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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上2012年6月英语六级Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer s
2、heet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.As anyone who has tried to lose weight knows, realistic goal-setting generally produces the best results. Thats partially because it appears people who set realistic goals actually work more
3、 efficiently, and exert more effort, to achieve those goals.Whats far less understood by scientists, however, are the potentially harmful effects of goal-setting.Newspapers relay daily accounts of goal-setting prevalent in industries and businesses up and down both Wall Street and Main Street , yet
4、there has been surprisingly little research on how the long-trumpeted practice of setting goals may have contributed to the current economic crisis , and unethical (不道德的)behavior in general.“Goals are widely used and promoted as having really beneficial effects. And yet, the same motivation that can
5、 push people to exert more effort in a constructive way could also motivate people to be more likely to engage in unethical behaviors,” says Maurice Schweitzer, an associate professor at Penns Wharton School.“It turns out theres no economic benefit to just having a goal-you just get a psychological
6、benefit” Schweitzer says. “But in many cases, goals have economic rewards that make them more powerful.”A prime example Schweitzer and his colleagues cite is the 2004 collapse of energy-trading giant Enron, where managers used financial incentives to motivate salesmen to meet specific revenue goals.
7、 The problem, Schweitzer says, is the actual trades were not profitable.Other studies have shown that saddling employees with unrealistic goals can compel them to lie, cheat or steal. Such was the case in the early 1990s when Sears imposed a sales quota on its auto repair staff. It prompted employee
8、s to overcharge for work and to complete unnecessary repairs on a companywide basis.Schweitzer concedes his research runs counter to a very large body of literature that commends the many benefits of goal-setting. Advocates of the practice have taken issue with his teams use of such evidence as news
9、 accounts to support his conclusion that goal-setting is widely over-prescribedIn a rebuttal (反驳) paper, Dr. Edwin Locke writes:“Goal-setting is not going away. Organizations cannot thrive without being focused on their desired end results any more than an individual can thrive without goals to prov
10、ide a sense of purpose.”But Schweitzer contends the “mounting causal evidence” linking goal-setting and harmful behavior should be studied to help spotlight issues that merit caution and further investigation. “Even a few negative effects could be so large that they outweigh many positive effects,”
11、he says.“Goal-setting does help coordinate and motivate people. My idea would be to combine that with careful oversight, a strong organizational culture, and make sure the goals that you use are going to be constructive and not significantly harm the organization,” Schweitzer says.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
12、52. What message does the author try to convey about goal-setting? DA) Its negative effects have long been neglected.B) The goal increase peoples work efficiency.C) Its role has been largely underestimated.D) The goals most people set are unrealistic.53. What does Maurice Schweitzer want to show by
13、citing the example of Enron? AA) Setting realistic goals can turn a failing business into success.B) Businesses are less likely to succeed without setting realistic goals.C) Financial incentives ensure companies meet specific revenue goals.D) Goals with financial rewards have strong motivational pow
14、er.54. How did Sears goal-setting affect its employees? BA) They were obliged to work more hours to increase their sales.B) They competed with one another to attract more customers.C) They resorted to unethical practice to meet their sales quota.D) They improved their customer service on a companywi
15、de basis.55. What do advocates of goal-setting think of Schweitzers research? BA) Its findings are not of much practical value.B) It exaggerates the side effects of goal-setting.C) Its conclusion is not based on solid scientific evidence.D) It runs counter to the existing literature on the subject.
16、56. What is Schweitzers contention against Edwin Locke? AA) The link between goal-setting and harmful behavior deserves further study.B) Goal-setting has become too deep-rooted in corporate culture.C) The positive effects of goal-setting outweigh its negative effects.D) Studying goal-setting can thr
17、ow more light on successful business practices.Passage TwoQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.For most of the 20th century, Asia asked itself what it could learn from the modern, innovating West. Now the question must be reversed. What can the Wests overly indebted and sluggish (经济
18、滞长的) nations learn from a flourishing Asia?Just a few decades ago, Asias two giants were stagnating(停滞不前) under faulty economic ideologies. However, once China began embracing free-market reforms in the 1980s, followed by India in the 1990s, both countries achieved rapid growth. Crucially, as they o
19、pened up their markets, they balanced market economy with sensible government direction. As the Indian economist Amartya Sen has wisely said, “The invisible hand of the market has often relied heavily on the visible hand of government.”Contrast this middle path with America and Europe, which have ea
20、ch gone ideologically over-board in their own ways. Since the 1980s, America has been increasingly clinging to the ideology of uncontrolled free markets and dismissing the role of government-following Ronald Regans idea that “government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem.
21、“Of course, when the markets came crashing down in 2007, it was decisive government intervention that saved the day. Despite this fact, many Americans are still strongly opposed to “big government.”If Americans could only free themselves from their antigovernment doctrine, they would begin to see th
22、at the Americas problems are not insoluble. A few sensible federal measures could put the country back on the right path. A simple consumption tax of, say, 5% would significantly reduce the countrys huge government deficit without damaging productivity. A small gasoline tax would help free America f
23、rom its dependence on oil imports and create incentives for green energy development. In the same way, a significant reduction of wasteful agricultural subsidies could also lower the deficit. But in order to take advantage of these common-sense solutions, Americans will have to put aside their own a
24、ttachment to the idea of smaller government and less regulation. American politicians will have to develop the courage to follow what is taught in all American public-policy schools: that there are good taxes and bad taxes. Asian countries have embraced this wisdom, and have built sound long-term fi
25、scal (财政的) policies as a result.Meanwhile, Europe has fallen prey to a different ideological trap: the belief that European governments would always have infinite resources and could continue borrowing as if there were no tomorrow. Unlike the Americans, who felt that the markets knew best, the Europ
26、eans failed to anticipate how the markets would react to their endless borrowing. Today, the European Union is creating a $580 billion fund to ward off sovereign collapse. This will buy the EU time, but it will not solve the blocs larger problem. 57. What has contributed to the rapid economic growth
27、 in China and India? DA) Copying western-style economic behavior.B) Heavy reliance on the hand of government.C) Timely reform of government at all levels.D) Free market plus government intervention. 58. What does Ronald Reagan mean by saying “government is the problem” (line4, Para. 3)? BA) Many soc
28、ial evils are caused by wrong government policies.B) Many social problems arise from governments inefficiency.C) Government action is key to solving economic problems.D) Government regulation hinders economic development. 59. What stopped the American economy from collapsing in 2007? BA) Self-regula
29、tory repair mechanisms of the free market.B) Cooperation between the government and businesses.C) Abandonment of big government by the public.D) Effective measures adopted by the government. 60. What is the authors suggestion to the American public in face of the public government deficit? DA) They
30、urge the government to revise its existing public policies.B) They develop green energy to avoid dependence on oil import.C) They give up the idea of smaller government and less regulation.D) They put up with the inevitable sharp increase of different taxes.61. Whats the problem with the European Un
31、ion? DA) Conservative ideology.B) Shrinking market.C) Lack of resources.D) Excessive borrowing.2012年12月六级英语Passage OneQuestions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.Amid all the job losses, theres one category of worker that the economic disruption has been good for: nonhumans.From self-servi
32、ce checkout lines at the supermarket to industrial robots armed with saws and taught to carve up animal bodies in slaughter-houses, these ever-more-intelligent machines are now not just assisting workers but actually kicking them out of their jobs.Automation isnt just affecting factory workers, eith
33、er. Some law firms now use artificial intelligence software to scan and read mountains of legal documents, work that previously was performed by highly-paid human lawyers.“Robots continue to have an impact on blue-collar jobs, and white-collar jobs are under attack by microprocessors,” says economic
34、s professor Edward Leamer. The recession permanently wiped out 2.5 million jobs. U.S. gross domestic product has climbed back to pre-recession levels, meaning were producing as much as before, only with 6% fewer workers. To be sure, robotics are not the only job killers out there, withoutsourcing(外包
35、) stealing far more jobs than automation.Jeff Burnstein, president of the Robotics Industry Association, argues that robots actually save U.S. jobs. His logic: companies that embrace automation might use fewer workers, but thats still better than firing everyone and moving the work overseas.Its not
36、that robots are cheaper than humans, though often they are. Its that theyre better. “In some cases the quality requirements are so exacting that even if you wanted to have a human do the job, you couldnt,” Burnstein says.Same goes for surgeons, whore using robotic systems to perform an ever-growing
37、list of operationsnot because the machines save money but because, thanks to the greater precision of robots, the patients recover in less time and have fewer complications, says Dr. Myriam Curet.Surgeons may survive the robot invasion, but others at the hospital might not be so lucky, as iRobot, ma
38、ker of the Roomba, a robot vacuum cleaner, has been showing off Ava, which could be used as a messenger in a hospital. And once youre home, recovering, Ava could let you talk to your doctor, so theres no need to send someone to your house. That “mobile telepresence” could be useful at the office. If
39、 youre away on a trip, you can still attend a meeting. Just connect via videoconferencing software, so your face appears on Avas screen.Is any job safe? I was hoping to say “journalist,” but researchers are already developing software that can gather facts and write a news story. Which means that a
40、few years from now, a robot could be writing this column. And who will read it? Well, there might be a lot of us hanging around with lots of free time on our hands.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。52. What do we learn from the first few paragraphs? DA) The over-use of robots has done damage to American economy.B)
41、It is hard for robots to replace humans in highly professional work.C) Artificial intelligence is key to future technological innovations.D) The robotic industry has benefited from the economic recession.53. What caused the greatest loss of jobs in America? BA) Using microprocessors extensively.B) M
42、oving production to other countries.C) The bankruptcy of many companies.D) The invasion of migrant workers.54. What does Jeff Burnstein say about robots? DA) They help companies to revive.B) They are cheaper than humans.C) They prevent job losses in a way.D) They compete with human workers.55. Why a
43、re robotic systems replacing surgeons in more and more operations according to Dr. Myriam Curet? BA) They save lots of money for the patients.B) They beat humans in precision.C) They take less time to perform a surgery.D) They make operations less painful.56. What does the author imply about robotic
44、s? DA) It will greatly enrich literary creation.B) It will start a new technological revolution.C) It will revolutionize scientific research.D) It will be applied in any field imaginable.Passage TwoQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.Youve now heard it so many times, you can probab
45、ly repeat it in your sleep. President Obama will no doubt make the point publicly when he gets to Beijing: the Chinese need to consume more; they needbelieve it or notto become more like Americans, for the sake of the global economy.And its all true. But the other side of that equation is that the U
46、.S. needs to save more. For the moment, American households actually are doing so. After the personal-savings rate dipped to zero in 2005, the shock of the economic crisis last year prompted people to snap shut their wallets.In China, the household-savings rate exceeds 20%. It is partly for policy r
47、easons. As weve seen, wage earners are expected to care for not only their children but their aging parents. And there is, to date, only theflimsiest(脆弱的) of publicly-funded health care and pension systems, which increases incentives for individuals to save while they are working. But China is a soc
48、iety that has long esteemed personal financialprudence(谨慎). There is no chance that will change anytime soon, even if the government creates a better social safety net and successfully encourages greater consumer spending.Why does the U.S. need to learn a littlefrugality(节俭)？Because healthy savings rates are one of the surest indicators of a countrys long-term financial health. High savings lead, over time, to increased investment,