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1、文化冲击卡勒沃奥伯格我们不妨把文化冲击称为突然置身国外的人们所得的职业病。和大部分疾病一样，这种病有其独特的起因、症状和疗法。文化冲击是因为我们失去熟悉的社会交往标记和符号而产生的焦虑所促成。这些标志或暗示包括我们应付日常生活各种情境时使用的诸多方式方法：与人会面时何时握手、该说些什么；在什么时间、以什么方式付小费；如何吩咐佣人；怎样购物；何时该接受、何时该拒绝他人的邀请；别人说的话，何时该当真，何时不该当真。这些暗示可以是语言、手势、面部表情、风俗习惯或社会行为标准。我们在成长的过程中获得了这些暗示，就像我们的语言和我们所接受的信仰一样，它们已经成为我们文化的一部分。我们所有的人都依赖成百上
2、千个这样的暗示才能拥有宁静的心境，过上高效率的生活。close当你走进一种陌生的文化，你所熟悉的所有或大部分文化暗示也就随之消失。此时的你宛如一条离开水的鱼。无论你的心胸多么开阔，你赖以生存的支柱此时都已倒塌，挫折感和焦虑感油然而生。人们对此种挫折的反应非常相似：他们首先排斥令他们不适的环境：我们所到之国的生活方式很不好，让我们感觉很糟糕。当美国人或其他的外国人来到一个陌生的国度，聚在一起抱怨所到之国及其人民时 可以肯定，他们正深受文化冲击之苦。文化冲击的另外一个阶段是回归。故乡的一草一木突然变得极为重要。一个美国人会不合理地美化美国的一切事物。在自己国家所经历的困难和问题都抛在了脑后，只记得
3、故乡美好的事物。通常要回国一趟方可回到现实中。要克服文化冲击的心理，了解文化的性质及其与个人的关系会有所裨益。除了赖以生存的自然环境，一个人还生活在由人造的有形物体、社会风俗、观念和信仰构成的文化环境中。一个人并非天生就有文化，而是生来就具备学习和使用文化的能力。新生婴儿的身上不存在一种只许他最终说葡萄牙语、英语或法语的东西，也不存在一种只许他用左手而不是右手执叉或只许他用筷子吃饭的东西。这些东西都是要孩子去学习的。文化也不是由父母负责传递给孩子的。任何一个民族的文化都是历史的产物，经过漫长的、本民族意识不到的过程才得以积累形成。孩子通过文化学会适应周围的物质环境，学会和周围的人打交道。众所周
4、知，青少年在学习和适应的过程中经常遇到困难。但是，文化一旦学会了，就会成为一种生活方式。 人们往往认为自己的文化是最好的，是生活的唯一方式。这非常正常，完全可以理解。我们把这种态度称为“民族优越感”，即一种认为自己的文化、种族和国家构成世界中心的想法。个人往往将自己与所处的群体等同起来，因此任何批评的言论在他们看来都是对个人及其群体不尊敬的：如果你批评我的祖国，你就是在批评我；如果你批评我，你就是在批评我的祖国。抱着这种态度，人们往往把个人的怪癖归结为民族的特点。例如，倘若一个美国人在国外做出怪异的或有悖社会公德的事情，在美国国内的人们会认为这纯属个人行为，但在国外却被视为一种民族特性：他那样
5、做并非因为他是乔多克斯，而是因为他是个美国人。遭受责难的不是他这个个体，而是他的祖国。因此，我们最好把民族优越感看成是民族群体的一个永恒的特性。即使一个国家的公民批评了自己文化的某些方面，外国人也只应当听着，而不应该参与批评。你一旦意识到面临的问题并非因为异域的敌意而是因为自己对其他民族的文化背景缺乏理解或者缺乏与对方沟通的方式，你同时就会意识到你本身能够了解他人的文化，并能够掌握那些交流的方式。你越早做到这一点，文化冲击就消失得越快。接下来的问题是，你怎样做才能尽快克服文化冲击？答案是：了解所到之国的国民。但是，倘若不懂语言，你是无法成功地实现这一目标的，因为语言是用于交流的主要的符号系统。
6、我们现在都知道，学习一门新的语言不容易，对成年人来说，尤为如此。无论教语言的老师多么擅长于减轻你学习语言的难度，单单学语言这项任务都足以让你焦虑不安、饱受挫折。不过，你一旦能够和女佣、邻居进行友好的交谈，能够单独出门购物，你就会重获信心，充满力量，一个蕴含各种文化意义的新世界就向你敞开了大门。你开始发现人们做些什么、做事情的方式以及令他们感兴趣的事情。人们往往通过日常的谈话内容和时间、金钱的分配方式来表达自己的兴趣爱好。你一旦了解了他们的兴趣和价值模式，就很容易和他们交谈，也容易让他们对你产生兴趣。有时候，参加人们举办的各种活动，不管是嘉年华会、宗教仪式还是经济活动，在活动中仔细观察，和人们一
7、起喜怒哀乐，这都有好处。不过，你永远都不要忘记，你是一个外人，人们也会把你当成一个外人对待。你应当把参与活动看成角色扮演。了解一个民族的生活方式很重要，但这并非意味着你要放弃自己的文化。实际上，你已经具备两种行为方式。WordTransplant trnspl:nt v. 1) (from, to) move from one place and settle elsewhere 常与from或to连用 迁移，使移居2) (from, to) move (an organ, piece of skin, hair, etc.) from one part of the body to anot
8、her or from one person or animal to another 常与from或to连用 移植（器官、皮肤、头发等）1. When transplanted to a new place, one often needs some time to adapt to the new surroundings. 2. My grandmother hates the idea of being transplanted from her birthplace in the country to the noisy city.1. Her face was badly burn
9、ed and she had to have her skin transplanted.2. The surgeons (外科医生) managed to transplant a monkeys heart into a two-year-old child.Abroad br:d ad. to or in another country or countries 到国外；在国外1. She often goes abroad on business and seems to be quite comfortable with intercultural communication.2.
10、They have expanded their business tremendously both at home and abroad over the past few years.result from happen as an effect or result of （作为之结果而）发生，产生；是的结果1. His failure in the college entrance examination resulted from lack of confidence.2. It really discourages me that nothing has resulted from
11、 my efforts.Symbol simbl n. 1) (for) a letter, sign, or figure which expresses a sound, operation, number, etc.常与for连用符号，记号，标记2) (of) sth. which represents or suggests sth. else, such as an idea or quality 常与of连用 象征1. H2O is the chemical symbol for water.2. In accordance with the symbol on the label
12、, this sweater (毛线衫) should be washed by hand. 1. The dove (鸽子) is a universal symbol of peace.2. In the picture the tree is the symbol of life and the snake the symbol of evil. orient oneself (to) make oneself familiar with (a new situation) 使自己熟悉（新情况）1. Being a freshman I must orient myself to my
13、new surroundings on campus. 2. It took him some time to orient himself to the life in this unfamiliar city. Invitation invitein n. C (to) a written or spoken request made to someone, asking them to come to a place, take part in an activity, etc. 常与to连用 书面或口头邀请；请柬1. Ive received an invitation to a pa
14、rty, but I have to decline it due to my poor health.2. The famous professor is here to give a lecture at the invitation of our university.Efficiency ifinsi n. U 效能，效率 efficient a. working well, quickly, and without waste 效率高的1. They have greatly increased their work efficiency after the advanced mac
15、hine was introduced.2. She was praised for her efficiency in organizing the trip to the west of the country.a fish out of water sb. who is uncomfortable; sb. who is at a disadvantage 不得其所的人；与环境不合的人1. I dont like those guys; Ill be feeling like a fish out of water if I share the same flat with them.
16、2. He knew little about his new job. He felt like a fish out of water in the first two weeks.Tremendous trimends a. very great in size, amount, or degree （体积、数量或程度上）极大的，巨大的1. Weve had a tremendous amount of rain recently; many plants will die if the rainy weather continues.2. The new job will be a t
17、remendous challenge to me, but Ill make every effort to cope with it.get over find a way to deal with 克服，战胜（困难等）1. Her love affair with Dick ended months ago, but she hasnt really got over it yet.2. Mark hasnt got over the flu (流感) yet. He still feels rather weak.Capacity kpsti n. ability or power 能
18、力，才能；力量1. Hes been quite frustrated recently and seems to have lost the capacity to enjoy life.2. This maths problem is very difficult and its beyond the capacity of most school children.Dictate dikteit v. 1) (to) state (demands, conditions, etc.) with the power to enforce them 常与to连用 命令；（权威性地）要求 2)
19、 have a controlling influence on; determine 支配，摆布；限定，规定 3) say (words) for someone else to write down or for a machine to record 口授，口述，使听写 1. They dictated how everything should be done and we just followed their demands.2. We can dictate how the research fund will be spent.1. My financial situation
20、 dictated that I got a job right after I left college.2. The amount of money available will dictate the type of computer we buy.Mr. Walton is dictating a letter to his secretary right now; he cannot speak to you.transmittrnzmit v. 1) (to) send or pass from one person, place, or thing to another 常与to
21、连用 传播，传染2) (to) send out (electronic signals, messages, news, etc.) by radio, etc.; broadcast 常与to连用 发送；播放；广播1. The fear that our factory might close down soon transmitted itself to the workers in all the workshops (车间).2. This disease can be transmitted through coughing or sneezing (打喷嚏). 1. The sy
22、stem transmits information through digital phone lines.2. The programme will be transmitted to us this evening as usual.build up (cause to) increase, develop, or become gradually larger 增加；扩大；加强1. We have decided to build up our business by offering better services to our customers.2. He is trying h
23、ard to build up his strength after the illness.by means of by using 使用，应用1. We express our thoughts by means of words and gestures.2. The burglar (窃贼) entered the house by means of a ladder.identify oneself sb. with sb. sth. support or feel closely connected with sb. sth. 与某人某事物密切关联，和打成一片1. He refus
24、ed to identify himself with that illegal (违法的) organization.2. When he was young, he identified himself with the movement for peace and freedom. Tendency tendnsi n. 1) (to, towards) a general movement or development in a certain direction or towards a certain condition 常与to或towards连用 自然倾向；趋势，趋向2) (t
25、o, towards) a natural likelihood of developing, thinking, or behaving in a particular way 常与to或towards连用 癖好；秉性1. Prices continue to show an upward tendency, i.e. to increase.2. There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices.Rebecca showed musical tendencies from an earl
26、y age.Attribute tribju:t vt. (to) regard sth. as belonging to, caused by or produced by sb. sth. 常与to连用 认为某事物属于某人某事物；认为某事物由某人某事物引起或产生1. He attributes his success to hard work and a little luck.2. The play is usually attributed to Shakespeare though some people claim that it was written by someone el
27、se.enter into fml begin to take part in formally 正式开始参加1. The two men entered into a long discussion but then parted without saying goodbye to each other.2. Before we enter into this agreement, let us go over the details once again.due to because of; caused by 由于，因为，是的结果1. His success is entirely du
28、e to hard work.2. Their increase in profits is largely due to their innovative market strategy.open up1) (cause to) spread or unfold （使）打开，展开2) (to) make possible the development of 常与to连用 开拓，开发，开辟1. A new life was opening up before the boy as he was transplanted to this modern city.2. The economic
29、reform has opened up new opportunities for the investors (投资者).1. The government has decided to open the country up to the outside world.2. The new railway has opened up the western part of our province.as suchproperly so named; in the exact meaning of the stated thing 就某个词的词义而言；按其准确意义来说1. Birth is
30、a natural process and should be treated as such.2. There isnt a garden as such, just a little vegetable patch (小菜地).里奇拜见我妈谭恩美一番深思熟虑之后，我想出了一个妙计，设法让里奇与我母亲见面，赢得她的好感。实际上，我巧加安排，让我妈特意为里奇做一餐饭。这回我得到了素云阿姨的一臂之力，她是我母亲的老朋友了。终于，一天母亲打来电话，邀请我参加为父亲推迟举行的生日晚宴。我的弟弟文森特要带上女朋友林莉萨，那么我也可以带一个朋友母亲这样做，不出我的意料。因为烹饪是母亲表达她的爱、她的骄傲
31、、她的权威和证明她的学识胜过素云阿姨的一种方式。“饭后一定要告诉妈，她做的菜是你吃过的最好的，比素云阿姨做的好吃多了。”我跟里奇说，“听我的没错儿。”生日宴会的那天晚上，我坐在厨房里看妈妈做菜，等着找机会告诉她我们的结婚计划，告诉她我们决定明年7月份（也就是7个月后）结婚。她一边把茄子切成小块，一边叨叨着素云阿姨：“她看着食谱才会做菜，而我对做菜的窍门可是了如指掌。闻闻就知道该用什么独家配料！”她飞快地切着薄片，我生怕她的指尖也成了红烧肉末茄子的配料。我希望她能主动提到里奇。我注意到了她开门时的表情。她挤出一丝笑容，把里奇从头到脚打量了个遍，心里一边在作比照，看从素云阿姨那听来的看法是否与自己
32、所见相符。我努力设想她会做出什么样的批评。里奇不仅不是华人，还比我小几岁。而且不幸的是，他一头红色的卷发，光滑苍白的皮肤，鼻子上布满了橙色的雀斑，让他比实际年纪更显年轻。他个头不高，长得结结实实。身着深色西装，他看起来不错，但是不会令人难忘，就像是谁家葬礼上某人的侄子那么不起眼。所以头一年在公司里与他共事时我就没注意到他。可母亲却把什么都看在了眼里。 “那么你觉得里奇怎样？”我终于问道，屏息而待。她把茄子倒进热油里翻炒，锅里传出一阵愤怒的嘶嘶作响的声音。“脸上那么多斑点，”她说道。 “是雀斑，要知道，有雀斑命好。”我说得有些过于激动，试图把声音提高，盖过厨房里的噪音。 “哦？”她好像真的不知情
33、似说道。 “真的，斑点越多越好，谁都知道这回事儿。”她思忖了一会儿，笑了。用中文说道：“好像是这么回事儿。你小时候长水痘，长了好多的痘痘，在家呆了10天，你当时那个庆幸！”在厨房里我拯救不了里奇，在饭桌上我也救不了他。他带了瓶法国葡萄酒，他不知道我父母不会欣赏那玩意儿，我父母连酒杯都没有。后来他还犯了个错，大家都“只是为了尝尝”喝下半英寸酒杯高的酒量，可他不止喝一杯，而是喝了满满两杯。当我给里奇叉子时，他坚持使用滑不唧溜的象牙筷。夹起一大块红烧茄子时，筷子在他笨拙的手上并不拢。当把茄子夹到他的碟子和大张着的嘴之间时，茄子竟然掉落在他崭新的白色衬衣上。后来，他又自顾自地大吃糖荚豌豆炒河虾，殊不知
34、他得等大家吃过一点才能够礼貌地吃上一小勺。他谢绝吃新鲜青菜，那豆苗叶又嫩又昂贵，还没结豆子那叶子就给摘了下来。他以为拒绝吃第二口就算是有礼貌了，实际上，他应该跟我爸爸学：架势大，但吃量少，就这样吃第二口、第三口、甚至第四口，边吃边要一个劲儿地说还是忍不住再吃上一口之类的话，然后就哼哼着说自己肚子饱得要撑破了。可最为糟糕的是里奇数落了我母亲的做菜手艺，自己却浑然不觉。按照中国做菜人的习惯，我母亲老是说自己做的菜不好吃。那天晚上，她将矛头直指她那道著名的“梅菜扣肉”，她总是特别骄傲地端上这道菜。 “哎！不够咸，没味道。”尝了一小口后，她抱怨道。“太难吃了。”在我们家，这是暗示我们大家先吃一点，然后
35、就宣称这是她烧的最美味的一道菜。可是我们还没来得及这样做，里奇就开腔了：“没错，就差点酱油。”而后，他就把那黑乎乎的咸东西在母亲震惊的目光注视下往那大盘子菜上浇。即使我一直希望在吃饭的整个过程中，母亲会设法看出里奇的善良、幽默和青年男子特有的魅力，但此刻我知道在母亲眼中他已一败涂地。里奇对晚上发生的事情明显有不同的看法。当晚我们回家时，想起他用力握我父母的手，就像他和紧张的新客户握手时表现出的潇洒随意，我浑身还在发抖。“琳达，蒂姆，”他当时说道，“我们不久会再来看望你们的，我保证。”我父母的名字分别叫琳朵（音译）和钟田（仿粤语音译）。除了家里来往的几个年长的朋友外，谁也不会直呼他们的名字。 “
36、你告诉她了，她怎么说？”我知道他指的是我们结婚的事儿。 “没有机会，”我说的是实话。在和母亲独处的所有时间里，她好像都在议论里奇喜欢喝的葡萄酒是多么的昂贵，他的面色多么地苍白、气色多么地差，我哪里可以跟她说我要结婚。里奇嬉皮笑脸。“就说声 爸、妈，我要结婚了 能花上多长的时间？” “你不明白，你不了解我母亲。”Wordwin over gain the support of, often by persuading （常指通过说服）赢得的支持，说服Paul tried to win her over by buying her lots of expensive presents.from w
37、ay back infml since a long time ago; for a long time 非正式很久以前；很长的时间proof pru:f n. C; U (of) (a) way of showing that sth. is true; facts, information, documents, etc., that prove sth. 常与of连用 证明；证据1. He can provide positive proof that she got the money there and then.2. We have no clear proof that he v
38、isited the house at the time of the murder.Chop tp v. cut into small pieces 切细，剁碎Eggplant egpl:nt n. 茄子Chatter tt(r) v. (about) (of people) talk quickly, continuously, and for a long time, usu. about sth. unimportant 常与about连用（人）唠叨，喋喋不休Slice slais v. (up) cut into thin flat pieces 常与up连用 把切成薄片1. My
39、mother sliced up the onions and fried them together with some meat.2. Please slice the lemon (柠檬) and put a piece into the water.red-cooked a. 红烧的from head to toe over the whole length of ones body; completely 从头至尾；全部地1. Ill feel uncomfortable if someone studies / looks me from head to toe.2. My dog
40、 came home very late and it was covered in mud from head to toe.Appraisal preizl n. (of) (a statement or opinion based on) an act of appraising 常与of连用 评价；鉴定Splash spl n. a mark made by splashing 溅污的斑点1. The dog is white with brown splashes.2. He walked out of the house, with splashes of paint all ov
41、er his clothes. Freckle frekl n. usu. pl. a small flat brown spot on the skin 一般用复数雀斑，斑点on the . side infml rather; too 非正式颇为，有点1. Most of my teachers were a bit on the strict side.2. The trousers are on the large side. Can you show me some smaller ones?Compactly kmpktli ad. compact a. small, but so
42、lid and strong; small but cleverly made or arranged 壮实的；小巧的；紧凑的 Forgettable fgetbl a. not important or good enough to be remembered 易被忘记的Funeral fju:nrl n. a ceremony, usu. religious, of burying or burning a dead person （一般为宗教的）葬礼；追悼仪式1. The savings of the dead man were just enough to pay for a resp
43、ectable funeral.2. As she had requested, the old ladys funeral was conducted in accordance with the local custom.hold ones breath stop breathing for a short time (e.g. from fear or excitement or during a medical examination) 暂时屏住呼吸（如因恐惧、激动或体检时） 1. Mark held his breath and wondered what would happen
44、next.2. The contestants (参赛者) all held their breath while waiting for the results to be announced. Heatedly hi:tidli ad. heated a. with strong, excited, and often angry feelings 热烈的，激烈的；愤怒的 chicken pox pks U an infectious disease, caught esp. by children, which causes a slight fever and spots on the
45、 skin 水痘slippery slipri a. difficult to hold or to stand on, drive on, etc., without slipping 滑的，滑溜的1. Drive carefully; the roads are wet and slippery.2. The oil made the ground slippery to walk on.Ivory aivri n. U the hard white substance of which an elephants tusks (象牙) are made 象牙（质）Chunk tk n. (
46、of) a thick piece or lump with a usu. irregular shape 常与of连用厚块，大块Crisp krisp a. newly made or prepared 崭新的help oneself sb. (to sth.) serve oneself sb. with food, drink, etc. 为自己某人取食品、饮料等1. Can I have another beer? Yes, of course; help yourself.2. Can I help you to some more fish?Shrimp rimp n. （小）虾P
47、ea pi: n. a large round green seed which is cooked and eaten as a vegetable （作为蔬菜食用的）豌豆Spoonful n. (spoonfuls or spoonsful ) (of) the amount that a spoon will hold 常与of连用 一匙之量，一满匙Morsel m:sl n. C (of) a very small piece of food 常与of连用（食物的）一小片（份）Decline v. 1) refuse (a request or offer), usu. politely; express unwillingness 婉拒，婉言谢绝 2) go from a better to a worse position, or from higher to lower 衰落，衰