-50 chance of survival as he began an aggressive 3-month course of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy left L. very weak, but the treatment worked well. Quite soon after, L. was declared free of cancer. L. returned to cycling and training only 5 months after
35、he was initially diagnosed with cancer. He vowed he would return to competitive cycling better than ever.However, his French cycling team dropped L. from the team. They didnt believe that L. would ever be able to return to his former level of strength and endurance. Fortunately the US Postal Service
36、 Team became his new sponsor. With the support of the US Postal Service Team, L. returned to racing in 1998. After one particularly bad day during one of his races, L. pulled over and decided he was done with racing. However, after spending time with his really good cycling friends, L. returned to r
37、acing, and again he was off again in pursuit of cycling victories!L.s big comeback was marked by his victory at the 1999 Tour de France. L. repeated this feat in the years 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004, for a total of 6 consecutive victories in the Tour de France, the most prestigious and the most
38、 grueling of all cycling contests. L.s Tour de France record may never be beaten or even matched. Interestingly, L. was the youngest person to win the World Cycling Championships in 1993 and the oldest person ever to win the Tour de France in 2004!In addition to his amazing athletic performance, L.A
39、. has established the L.A. Foundation, which is devoted to providing information about cancer and support to cancer victims. He has also written a book about his life and winning the TdF, called Every Second Counts, and for L., every second has counted.L.A. gives a lot of credit for his success to h
40、is mother, whose independent spirit and support for L. inspired him to overcome all of lifes obstacles, both on and off the racetrack. Lance, in return, has provided inspiration to many, for his courage both athletic and personal.PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and
41、Checking Accuracy1. How old was Lance when he began running and swimming competitively? (b)2. Which sports contest did Lance win when he was 13 years old? (b)3. How old was Lance when he was diagnosed with advanced cancer? (c)4. What chance for survival was Lance given after he underwent two surgeri
42、es? (c)5. Who was Lances sponsor when he won the Tour de France in 1999? (d)6. What is the name of the book that Lance wrote that is mentioned in the lecture? (b)7. Lauces cancer had already spread to his lungs and brain before it was diagnoised? (T)8. Lauces French team dropped Lauce because they d
43、idnt think he would ever return to his former level of strength and endurance. (T)9. Lauce won the Classico San Sebastian two times. (F He lost the first time and won the second time.)10. Lauce is the only cyclist to win the Tour de France five times consecutively. (F Lauce is the only person to win
44、 the Tour de France six times consecutively.)Listening factoid #1Amazingly enough, the bicycle is a more efficient mean of transportation than any other method of traveling. It takes much less energy to bicycle one mile than it does to walk one mile. In fact, it can take up to five times as much ene
45、rgy to walk a mile than to bicycle a mile. If we compare the amount of energy a human being uses to bicycle three miles, or about 5 kilometers, we find this amount of energy would power a car for only about 278 feet, or 85 meters.Listening factoid #2According to Professor Steve Jones, the three most
46、 important inventions in the history of mankind were fire, speech, and the bicycle. He says that the invention of fire freed human being from the power of climate, dangerous animals, and monotonous diets. The invention of speech meant that human being s could begin to build civilization. And the inv
47、ention of the bicycle by which he really means modern transportation in general- meant that groups of human beings were no longer isolated, but could travel great distances. Being able to travel much more freely meant that there could never again be more than one species of human beings as there had
48、 been in ancient times.Chapter 4 The Internet: How it WorksThe Internet consists of millions of computers, all linked together into a gigantic network. Now every computer that is connected to the Internet is part of this network and can communicate with any other connected computer.In order to commu
49、nicate with each other, these computers are equipped with special communication software. To connect to the Internet, the user instructs the computers communication software to contact the Internet Service Provider, or ISP. Now an Internet Service Provider, or ISP, is a company that provides Internet service to individuals, organizations, or companie