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1、第一章第一章绪论绪论Introduction医学心理学概述医学心理学概述AboutMedicalPsychology医学心理学的研究方法医学心理学的研究方法 ResearchMethodsAboutMedicalPchologyMedicalPsychology的概念和研究范围的概念和研究范围 Medical Psychology Medical Psychology 是医学和心理学相结合的交叉是医学和心理学相结合的交叉学科，它研究学科，它研究心理学变量心理学变量与与健康或疾病变量健康或疾病变量之间的之间的关系，研究解决医学领域中有关健康和疾病的心理关系，研究解决医学领域中有关健康和疾病的心理
2、行为问题。行为问题。KeyWordsMedicalpsychology Medicalpsychologyisabranchofappliedpsychologydevotedtopsychologicalproblemsarisinginthepracticeofmedicine,includingpsychologicalaspectsofpain,terminalillness,bereavement,disability,andreactionstomedicaladvice.研究心理行为的生物学和社会学基础及在健康和疾研究心理行为的生物学和社会学基础及在健康和疾研究心理行为的生物学和
3、社会学基础及在健康和疾研究心理行为的生物学和社会学基础及在健康和疾病中的意义病中的意义病中的意义病中的意义 心理的实质心理的实质心理的实质心理的实质研究心身相互作用的规律和机制研究心身相互作用的规律和机制研究心身相互作用的规律和机制研究心身相互作用的规律和机制研究心理行为因素在疾病发生、发展、诊断、治疗研究心理行为因素在疾病发生、发展、诊断、治疗研究心理行为因素在疾病发生、发展、诊断、治疗研究心理行为因素在疾病发生、发展、诊断、治疗和康复及健康维护过程中的作用和规律和康复及健康维护过程中的作用和规律和康复及健康维护过程中的作用和规律和康复及健康维护过程中的作用和规律性格与疾病性格与疾病性格与疾
4、病性格与疾病研究各种疾病过程中的心理行为变化及干预方法研究各种疾病过程中的心理行为变化及干预方法研究各种疾病过程中的心理行为变化及干预方法研究各种疾病过程中的心理行为变化及干预方法研究如何将心理行为的科学知识和技术应用于医学研究如何将心理行为的科学知识和技术应用于医学研究如何将心理行为的科学知识和技术应用于医学研究如何将心理行为的科学知识和技术应用于医学其他领域其他领域其他领域其他领域心理的实质心理的实质心理是脑的机能，即任何心理活动都产生于脑，所有心理活动都是脑的高级机能的表现 （如前额叶损伤与异常社会行为有关等）心理是客观现实的主观能动的反映，即所有心理活动的内容都来源于外界，是客观事物在
5、脑中的主观反映。（狼孩、代沟、性格与成长环境等）A A型性格与冠心病型性格与冠心病 A A型行为模式型行为模式 表现为表现为:个性强个性强,过分的抱负过分的抱负,强烈的竞争意识强烈的竞争意识,固执固执,好争辩好争辩,说话带有挑衅性说话带有挑衅性,急噪急噪,紧张紧张,好冲动好冲动,大声说话大声说话,做事快做事快,走路快走路快,说话快说话快,总是匆匆忙忙总是匆匆忙忙,富含敌意富含敌意,具有攻击性具有攻击性等等.抑郁型性格与健康抑郁型性格与健康 抑郁是常见的心理感冒抑郁是常见的心理感冒,许多人都不同程度的感受过情绪低落许多人都不同程度的感受过情绪低落给人带来的精神上的痛苦给人带来的精神上的痛苦.表现
6、出表现出:对自己不满对自己不满,对生活不满对生活不满,悲观绝望悲观绝望,失眠或嗜睡失眠或嗜睡,食欲下降食欲下降,不愿活动和参加社交活动不愿活动和参加社交活动,思维迟钝思维迟钝,反应缓慢反应缓慢,注意力不能集中注意力不能集中,厌世并有自杀念头厌世并有自杀念头.癌症敏感型性格癌症敏感型性格 调查发现调查发现:克己、压抑、焦虑、易怒、抑郁、无助、敌视、完克己、压抑、焦虑、易怒、抑郁、无助、敌视、完美主义、过分为别人着想等性格与癌症有关美主义、过分为别人着想等性格与癌症有关.外界社会生活外界社会生活压力作用于有上述性格的人压力作用于有上述性格的人,产生抑郁、愤怒和悲观的情绪产生抑郁、愤怒和悲观的情绪,
7、影响内分泌的正常功能影响内分泌的正常功能,造成肾上腺激素和肾上腺皮质激素造成肾上腺激素和肾上腺皮质激素分泌增加分泌增加,使免疫功能下降使免疫功能下降,产生肿瘤产生肿瘤.AboutMedicalPchologyMedicalPsychology的分支和相关学科的分支和相关学科ClinicalPsychologyClinicalPsychology（临床心理学）（临床心理学）（临床心理学）（临床心理学）NeuropsychologyNeuropsychology（神经心理学）（神经心理学）（神经心理学）（神经心理学）PhysiologicalPsychology&PsychologicalPhys
8、iologicalPsychology&PsychologicalPhysiologyPhysiology（生理心理学与心理生理学（生理心理学与心理生理学（生理心理学与心理生理学（生理心理学与心理生理学）AbnormalPsychologyAbnormalPsychology（变态心理学）（变态心理学）（变态心理学）（变态心理学）HealthPsychologyHealthPsychology（健康心理学）（健康心理学）（健康心理学）（健康心理学）PsychosomaticMedicinePsychosomaticMedicine（心身医学）（心身医学）（心身医学）（心身医学）Behavior
9、alMedicineBehavioralMedicine（行为医学）（行为医学）（行为医学）（行为医学）AboutMedicalPchologyMedicalModel（医学模式）与（医学模式）与MedicalModel的转变的转变MedicalModel是从总体上认识健康和疾病是从总体上认识健康和疾病及其相互转化的哲学观点及其相互转化的哲学观点BiologicalMedicalModelBiologicalMedicalModel（生物医学模式）（生物医学模式）（生物医学模式）（生物医学模式）Bio-psycho-socialMedicalModelBio-psycho-socialMedi
10、calModel（生物（生物（生物（生物-心理心理心理心理-社会医学模式）社会医学模式）社会医学模式）社会医学模式）HolisticMedicalModelHolisticMedicalModel（整体医学模式）（整体医学模式）（整体医学模式）（整体医学模式）神灵主义的医学模式神灵主义的医学模式神灵主义的医学模式神灵主义的医学模式自然哲学的医学模式自然哲学的医学模式自然哲学的医学模式自然哲学的医学模式BiologicalMedicalModelBiologicalMedicalModel身心二元论身心二元论身心二元论身心二元论Bio-psycho-socialMedicalModelBio-p
11、sycho-socialMedicalModel身心统一论身心统一论身心统一论身心统一论HolisticMedicalModelHolisticMedicalModel健康是整体素质健康，即身体素质、心理素健康是整体素质健康，即身体素质、心理素健康是整体素质健康，即身体素质、心理素健康是整体素质健康，即身体素质、心理素质和素质三者完整结合：疾病是整体素质不质和素质三者完整结合：疾病是整体素质不质和素质三者完整结合：疾病是整体素质不质和素质三者完整结合：疾病是整体素质不好，主要是不良的行为习惯和行为方式导致。好，主要是不良的行为习惯和行为方式导致。好，主要是不良的行为习惯和行为方式导致。好，主要
12、是不良的行为习惯和行为方式导致。KeyWordsMedicalmodelMedicalmodelMedicalmodelmeanstheconcepts,Medicalmodelmeanstheconcepts,assumptionsandrulesthatdoctorsandassumptionsandrulesthatdoctorsandresearchersintheirpursuitofknowledgeandresearchersintheirpursuitofknowledgeandthesolutionofproblems,thebriefdefinitionisthesolut
13、ionofproblems,thebriefdefinitionistheopinionofhealthanddisease.theopinionofhealthanddisease.Bio-Psych-SocialmedicalmodelBio-Psych-SocialmedicalmodelBiologicalfactors,psychologicalfactorsandBiologicalfactors,psychologicalfactorsandsocialfactorscanalleffecthealthanddisease,socialfactorscanalleffecthea
14、lthanddisease,andalsoeffectthetreatment.andalsoeffectthetreatment.KeyWordsTheholisticmedicalmodelHealthconsistsofphysicalhealth,psychologicalhealthandhavingagoodsocialfunction.Holisticmedicalmodelthinksthatthebehaviorismoreimportantfactoreffectinghealthanddisease.ResearchMethods描述心理行为状况描述心理行为状况检验变量间
15、的关系检验变量间的关系预测对象将来的发展预测对象将来的发展ResearchMethodsCross-sectionstudie&Longitudinalstudy （横断研究与纵向研究）（横断研究与纵向研究）Prospectivestudy&Retrospectivestudy（前瞻性研究与回顾性研究）（前瞻性研究与回顾性研究）ResearchMethodsObservationmethod（观察法）（观察法）Casestudy（个案法）（个案法）Correlationalresearch（相关研究）（相关研究）Testmethod（测验法）（测验法）Surveymethod（调查法）（调查法
16、）Experimentalmethod（实验法）（实验法）KeyWordsObservationalmethodObservationalmethod AresearchmethodologymostoftenusedinAresearchmethodologymostoftenusedincertainareasofsocialpsychology,certainareasofsocialpsychology,developmentalpsychology,andethologyindevelopmentalpsychology,andethologyinwhichtheinvestigat
17、orrecordsbehaviorasfarwhichtheinvestigatorrecordsbehaviorasfaraspossiblewithoutinfluencingit.Anaspossiblewithoutinfluencingit.Anobservationalfieldstudyisconductedinaobservationalfieldstudyisconductedinanaturallyoccurringsituation,andannaturallyoccurringsituation,andanobservationallaboratorystudyisca
18、rriedoutinobservationallaboratorystudyiscarriedoutinanartificiallaboratoryenvironment.anartificiallaboratoryenvironment.KeyWordsSurveyresearchSurveyresearch ResearchmethodsforinvestigatingtheResearchmethodsforinvestigatingthedistributionofattitudes,opinions,mentaldistributionofattitudes,opinions,men
19、taldisorders,andothercharacteristicsofdisorders,andothercharacteristicsofindividualsinspecificsectionsofapopulation,individualsinspecificsectionsofapopulation,orinawholepopulation,oftenbrokendownorinawholepopulation,oftenbrokendownintodemographicgroupsdefinedbyintodemographicgroupsdefinedbygeographi
20、callocation,ethnicidentity,age,sex,geographicallocation,ethnicidentity,age,sex,socialclass,maritalstatus,education,andsocialclass,maritalstatus,education,andsimilarcriteria.Surveysdesignedtocomparesimilarcriteria.Surveysdesignedtocomparedifferentculturesorsubculturesarecalleddifferentculturesorsubcu
21、lturesarecalledcross-culturalsurvey.cross-culturalsurvey.KeyWordsCasestudy Aresearchmethodinvolvingadetailedinvestigationofasingleindividualorasingleorganizedgroup,usedextensivelyinclinicalpsychologyandalso,thoughlessoften,inotherbranchesofthediscipline.Incasestudiesoforganizedgroups,participantobse
22、rvationisoftenused.KeyWords CorrelationstudyCorrelationstudy Anon-experimentaltypeofresearchAnon-experimentaltypeofresearchdesign,withoutmanipulationofandesign,withoutmanipulationofanindependentvariables,inwhichpatternsofindependentvariables,inwhichpatternsofcorrelationsbetweentwoormorevariablescorr
23、elationsbetweentwoormorevariablesareanalyzed.areanalyzed.ExperimentaldesignExperimentaldesignThegeneralplanofanexperiment,Thegeneralplanofanexperiment,includingthemethodofassigningresearchincludingthemethodofassigningresearchparticipantsorsubjectstotreatmentparticipantsorsubjectstotreatmentcondition
24、s,controllingextraneousvariables,conditions,controllingextraneousvariables,manipulatingtheindependentvariable,andmanipulatingtheindependentvariable,andmeasuringthedependentvariable.measuringthedependentvariable.SummaryMedicalpsychologyrevolvesaroundtheideathatboththeMedicalpsychologyrevolvesaroundth
25、eideathatboththebodybodyandandmindmind areone,indivisiblestructure.Continuingwiththislineofthought,allareone,indivisiblestructure.Continuingwiththislineofthought,alldiseasesdiseaseswhetherofthemindorofthephysicalbodymustbetreatedasifwhetherofthemindorofthephysicalbodymustbetreatedasiftheyhavebothbee
26、naffected.TheintentofMedicalPsychologyistoapplytheyhavebothbeenaffected.TheintentofMedicalPsychologyistoapplyknowledgefromallbranchesofpsychologyandmedicineintheknowledgefromallbranchesofpsychologyandmedicineintheprevention,assessment,andtreatmentofallformsofphysicaldiseases.prevention,assessment,an
27、dtreatmentofallformsofphysicaldiseases.MedicalpsychologyassertsitsmainfunctioninthedeterminationofMedicalpsychologyassertsitsmainfunctioninthedeterminationofpersonalitystylesofcopingandtheexaminationofattitudesofanpersonalitystylesofcopingandtheexaminationofattitudesofanindividualinresponsetosubject
28、iveandobjectivestressors.Medicalindividualinresponsetosubjectiveandobjectivestressors.Medicalpsychologistsalsohelpinthedeterminationofgenetic,biochemical,andpsychologistsalsohelpinthedeterminationofgenetic,biochemical,andphysiologicfactorsinillnessesandreactiontoillnesses.Thesearejoinedphysiologicfa
29、ctorsinillnessesandreactiontoillnesses.Thesearejoinedwithpsychosocialfactorsdeemedcontributorytodiseasesprocesses.withpsychosocialfactorsdeemedcontributorytodiseasesprocesses.SpecificbehavioralmethodsarethenusedtohelpthepersonmatchSpecificbehavioralmethodsarethenusedtohelpthepersonmatchcopingandmana
30、gementskillstothepersonsability,character,andcopingandmanagementskillstothepersonsability,character,andpersonalitystyle.personalitystyle.SummaryThebiopsychosocialmodelwasdevelopedbyDr.ThebiopsychosocialmodelwasdevelopedbyDr.GeorgeEngelwhowasaProfessorofPsychiatryandGeorgeEngelwhowasaProfessorofPsych
31、iatryandMedicine.ThebiopsychosocialmodeltakesintoaccountMedicine.Thebiopsychosocialmodeltakesintoaccountthepsychological,interpersonalandsocietalinfluencesthepsychological,interpersonalandsocietalinfluencesinthediagnosisandtreatmentofpatients.Theinthediagnosisandtreatmentofpatients.Thecomponentsofth
32、ebiopsychosocialmodeladdtothecomponentsofthebiopsychosocialmodeladdtothepurelybiomedicalmodelofclinicalcarewhichfocusespurelybiomedicalmodelofclinicalcarewhichfocusesonpathologyandthemechanismsofdiseaseandonpathologyandthemechanismsofdiseaseandtherapeutics.Amedicalmanhadtopayattentiontotherapeutics.
33、Amedicalmanhadtopayattentiontothebiopsychosocialaspectsinconjunctionwiththethebiopsychosocialaspectsinconjunctionwiththebiomedicalprinciplesindeliveringclinicalcare,biomedicalprinciplesindeliveringclinicalcare,providingeducation,communityserviceandconductingprovidingeducation,communityserviceandcond
34、uctingresearch.research.SummaryStudymethodsofmedicalpsychologyareStudymethodsofmedicalpsychologyarevarying,justasthevariousdisciplineswithinvarying,justasthevariousdisciplineswithinpsychologyvary.Amongthevariousmethodspsychologyvary.Amongthevariousmethodsare:experimentalmethod,surveymethodandare:exp
35、erimentalmethod,surveymethodandcasestudy,act.Theexperimentalmethodcasestudy,act.Theexperimentalmethodinvolvesbeginningwithatheoryandtheninvolvesbeginningwithatheoryandthentestingthattheory.Experimentsmustbetestingthattheory.Experimentsmustbecarefullyplannedandrepeatedsothatcarefullyplannedandrepeatedsothatcoincidenceandrandomphenomenawillnotbecoincidenceandrandomphenomenawillnotbemisinterpretedasproofofthehypothesis.misinterpretedasproofofthehypothesis.