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1、精品word 可编辑资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - -一 定语：修饰名词或代词的词.短语或从句称为定语；汉语中常用 的表示； 定语主要由形容词担任；此外名词.代词.数词.副词.介词短语以及动词不定式（短语） .分词也可以做定语；a beautiful city; a bag full of money.留意：汉语的定语无论多长都放在被修饰词的前面，而英 语中的定语就不然，为一个词时，放在被修饰词的前面，如为两个以上的词组.短语或从句就放在被修饰词的后面，thirty women teachers ; his father; the girl in red. the boy
2、 from America Our monitor is always the first student to enter the classroom.falling leaves; fallen leaves; the boy playing basketball; the book bought by my mother; a readingroom; a swimming poolHe is the man who you are looking for.二：定义及相关术语1定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句；定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后；2先行词：被定语从句修饰的
3、名词或代词叫先行词；3关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词；关系词有关系代词和关系副词；关系代词有that、 which、 who、 whom、 whose、 as等；关系副词有when、 where、 why.1. I have an apple. An apple is red.I have an apple that/which is red. 先行词关系代词2.I like some friends. Some friends like sports. I like friends who like sports. 先行词关系代词3.I like music. The music is q
4、uiet. I like music that/which is quiet. 先行词关系代词关系词通常有以下三个作用：A.引导定语从句，连接主从句；B.代替先行词；C.在定语从句中担当一个成分；（二）关系代词引导的定语从句1who指人，在定语从句中作主语；The boys who are playing footballare from Class One. Those who wantto go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. Yesterday I helped an old man who
5、had losthis way. That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 2 whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略；Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our moni
6、tor.留意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略；The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.3Which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语常常可省略；Football is a game which is liked by most boys. He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. The house which is by the lake looks nice. This is the pen ( whi
7、ch ) he bought yesterday.第 1 页，共 9 页 - - - - - - - - - -精品word 可编辑资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - -The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all.；4 That 即可指人，也可指物.；在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语常常可省略； The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.Wher
8、e is the man that / whom I saw this morning. The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind.The season that / which comes after spring is summer. Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia.5Whose即可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语；I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the c
9、ountry. He has a friend whose father is a doctor.I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.留意：指物时，常用以下结构来代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. Do you like the book whose cover is yellow.Do you like the bo
10、ok the cover of which is yellow.（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情形1当先行词为everything、 anything、 nothing (something除外 )、 all、 none、 few、 little、 some等不定代词时，或当先行词受every、 any、 all、 some、 no、 little、 few、 much等不定代词修饰时；如：Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said.There seems to be nothing that is impossible
11、to him in the world. All that can be done has been done.；There is little that I can do for you.He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed.留意：当先行词指人时，有时也可用关系代词who ，如：Any man that / who has a sense of duty won t do such a thing. All the guests that / who were invited to he
12、r wedding were important people.2当先行词被序数词修饰时；如：The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 3当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时；如：This is the best film that I have ever seen. 4当先行词被the very、 the only 修饰时；如： This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.After the fire in his house、 the old car is the on
13、ly thing that he owns.留意：当先行词指人时，有时也可用关系代词who ；如： Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 5当先行词前面有who、 which 等疑问代词时；如：Who is the man that is standing by the gate. Which is the T -shirt that fits me most.6当先行词为人与物时；如：They talked about the persons and things that they re
14、membered at school（三）关系副词引导的定语从句1when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语；当先行词为表时间的名词，比如 time、 day、 week、 month、 year 等；且定语从句中缺时间状语时用when.如先行词为表时间的名词，定语从句第 2 页，共 9 页 - - - - - - - - - -精品word 可编辑资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - -中缺主语或宾语时，用that/which引导；I still remember the day when I first came to this school. The time when we
15、 got together finally arrived.Do you rememberthe years whenhe lived in the countrysidewithhis grandpare ？ Do youremember the days （ that/which ） we spent together last year. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. I will never forget the days that / which we spent together.
16、2where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语；如先行词为表地点的名词，比如 park、 city、 farm、place 等；且定语从句中缺地点状语时用where.如先行词为表地点的名词，定语从句中缺主语或宾语时，用that/which引导；Shanghai is the city where I was born.上海为我诞生的城市；The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . Shanghai is the cit
17、y (which/that) I want to visit.I know a place where we can have a picnic. I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.3 why指缘由， 在定语从句中作缘由状语；如先行词为reason; 且定语从句中缺缘由状语时，用 why 引导；如先行词为reason，定语从句中缺主语或宾语，用which/that引导；Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.I don t
18、know the reason why he looks unhappy today.I didn t believe the reason (that/which) he explained to me留意：关系副词引导的定语从句常常可以用“介词 +关系代词” 引导的定语从句来表示；如：From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. Great changes are taking pl
19、ace in the city where / in which they live. The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.（四）“介词 +关系代词which/whom ”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出； The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous.Tomorrow I
20、ll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.Tomorrow I ll bring here the magazine for which you asked. This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.This is the boy with whom I played tennis withyesterday. We llgo to hear the famous singer(whom / who / that) we have
21、often talked about.We llgo to hear the famous singer aboutwhom we have oftentalked. The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.Themanager inwhosecompanyI workpays muchattentiontoimprovingourworking conditions.留意： 含有介词的固定短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面；如：look f
22、or、look after、 take care of等；This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) This is the watch for which I am looking . ( 误)The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正)The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy.（误） 如介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom
23、，不行用 who、 that ；关系代词指第 3 页，共 9 页 - - - - - - - - - -精品word 可编辑资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - -物时只可用which ，不行用 that ；The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正 )
24、 The plane in that we flew toCanada was really comfortable. ( 误 )“介词 +关系代词”前仍可有some、 any、 none、 all、 both、 neither、 many、 most、 each、 few等代词或者数词；如：He loves his parents deeply、 both of whom are very kind to him.In the basket there are quite many apples、 some of which have gone bad. There are forty st
25、udents in our class in all、 most of whom are from big cities.Up to now、 he has written ten stories、 three of which are about country life.留意事项 :如何判定关系代词和关系副词方法一：用关系代词，仍为关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词；不及物动词后面无宾语，就必需要求用关系副词或者为介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，就要求用关系代词；例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill
26、 never forget the days when I worked together with you.判定改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出；）（错）This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（对）This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.（对）Ill never forget the days (w
27、hich) I spent in the countryside.方法二：精确判定先行词在定语从句中的成分(主.谓.宾.定.状)，也能正确挑选出关系代词 / 关系副词；例1. Is this museum you visited a few days ago.A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one例 2. Is this the museum the exhibition was held.A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one 答案：关系词的挑选依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主.定.宾语时，挑选关系代词(who、
28、whom、 that、 which、 whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应挑选关系副词( where地点状语， when时间状语， why 缘由状语 ) ；（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句形式上：不用逗号“， ”与主句隔开；意义上：为先行词不行缺少的定语，如删除，主句就失去意义或意思表达不完整；译法上：译成先行词的定语：“的”关系词的使用上：A作宾语时可省略B可用 that C 可用 who代替 whom非限制性定语从句形式上：用逗号“， ”与主句隔开；意义上：只为对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思；译法上：通常译成主句的并列句；关系词的使用上：A不行省
29、略B不用 that C不行用 who代替 whom限制性定语从句举例：The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. China is a country which has a long history.第 4 页，共 9 页 - - - - - - - - - -精品word 可编辑资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - -In the street I saw a man who was from Africa.His mother、 who loves him very mu
30、ch、 is strict with him.China、 which was founded in 1949、 is becoming more and more powerful.Last summer I visited the People s Great Hall、 in which many important meetings are held every year.（二）关系代词as 和 which引导的定语从句as 和 which引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处；详细情形为：1. as 和 which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子；如
31、： He married her、 as / which was natural.他跟她结婚了，这为很自然的事； He is honest、 as / which we can see.他很诚恳，这一点我们看得出来；2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前.主句之后， 甚至仍可以分割主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后；另外， as 常常有 “正如. 正像” 的含义； 如：As is known to all、 China is a developing country.He is from the south、 as we can know from his ac
32、cent. John、 as you know、 is a famous writer.Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times、 which I don t believe.留意：当主句和从句之间存在着规律上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which ；如： Tom was late for school again and again、 which made his teacher very angry.These tables are made of metal、 which made them very heavy.1.当先行词受suc
33、h、 so、 the same 修饰时，关系词常用as； 如：I ve never heard such stories as he tells. He is not such a fool as he looks.This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.留意：当先行词受thesame 修饰时，有时也用that 引导定语从句，但与as 引导的定语从句意思有区分；如：She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary ws edding. She wore the same dress as her
34、younger sister wore.(三) 以 theway 为先行词时，如定语从句中缺方式状语，定语从句通常由in which 或 that引导，而且仍可以省略；如定语从句中缺主语或宾语，用（that/which ）引导定语从句；The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising.I don t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. I don t like the way (that/which) he told做定语从句题一般分三步：第一找出
35、先行词；其次看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语.宾语或状语） ；第三挑选合适的关联词；Exercises:1. There are three bedrooms in the house、 is Marys. A the smallest of which B the smaller of whichC the smallest of them D the smallest one2. The Greens will move into the new house next Monday、 it will be completely finished. A by the time B by
36、 which time C by that time D by this time3. Alice has a large collection of phone、 was taken in london. A none of them B no one of which C all of which D none of which4. With the fast development of agriculture、 the people village I taught before lived a happy life.A who B whose C in whose D in whic
37、h第 5 页，共 9 页 - - - - - - - - - -精品word 可编辑资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - -5. There is a moutain the top is always covered with snow. A whose B of which C its D that6. She may have missed her train、 in case she wont arrive for another hour. A what B that C which D this7.1)I have three children、and two of
38、 are doctors. 2)I have three children、 two of are doctors.8.There two thousand students in our school、 are girls.A two -thirds in which B two -thirds in them C two -thirds of them D of whom two thirds9.I have bought two ballpens、 writes well.A neither of them B none of them C neither of which D none
39、 of which（1-6ABDCBC 7-9B DDC）特别结构定语从句点击1. These houses are sold at such a low price people expected.A. like B. as C. that D. which2. Ive never heard so interesting a story you told me.A. as B. that C. of which D. about which3. Ive seen the same film you saw yesterday.A. that B. which C. as D. like4.
40、 Ill buy the same coat you wear.A. that B. which C. as D. like5. He made another wonderful discovery、 of great importance to science.A. which I think isB. which I think it isC. which I think itD. I think is6. is known to everybody、 the moon travels round the earth once every month.A. It B. As C. Tha
41、t D. What7. This is the first time he has been here.A. that B. when C. at which D. which8. I dont like you speak to her.A. the way B. they way in that C. the way which D. the way of which答案与简析：1. B；当先行词被such 修饰时，定语从句用as 引导，即构成结构为such+（ a/an ）形容词名词 as引导的定语从句，意为. 像.一样的 ；整个句子意为：这些房屋以人们原先估量的那样低的价格出售；2.
42、A；由 so interesting a story = such an interesting story和上面一题的说明便可得知答案；as在定语从句中作宾语；整句意为：我从未听说过像你告知我那样好玩的故事；3. A4. C；当先行词被same 修饰时，定语从句由that 或 as 引导，但意思不同；用that 引导定语从句指同一物，而用as 引导定语从句指同类事物；5. A；做此题的关键为要知道I think 在定语从句中作插入语，做题时将其去掉便可简单得到答案；6. B； s 在此引导非限制性定语从句，代表它所修饰的整个句子内容，并且它可放在所修第 6 页，共 9 页 - - - - -
43、 - - - - -精品word 可编辑资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - -饰句子的前.中或后面；其常见结构如：as you know、 as is said above、 as is often the case（情形常常为这样）等；如选，就需将逗号改为that ；如选 D，就需将逗号改为is that ；7. A；当先行词为the first time、 the last time等时，定语从句的引导词用that 而不用 when ；8. A；当先行词为way 时，定语从句的引导词用that 或 in which、也可省略；定语从句1This is the best f
44、actory we visited last year .A. where B. which C. in which D. that2. Is this the factory computers are built .A. that B. which C. in which D. in that3. please pass me the dictionary cover is red .A. whose B.its C. which D. which of 4.The man has arrived .A. whom I told you B. that I told youC. whom
45、I told you about him D. I told you about5. Do you know the comrade we are talking .A. to whom B. to who C. whom D. to that6. They visited the house the great writer was born .A. from where B. in which C. which D. in where7. The comrade is speaking at the meeting is my teacher .A. whom B. which C. wh
46、o D. whose8. He asked us to watch carefully everything he did in class .A. who B. that C. what D. where9. I ll visit the professor tomorrow 、 he will be back from Shanghai .A. who B. that C. when D. which 10.The school I study is a new one .A. on which B. at where C. on that D. at which11. China has many islands、 the largest is Taiwan .A. in which B. at which C. which D. of