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1、Karl-Werner Hansmann / Christian M. Ringle SmartPLSManual? F?rderverein Industrielles Management an der Universit?t Hamburg e.V. (2004),Postfach 130342, 20103 Hamburg, Germany(Registered society to support the Institute for Operations Management and Organizations at theUniversity of Hamburg, Germany
2、)All rights reservedInstitute for Operations Management and Organizations at the University of Hamburg:http:/ibl-unihh.deWeppage of the SmartPLS project :http:/www.smartpls.deManual VersionFor SmartPLS Version1.0 (8/13/2004)0.9 BetaTable of Contents1. INTRODUCTION.42. INSTALLATION.42.1. System Requi
3、rements.42.2. Start SmartPLS .43. MAIN WINDOW.53.1. Create New Model.53.2. Open Model.64. MODEL EDITOR.74.1. Options.84.1.1. Output Options.84.1.2. Data Options.84.1.3. Algorithm Options.84.2. Working Area.84.2.1. Drawing Area.84.2.2. Tool Bar.84.3. Indicators Management.155. EXTENDED MAIN WINDOW.17
4、5.1. Edit.175.2. View.175.3. PLS.175.3.1. Calculate model .175.3.2. Resampling.185.3.3. Reimport of Model Data.185.3.4. Report.195.3.5. Export.195.4. Window.206. SHORTCUTS.21SmartPLS ManualPage 31. IntroductionSmartPLS is a software application for the design of structural equation models(SEM) on a
5、graphical user interface (GUI). These models can be measuredwith the method of partial least squares (PLS)-analysis. Hence, it is possible toimport data of manifest (indicator) variables in the model. This software wascreated in a project at the Institute of Operations Management and Organiza-tions
6、(School of Business), University of Hamburg (Germany). 2. InstallationSmartPLS employs the Java WebStart technology. Thus, it is applicable on allcomputer operating systems and the latest version is always provided. 2.1. System RequirementsIn order to use SmartPLS, theJava Runtime Environment (JRE)
7、version 1.4.(or later) has to be installed on the computer system. The JRE is available foralmost every computer operating system and can directly be downloaded forfree from the Webpage of Sun Microsystems, Inc.:http:/ Start SmartPLS Step 1:Open the Webpage http:/www.smartpls.de .Step 2:Select the E
8、nglish version of the Webpage.Step 3:Click on SmartPLS .Step 4:Click on SmartPLS WebStart .SmartPLS ManualPage 43. Main WindowAfter opening SmartPLS, the main window appears. It is possible to eithercreate a new model or to open an existing model. 3.1. Create New ModelWhen selecting the optionCreate
9、 new model, the following dialog opens. Amodel name, the data source and name for the model indicators as well as aseparator for the CSV (comma separated value) file are required to start a newproject. SmartPLS ManualPage 5 Modelle ?ffnenA CSV file as source for the manifest variables in the model m
10、ust be chosen.Such files can be generated with several software applications, e.g. Excel orSPSS.3.2. Open ModelSmartPLS models are saved with the extension .splsm and can be opened withthe function Select SmartPLS file.Note: A SmartPLS model file (.splsm ) consists of both the model structure aswell
11、 as the data for the manifest variables. Thus, all required information aresaved in one file and models can be easily transferred.SmartPLS ManualPage 64. Model EditorAfter selectingeitherthefunctioncreatenewmodelor openmodel,theSmartPLS model editor can be used to create, change and calculate models
12、. Itis also possible to work with more than one model in the same session. Everymodel appearsin its own window.The model editoris dividedinto threedifferent areas: manifest variables, properties and drawing board. SmartPLS ManualPage 74.1. Options4.1.1. Output OptionsSettings for the report file for
13、mat can be changed in the formatfield. Thecurrent version only supports HTML (hypertext markup language). 4.1.2. Data OptionsThe option replace missing values and missing values defines, if and howmissing values in the indicator data files shall be replaced before the modelcalculation starts. 4.1.3.
14、 Algorithm OptionsDifferentsettings for the PLS algorithmcan be selectedin this field: datametric , weighting scheme, maximum number of iterations and stop crite-rion . 4.2. Working AreaNew models are designed or existing models are changed in this area. Therequired modeling functions are provided i
15、n the tool bar. 4.2.1. Drawing AreaIn the drawing area, new models can be created or existing models can bechanged with the functionalities that are provided in the tool bar. 4.2.2. Tool BarThe tool bar allows to quickly access all functionalities that are necessary tocreate and change models. a) Mo
16、delling ModesSmartPLS has three different modelling modes that can be used for the designand change of models: selection mode, drawing mode and connection mode. SmartPLS ManualPage 8?Selection modeObjects on the drawing board can be selected and moved in the selection mo-dus. Holding the SHIFT key p
17、ressed allows for multiple selection of objects.An existing object on the drawing board can be edited in this mode by double-clicking with the left mouse button. Note: Keep the SHIFT-button pressed to only horizontally or vertically moveobjects with the mouse pointer. Note: Click with the right mous
18、e button on an empty area on the drawing boardin order to automatically change the selection mode. ?Drawing mode Latent model variablescan be addedin the drawing mode. Click with leftmouse buttonon the drawingarea to create a new latent variablewith astandardlabel (lv0, lv1, lv2 ). The nameof the la
19、tentvariablescan bechanged (see selection mode). SmartPLS ManualPage 9Selection modeConnection mode Drawing mode ?Connection modeTheconnectionbetweenthelatentvariablescanbe establishedintheconnection mode. If the connection mode is selected, connection points (ports)appear in the middle of all laten
20、t variables.In order to connect two latent variables, the mouse pointer has to be moved ona port (the cursor changes). Then, press the left mouse button and keep itpressed while moving the mouse pointer to the target variable (the connectionline is drawn simultaneously). When the port of the target
21、variable is reached,stop pressing the left mouse button in order to create the connection. SmartPLS ManualPage 10Port123b) Modelling FunctionsSeveraluseful functionsare providedin the tool bar for the creationandchange of models. ?DeleteSelected elements on the drawing board can be deleted with this
22、 function ().?Grid on/offThis function () allows to show and hide a grid on the drawing area. SmartPLS ManualPage 11Delete Grid on/ofOriginal sizeZoom inZoom outUndoRedoGroupUngroupBring to frontSend to backCalculate model ?Zoom FunctionsThe functionszoom in() and zoom out() change the displayed siz
23、e ofthe model. The functionoriginal size() resets the changes to the originalsize of 100%. Note: The displayed size of the model can also be changed with the wheel of ascroll/wheel mouse. ?Undo/RedoThe last changes can be taken back stepwise with the function undo (). Usethe function redo () in orde
24、r to redo the undo actions. ?Group/UngroupThe function group () can be used to combine several selected elements onthe drawing area, while the functionungroup() dissolves these combina-tions. ?Bring to front/Move to backThe functionsbring to front() andmove to back() can be used tochange the display
25、ed order of overlapping objects on the drawing board. ?Calculate modelThe function calculate () starts the model measurement.SmartPLS ManualPage 124.2.3. Context MenuApart from the tool bar, the context menu offers several (additional) functionsfor editing models. The context menu can be opened with
26、 the right mousebutton as soon as the mouse pointer is placed on the respective object. ?Show/hide IndicatorsLargermodelshavearelativelycomplexstructure.Thefunctionhideindicators() allowsto hideall indicatorvariablesof a selectedlatentvariable. Thus, the project structure can be easily handled. Thes
27、e indicatorscan be displayed again on the drawing board for a certain latent variable withthe function show indicators (). SmartPLS ManualPage 13Context MenuNote: The font of the latent variable is bold when the indicator variables arehidden. ?Reverse LinkThe function reverse link changes the measur
28、ement model of latent variablesfrom reflective (the arrows are heading from the latent to the manifest variable)to formative (the arrows are heading from the manifest to the latent variable)and vice versa (default setting: reflective measurement model). SmartPLS ManualPage 14?Arrange IndicatorsSmart
29、PLSoffersfeaturesto automaticallyorderthe indicators.Selectingabove (), below(), left () or right() places the indicators in thecorresponding position in relation to the selected latent variable. 4.3. Indicator ManagementThe imported manifest variables are listed in the box “manifest variables”. The
30、ycan be added to a measurement model of a latent variable on the drawingboard by drag&drop. To do this, select a manifest variable by clicking on it (it is highlighted). Multiplemanifest variables can be selected by pressing the STRG key and the leftmouse button. A second click on this manifest vari
31、able removes the selection(the variable is not highlighted). SmartPLS ManualPage 15When selecting the last manifest variable, keep the left mouse button pressed,drag the indicators on a chosen latent variable on the drawing board and dropthem. Thus, the manifest variables become part of the measurem
32、ent model oflatent variables. The font of these indicators, listed in the manifest variablesbox, changes from black to red in order to indicate that these variables arealready part of the model. Before dragging and dropping the selected manifest variables, their locationwith regard to the latent var
33、iable can be specified (see arrange indicators).Hint: The direction of the arrow pointer of additionally added indicator variablesdependson the measurementmodel of a certain latent variable (see alsoreverse link). SmartPLS ManualPage 16Selected manifest variables5. Extended Menu BarIf at least one S
34、martPLS model is opened, the extended menu bar appears inthe menu bar. Beside the basic functions (that can also be accessed via thetool bar and/or the context menu), additional functions are available for thecurrent model. 5.1. EditThe descriptions for this option in the menu bar can be found in se
35、ctions 4.2.2.Tool Bar and 4.2.3. Context Menu .5.2. ViewThe descriptions for this option in the menu bar can be found in section 4.2.2.Tool Bar .5.3. PLSAfter the creation of a path model, several options for the model measurementand evaluation are available in the menu bar under PLS.5.3.1. Calculat
36、e model ThisoptionstartsthemodelmeasurementwiththePLS-algorithm.Themeasurementresultsare displayedin themodeloncethecalculationiscompleted.SmartPLS ManualPage 175.3.2. ResamplingThis functionality will be available, soon.5.3.3. Reimport of Model DataThe indicator variables can be updated with a chan
37、ged/new CSV data. First, aCSV-file must be selected (see section 3.1.). Then, a dialog opens that allowsto manually map the data already existing in the model file on the changed/newdata in the CSV file (this is important if the original and the imported data havedifferent names or sorting orders).T
38、he left hand side displays the list of data already integrated in the model,while the indicators of the new/updated CSV-file appear on the right hand side.After finishing the assignment, press “OK “.SmartPLS ManualPage 185.3.4. ReportIt is possible to generatea report for calculated models.In this v
39、ersion ofSmartPLS, only HTML as report export format is supported. After selecting atarget folder, the report is generated in that folder. Just open the HTML file tosee the results of the model calculation and evaluation. The report has diffe-rent sections. All parts can be printed on paper in A4 fo
40、rmat (and US-letter,soon). Additionally, all information of the report are saved in a CSV data files. 5.3.5. ExportThe currentlyedited model can be exportedto the following data formats:JPEG, TIFF, PNG, SVG.SmartPLS ManualPage 19If the JPEG format is selected, the quality of the picture may be speci
41、fied (witha slider). This affects the resolution and the size of the exported JPEG file. 5.4. WindowIt is possibleto switchbetweenall open windowsin SmartPLSwith the,Window“ option in the menu bar.SmartPLS ManualPage 206. ShortcutsThe following shortcuts can be used to accelerate and simplify the us
42、age ofSmartPLS:ShortcutsFunctionsSTRG + ASelect all objects in the drawing areaSTRG + BMove object in the backgroundSTRG + CCalculate Model STRG + DDelete objectSTRG + FMove object in the foregroundSTRG + GGroup objectSTRG + HHide indicatorsSTRG + IAlign indicators above (the latent variable)STRG +
43、JAlign indicators on the left side (of the latent variable)STRG + KAlign indicators below (the latent variable)STRG + LAlign indicators on the right side (of the latent variable)STRG + NCreate new documentSTRG + OOpen an existing documentSTRG + RReverse linkSTRG + SSave DocumentSTRG + TGrid on/offSTRG + UUngroupSTRG + VShow IndicatorsSTRG + XExport Model in graphicSTRG + YRedoSTRG + ZUndoEnjoy and model with pleasure SmartPLS!SmartPLS ManualPage 21