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1、THE“SIX SIGMA “六西格玛PHENOMENA”- OLD OR NEW 新老现象”- - - - - -PERCEPTION OF QUALITY ? 感知的质量呢?Overview 概述Even if using Total Quality Management (TQM) as the main quality program represents a prevalent fact in nowadays industry, many companies are extending this kind of initiatives to incorporate strategi
2、c and financial issues .Among these initiatives, one such methodology is known as SIX Sigma, which originated from the Motorola Corporation .即使运用全面质量管理(TQM)为主要质量计划代表了在当今行业普遍存在的事实,许多公司都在扩展的举措将这种战略和财务问题。在这些行动,这样一个方法被称为6,源自于摩托罗拉公司。The concept was created by Motorola Inc .in the 1980s and was initiated
3、by the engineersconclusion , which stated that new products , often failing to meet customer expectations , could be produced error-free from the very beginning .When it was presented , this represented a radical idea during the activities of manufacturing in the organization : measuring customer re
4、quirements and performance against these targets during production , rather than after a products completion .这个概念是由摩托罗拉公司。在1980年代,工程师conclusion发起的,这表示,新产品,往往未能满足顾客期望,能产生无从头开始。当提出,这代表一个过激的想法,在制造业的活动组织:测量客户要求和性能对这些目标,在生产中而不是在一个产品的完成According to Tom McCarty , director of SIX Sigma business improvement
5、s at Motorola University in Schaumburg ., SIX Sigma differs substantially from quality initiatives that were prominent in the70s and80s , such as continuous improvement and total quality management .据汤姆雍琦、主任摩托罗拉六西格玛业务改进大学声明。,六西格玛与措施,明显与质量很突出在70年代和80年代,如持续改进和全面质量管理。The new approach involves controlli
6、ng , measuring and improving the capability of processes in order to“build”products or services free of any kind of defects .Although technically SIX Sigma means a product defect rate of 3 .4parts per million ( Sigma is a Greek term for variation) , the introduction of a SIX Sigma quality program me
7、ans much more than just measuring failure rates .The implementation of SIX Sigma includes introducing and incorporating a wide range of tools and methodologies into an organization in order to improve performance and, as an ultimate purpose , significantly improve profits . In the last years, the su
8、ccesses attributed to SIX Sigma were facilitated by the recent and increasing availability of electronic technologies such as automatic process monitoring, accessibility to large databases and rapid transfer of information .这种新方法涉及控制、测量和提高能力的过程以“营造”的产品或服务免费的任何的缺陷。尽管严格产品缺陷的六西格玛是指率3种。四分之(西格玛是希腊的一个术语,变
9、异),引进了六西格玛质量程序远远超过仅仅测量的失败率。实施六西格玛包括引进并包含广泛的工具和方法成为一个组织为了改善性能,作为一个终极目的,大大提升利润。近几年来,成功归因于六西格玛是得益于最近日益盛行的电子技术,如自动过程监控、可用性和快速传递大型数据库的信息。Introduction 介绍For many years , the Greek letter Sigma () has been the universally accepted symbol for standard deviation ( ISO3534 ( 1977 ) , BS5532 ( 1978 ) ) .Standa
10、rd deviation is a measure of dispersion , variation or spread . But , leaving the mathematical field , to employees of Motorola, General Electric , Honeywell, Bombardier , Black and Decker , ABB , Polaroid and many other companies , SIX Sigma is a company-wide transformation that has helped them and
11、 brought them, for a few years already , the success .多年来,希腊字母()已经被公认为标准偏差象征(ISO3534(1977),BS5532(1978)。标准差衡量色散、变异或扩散。但是,离开数学领域,给员工为摩托罗拉、通用电气、霍尼韦尔、庞巴迪、黑色和德克,ABB、宝丽莱和许多其他公司,六西格玛是一个公司范围的转变,已经帮助了他们,把他们,因为几年了,其成功的关键所在。The companies listed above can be referred to as“the SIX Sigma companies”.Many other o
12、rganizations have adopted a SIX Sigma approach, but these particular companies have publicized their success and have publicly emphasized the part played by SIX Sigma in the achievement of this success . None more so than General Electric, as its Annual Report for 1998 states very clearly:上面列出的公司可以称
13、为“六西格玛公司”。许多其他组织采取了六西格玛的方法,但这些特定公司宣传他们的成功和已公开强调六西格码中所起的作用,取得这一成功。没人比得上通用电气公司,为其1998年的年度报告州很清楚:“. . .we plunged into SIX Sigma with a company-consuming vengeance just over three years ago .We have invested more than a billion dollars in the effort, and the financial returns have now entered the expon
14、ential phase-more than three quarters of a billion dollars saving beyond our investment in 1998 ,with a billion and a half in sight for 1999 .”我们陷入了六西格玛与复仇company-consuming超过三年前做出的。我们已投资超过十亿美元的努力,和财务回报指数phase-more迈入比三个季度储蓄远远超出了我们的投资美元在1998年,与十亿零一个一半在眼前为1999。General Electric is perhaps best known for
15、 its manufacturing divisions , but SIX Sigma has been very successfully applied in General Electric Capital, which yielded a substantial proportion of General Electric profit in 1998 .通用电气最著名的大概就是它的制造部门,但六西格玛一直很成功地应用于通用电气资本,取得了相当比例的通用电气在1998年的盈利。Concluding , it can be mentioned that SIX Sigma can be
16、 implemented in a non-manufacturing environment .Furthermore, it can be successful in many countries .Several of the SIX Sigma companies are truly global .They have implemented SIX Sigma throughout the company, not just in their home country, as Black and Decker clarify in their Annual Report for 19
17、99 :结论,它可以提到六西格玛可以实现在一个非制造业的环境。此外,它可以成功在许多国家使用。几个六西格玛公司真正的全球。他们已经实施了六西格玛在全公司范围内,而不只是在自己的国家,黑色与德克澄清在他们1999年的年度报告。“Having begun , in late 1998 , to coordinate SIX Sigma strategies and measurements on a worldwide basis , our experience clearly shows that the potential benefits are enormous in terms of
18、productivity improvement, product quality, customer satisfaction , more efficient capital spending, and overall corporate profitability . . .Savings attributable to SIX Sigma were more than30 million in 1999, and we expect to generate twice that amount in 2000 as we intensify our efforts .“有开始,在1998
19、年末,六西格玛策略和协调在测量一个世界性的,我们的经验清楚地显示出其潜在的利益是巨大的从生产力的提高、产品质量、顾客满意度、更有效的资本支出,以及整体企业盈利。储蓄归因于六西格玛已经超过了3000万美元,而在1999年,我们期望产出这个数字的两倍于2000年,是我们加强我们的努力。”SIX Sigma is reputed to have originated in Motorola in 1987 and been taken up by Allied Signal in 1991 .The merger of Allied Signal and Honeywell was describe
20、d in the New York Times (8 June 1999) as“A merger made in heaven”, for it brought together the SIX Sigma approach of the former and the Baldridge winning approach of the latter . The Honeywell Annual Report for1999 states:六西格玛是被认为是在摩托罗拉在1987年和年信号受到了盟军在1991年。联通信号的合并和霍尼韦尔描述了纽约时报(1999年6月8日)为“合并天造地设的”,因
21、为它聚集了6西格玛方法前和Baldridge胜利的方式后者。霍尼韦尔的年度报告for1999状态:“Were blending the best of each companys total quality approach by adding elements of the Malcolm Baldridge assessment process to our proven SIX Sigma tool kit .This refreshed approach to total quality is called SIX Sigma Plus .Were exited about the p
22、otential for expanding the SIX Sigma Plus tools in the sales , marketing and service processes .Our experience shows that the average savings for a service project is about double that of a manufacturing project .”我们将最好的每个公司的总质量的方法通过添加元素的评估过程Baldridge马尔科姆证实六西格玛的工具箱。这清新的办法,共6西格玛质量称为优先。我们退出关于可能扩大六西格玛加
23、上工具,在销售、营销和服务流程。我们的经验表明,平均节省服务项目是一个制造项目的两倍It can be concluded that SIX Sigma has delivered , in a small number of large companies , benefits that present high interest to managers and to share-holders .Thus , anybody should not be surprised to find that many other companies are showing interest in t
24、his approach .They wish to know“what is SIX Sig-ma ?”“What is a SIX Sigma black Belt ?”“What is SIX Sigma culture ?”and“Why is SIX Sigma so successful ?”因此可以得出结论六西格玛救了,在一个小数量的大公司,福利,目前,高利息的管理者和股东。因此,任何人都不应感到惊讶地发现许多其他公司正在表现出兴趣,这个方法。他们想知道的是六Sig-ma“吗?“什么是六西格玛黑带吗?“六西格玛文化是什么?”和“为什么六西格玛取得如此大的成功的?”What is
25、SIX Sigma? 六西格玛是什么?“SIX Sigma is an information-driven methodology for reducing waste, in-creasing customer satisfaction and improving processes , with a focus on financially measurable results .”“六西格玛是一种应对方法,减少浪费,in-creasing客户满意度和改进过程,着重于财务可以度量的结果。”This definition of SIX Sigma is taken from a sales
26、 brochure published by Minitab Inc, who produces and distributes the well known statistical analysis software that is used by many of the companies listed above.这个定义六希格玛的销售手册是取自公布Minitab股份有限公司生产和销售广为人知的统计分析软件,用于许多公司上列。An alternative definition , which was used in Motorola , offers a rather different
27、 perspective :另一种定义方式,指的是通过在摩托罗拉,提供一个截然不同的观点:“SIX Sigma is a business philosophy of driving behavior by making an organizations values explicit in its compensation system and a business strategy of cutting costs and boosting customer satisfaction .”“六西格玛是一种经营理念的驾驶行为让一个组织的价值观显示的补偿系统和商业战略的降低成本,提高客户满意度
28、。”One of the founders of SIX Sigma , within Motorola ,was Mikel Harry .His opinions are widely sought .Also , the“SIX Sigma Breakthrough Strategy”is de-fined as:一个六西格码的创始人之一,在摩托罗拉,米克尔哈利。他的意见是普遍追求的目标。同时,“六西格玛突破策略”为de-fined为:“. . .a disciplined method of using extremely rigorous data gathering and sta
29、tistical analysis to pinpoint sources of errors and ways of eliminating them .”“。一个训练有素的综合利用方法非常严格的数据采集、数据分析来找出错误的来源和方法消除他们。Each of the three definitions focuses on important aspects of SIX Sigma, but none of them is complete. Perhaps it is not possible to define SIX Sigma in one simple sentence and
30、 it would be easier to define SIX Sigma by describing the characteristics that are shared by the companies in which it has succeeded .One of these common characteristics is a widespread focus on processes and the existence of a company-wide language for describing the capability of processes.每三个定义着重
31、六希格玛的重要方面,但是他们都不完整。也许是不可能的在一个定义六西格玛简单的句子,就更容易定义六西格码的特点,描述了专有权由公司在它成功了。其中的一个共同特点是一种普遍的关注过程和存在一种全公司范围内的语言。它是用于描述能力的过程。SIX Sigma is an important structured program for improving business processes and, as many voices pretend, it represents the latest“incarnation”of the quality movement .The program, gr
32、ounded in efforts to improve manufacturing quality during the 1980s , brings the methods and analytic tools of engineers to bear on the questions , what is really important for customers ? And where will changes to work processes must improve these points?六西格玛是一种重要的结构改进业务流程和程序,因为许多声音伪装,它代表了最新的“化身”的质
33、量运动。程序、脚踏实地,努力提高生产质量,在1980年代,带来的方法和分析工具的工程师来承担问题,什么是真正重要的客户?在工作过程中必须改进改变这些点?The basic idea behind the SIX Sigma philosophy is to continuously reduce product and process variation.背后所反映的基本思想六西格玛哲学是不断减少产品和工艺的变化。Therefore an important part of SIX Sigma work is to define and measure variation with the i
34、ntent of discovering its causes and to develop efficient operational means to control and reduce the variation .The expected outcomes of SIX Sigma efforts are:faster and more robust product development ,more efficient and capable manufacturing processes ,more confident overall business performance .
35、因此,六西格玛工作的重要组成部分是定义和测量变化的意图,发现其成因和形成有效的操作手段来控制和降低的变化。预期的六希格玛的努力是:更快、更强的产品发展,更有效率和有能力制造过程中,更加自信的整体商业表现。In order to reduce the variation to a very low level, the first step is to“design for productibility”.This means that designers configure a product in such a manner that its performance is“shielded”
36、 against variation .By doing this , the organization can be sure that its products will consistently perform to the specified levels as so all of the product will be on target with minimum differences between units of product .为了降低到很低的水平变化,第一步就是要“设计为productibility”。这意味着设计师配置产品,以这样的方式,其性能是“屏蔽”反对变化。通过
37、这样做,组织可以确保其产品将始终如一地执行指定的水平,所以所有的产品将瞄准的单位与最低的区别产品。The next step is to find out, control and eventually eliminate all main causes of variation in the manufacturing processes involved in both the supplied parts and the final assembly. This is done using statistical process control and other tools inclu
38、ding1 . computer simulation;2 . short cycle manufacturing ;3 . part standardization and supplier qualification ;4 . supplier statistical process control ;5 . participative management practices;6 . design of experiments , measurement system analysis;7 . failure mode and effect analysis .下一步是找出、控制并最终消
39、除所有的主要原因的变异,都在制造过程和最终装配零部件供应商。这是需要使用统计过程控制及其他工具,包括1。计算机仿真;2。生命周期短的制造;3。部分标准化和供应商资格;4。供应商统计过程控制;5。参与式管理的实践;6。实验设计、测量系统分析;7。故障模式及影响分析。With this basement already built, it can be considered that SIX Sigma methodology breaks down into 12 steps:Measure1 . Select the characteristic Critical-To-Quality( CT
40、Q)2 . Define performance standards3 . Validate measurement systemAnalyze4 . Establish product capability5 . Define performance objectives6 . Identify variation sourcesImprove7 . Screen potential causes8 . Discover variable relationship9 . Establish operating tolerancesControl10 . Validate measuremen
41、t system11 . Determine process capability12 . Implement process controls这个地下室已建成,它不能认为六西格玛方法论分解成12步骤:测量1。选择的特点Critical-To-Quality(概念不同)2。定义绩效标准3。验证测量系统分析4。建立产品的能力5。定义绩效目标6。识别变异来源提高7。屏幕潜在原因8。发现变量关系9。建立操作公差控制10。验证测量系统11分。确定过程能力12。实施的过程控制The SIX Sigma companies are concerned with the reduction of varia
42、tion and with the reduction of defective products and services .However , they often focus on“defects per million opportunities”or DPMO as metric , and their performance standards are:1 . A 3 Sigma process produces less than 66 810 DPMO .2 . A 4 Sigma process produces less than 6 210 DPMO .3 . A 5 S
43、igma process produces less than 233 DPMO .4 . A 6 Sigma process produces less than 3 .4 DPMO .六西格玛企业担忧的降低,减少的变化和有缺陷的产品和服务。然而,他们经常集中在“缺陷每百万机会”或DPMO公制、和他们的性能标准是:1。一个3过程产生不到66 DPMO。2。4过程可以产生210 DPMO少于6。3。5过程产生少于233 DPMO。4。6西格玛过程产生小于3。4 DPMO。But, as a Polaroid executive pointed out , SIX Sigma practitio
44、ners do not simply focus on defects , they concentrate on improvement of the processes that produce the defects .This focus demonstrates the amount of change required and the kind of improvement in quality that has to be achieved by firms .但是,作为一个宝丽来执行指出,六西格玛从业者不仅仅专注于缺陷,他们只专注在改进过程产生的缺陷。这将改变了要求的数量和类型
45、的提升品质,达到公司。SIX SIGMA implementation strategiesThere are three general strategies of SIX Sigma deployment:1 .SIX Sigma organization ;2 .SIX Sigma engineering organization ;3 .Strategically selected projects and individuals .In Table 8-1 the main aspects of each of these strategies are outlined , and
46、comparisons are made in the areas of the kind of personnel trained , typical course content as well as strengths and weaknesses of each strategy .六西格玛实施策略有三个一般部署六希格玛的策略:1。六西格玛组织;2。六西格玛工程组织;3。选定的项目战略和个人。在表8 - 1的重点概述了每一个这样的策略,并比较在该地区的那种人员培训、教学内容以及典型的长处和弱点每种策略。The first strategy ,“SIX Sigma organizatio
47、n”uses a methodology of training all individuals , in all areas , in the fundamental concepts and tools involved in the application of SIX Sigma .Using this method , a high level of awareness can be created throughout an organization , and a common language and problem-solving approach adopted .第一个策
48、略,“六西格玛组织”使用一个方法论训练所有人,在各个领域,在基本概念和工具所涉及六希格玛的应用。用这种方法,一个高水平的意识可以在整个组织中被创造,共同的语言和解决问题的方法采用。The“SIX Sigma engineering organization”strategy focuses on training and development within the design and manufacturing engineering departments of the firm .In this case, resources are more focused and there is an emphasis on project applications .“六西格玛工程组织”的战略重点培训和发展在设计与制造工程等相关部门的公司。在这种