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1、必修三知识点汇总Module 1 Europe重要短语：because of 因为refer to 参考/指的是/涉及/适用于thanks to 由于；多亏了have control over/of对有控制权due to/owing to 由于beyond control 无法控制as a result of 由于的结果under control 被控制住be covered by/without of control 失去控制be known for/as/toin the control of 由控制/管理/负责make A out of B用 B 制成 Alose control of
2、对失去控制make A into B/be made ofhave a population of 有多少人口work on 从事/做工作；忙于little by little 渐渐地havein commonin ones thirtiescompare A with/and B比较 A 和 Bin the long/short term就长/短期而言compareto把比作.come to terms=make terms达成协议，和好compared with/to与比较起来bring sb. to terms 使某人接收条件belong tobe on good/bad terms w
3、ith sb.与某人交情好/不好increase(reduce) to/bybe faced with 面临，面对off the coast 在(离开海面的)海岸上ever since 自从/一直on the one /other hand 一方面/另一方面（be）opposite to 在对面，与相反be located in=lie in=be situated in坐落于just the opposite 恰恰相反There+be/exist/lie/stand/appear+主有存在keep a cool head 保持头脑清醒get into a difficult situatio
4、n陷入困难的状况lose ones head惊慌失措，失去理智get out of a difficult situation摆脱困难的状况head for 朝着前进save the situation 挽回局势face to facein terms of 根据/从方面来说/从的观点along the coast重要句型：1. It is one of the most beautiful cities in the world.one of the +形容词最高级+ 可数名词复数最。 。 。 。之一2. Portugal is to the west of Spain.表示位置: A is
5、/lies in/on/to/off the+方向+of BA is located/situated in/on/to/off the+方向+of B位置+距离: A is (about)+距离+（to the）+方向+of Bin ,on 和 to 表地理方位的区别（1）表示 A 在 B 的范围内（2）强调 A 和 B 两地接壤时，用on.（3）A 在 B 的范围之外，两者之间没有所属关系时用 to。如：Our school is to the west of the hospital.我们学校在医院的西面。3. on the coast 和 off the coaston 表示“位于河畔
6、或铁路，公路及海岸等沿线上” ；off 表示“稍离陆地，在沿岸的海里” 。如：4. 表示倍数的四种句型：1）This bridge is 3 times longer than that one.这座桥比那座桥长 3 倍。2) This bridge is 4 times as long as that one这座桥是那座桥的 4 倍长。3）A is times the size/length/width/height/depth of BThis room is 3 times the size of that one.这间房间的大小是那间的3 倍。4) A + v.times as man
7、y/much + n.+ as BThe factory has produced 3 times as many cars as it did last year. 这个厂今年的汽车产量是去年的3 倍。语法要求：一： 一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态被动语态由 “be+及物动词的过去分词(+by) ”构成。 被动语态发生时态变化时只变be 形式， 过去分词不变。现在时被动语态：am/ is/ are + 过去分词过去时被动语态：was/ were + 过去分词二：主谓一致：本单元主要强调第二个原则语法一致原则。句子的主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。注意：(1)
8、 something, everybody, nobody , either, neither, each等不定代词作主语时，谓语需用单数。(2) 当主语后面跟有 with, together with, along with, as well as, like, including, except, rather than, but,等时， 谓语动词的单复数形式仍然要与这些词语前面的主语保持一致。3）表示时间，重量，长度，价格等的复数名词，作主语从整体来看时，谓语动词用单数。4）非谓语动词，从句或其他短语作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Early to bed and early to r
9、ise is healthful.5） 如果主语是由 and 连接的两个单数名词， 但前面有 each, every, no 等词修饰时， 谓语用单数。 例如：Everyboy and girl in this region is taught to read and write.6) 谓语动词用单数的情况：many a ，more than one，Every and every/，noand no/eachand eachone and a half，aor two，a/the (and) 指同一人、事物或概念the number ofa great deal of / a large a
10、mountof2. 意义一致原则。1)一些集合名词，如：family, enemy, class, population, army等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数要根据实际含义而定。当表示整体意义时，用单数；当强调个体成员时，用复数。如：2） 由 there 或 here 引起的主语，而又不止是一个时，采取就近原则。例如：Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.3. 邻近性原则。neithernor, eitheror, not onlybut also, or 连接两个名词或代词作主语时；由there, here引导的句子，并
11、且主语不止一个时，谓语动词通常与邻近它的主语保持一致。Module 2 重要短语：agree to the plan (suggestion, proposal) 同意（建议，agree on/upon sth 达成协议一致意见安排）make efforts/ an effort to do sth. 努力做某事measure sth in/by sth 用来衡量spare no effort 不遗余力 with/without effort 费力地/agree with sb.同意某人的观点或看法，适合毫不费力地encourage sb to do sthget(be) close to 靠
12、近，接近，即将发生as a result of 由于take measures to do 采取措施as a result 结果be crowded with 充满，满是result in 导致in exchange for 交换achieve ones goalresult from 由引起in/during the last ten yearson a high/low income 高/低收入receive a good educationincome tax (个人)所得税be willing to do sth.with the development ofmake comparis
13、ons 作比较under development 在发展中be connected withfigure out 算出/解决/理解/弄明白at the top of /at the bottom ofbe up to=be fit for 胜任，适合于live with 与.住/忍受share sth. with sb.与某人分享up to 直到/到为止/多达share (in)sth.共享make progress 进步life expectancy 预期寿命;平均寿命be similar to 与相似重要句型：1.be be important to sb.of+抽象名词=be+该名词的同
14、根形容词eg. His advice is of value to us. = valuableThis dictionary is of great use. =usefulWhat he said is of importance for you. = important2.till ：直到up to sthbe fit for ：胜任 Li Ping is not up to his job.be busy in doing sth ：忙着做be up to sb=be left to sb to decide ：由决定/ 负责3. sure1) make sure 表示“务必”，“确信
15、”，“弄明白”，后面常接 of/about sth.或 that 引导的宾语从句。Make sure(that) you will arrive there on time. 你务必准时到这。I know theres a train this afternoon, but I must make sure of the time.2）be sure of, be sure that 对有把握，对确定，确信Can we be sure of his honesty. /Can we be sure that he is honest? Im sure of winning the game.3
16、) be sure to do 说话人推测主语“一定；必然会”或 (常用于祈使句)务必做某事He is sure to be back soon. 他一定会很快回来。 Be sure not to forget it. 千万别忘了。注意：be sure of 与 be sure to do 的区别：.He is sure of his success. =He is sure that he will succeed. 他确信他会成功。.He is sure to succeed. 他一定会成功。(说话人的看法). Be sure to write and tell me all your n
17、ews. 务必来信把你所有情况都告诉我。另外，常见的与sure 相关的短语还有：be sure of oneself 有自信心，for sure 的确；确实地， sure enough 果真，果然。 用于口语，此时的“Sure.”相当于“Of course.” 与“Certainly.”。4. From the agreement came the Human Development Report.表示方位或方式的副词和介词短语放在句首用完全倒装, 即谓语动词完全置于主语之前。At the foot of the mountain lies a small village. Out rushe
18、d the children.孩子们冲了出去。Here comes the bus. 车来了。(To the) south of our school stand many shops.【部分倒装】only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，放于句首否定副词 never, nor, not, hardly, little, seldom等放于句首 so+adj/adv+(倒装)+ that1. Only when he returned did we find out the truth (We found out the truth only when he returned.)2. Never
19、 before have I seen such a moving film.(I have never seen such a moving film before)3. So clearly does he speakEnglish that he can always make himself understood.(He speaks English so clearlythat)5 S.+ be + adj. + to doeasy/ good/ safe/comfortable/ dangerous/hard/ difficult1).The water is not pure t
20、o drink (drink)2).He needs a chair comfortable to sit on.(sit )3).The young man felt the room cold to live in (live)语法要求：but 和 however 的联系和区别however 作副词用时,表示“然而；但是”,可以位于句首、句中和句末；位于句首时,要用逗号与句子其它部分隔开；位于句中时,其前后都要用逗号；位于句末时其前用逗号分开.however 与 but 两者都做“但是,然而”讲,而且都引出并列句.从语义上看,but 所表示的是非常明显的对比,转折的意味较 however
21、要强.从语序上看,but 总是位于所引出的分句之首,而 however 却可位于句首、句中和句末,同时从标点符号上看,but 之后一般不得使用逗号,而 however 则必须用逗号与句子其它部分分开.2. although 引导状语从句Module3重要短语:pick upfrom side to sideat sea 迷茫in all 总共，合计on averagenot at all 一点也不，别客气natural disasterafter all 毕竟，终究catch fire 失火/着火above all 首先，尤其是pour down 倾泻而下first of all 首先set
22、fire to 放火烧come to an end 结束，完结manage to do sth.turn over 移交; 翻转according toput out 熄灭take placereport on 报道fall downa total of 总数为in ruins 严重受损，破败不堪sth.occurs to sb.某事被某人想起fall into ruin 已成废墟it occurs to sb. + that-clause某人突然想到bring sb. to ruin 毁灭某人it occurs to sb. to do sth.某人突然想到做某事end up 到达或来到某处
23、on the same latitude 在同一纬度end up with sth.以某事作为结束warn sb. (not)to do sth.警告某人（不）干某事end up doing sth.以做某事为结束warn sb. of sth.警告某人当心某事bury oneself in sth.埋头于、专心致志于某事物be experienced in/at 在方面有经验be buried in 埋头于，专心致志于重要句型:1.A good idea suddenly struck me.我忽然想到一个好主意strike sb.+介词+the +具体部位 打某人的某个部位eg. stri
24、ke him on the back打某人的背hit sb in the face 打某人的脸pat sb on the shoulder 拍某人的肩膀be struck by 被所打动，被迷住【注意区分】strike,hit,beat,knockstrike “(钟)敲打，撞击，袭击”， 表示有力的打一下。beat 连续地打，心脏的跳动，在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方，也可表示殴打，体罚。hit 瞄准某物而击中。也可表示“袭击”knock 用拳头或硬的东西“敲、击、打2.wordsoccurhappenmeanings偶然发生；突然想起It occurred to sb. that .偶然发生
25、；碰巧 It happened that/ sb. happen to do sth.break outtake place (战争、火灾、疾病、争吵) 突然爆发 (有计划地)发生;举行3.There was the possibility ofIt is possible that语法要求：1. by the time 意为“到时候（为止） ” ，是一个介词短语，在句中经常起连词作用，引导时间状语从句。它的主要用法如下：1).如果从句中的谓语动词是一般过去时，那么主句中的谓语动词通常用过去完成时，表示“截止到从句动作发生时，主句动作已经完成，即过去的过去” 。By the timedid,
26、sb. had done sth.By the time he returned home，the rain had stopped.2).如果从句中的谓语动词为一般现在时/或现在完成时 （表示将来） ， 那么主句中的谓语动词常为将来完成时，表示“截止到将来某一时间为止，主句动作将已经完成” 。By the timedo/does, sb. will have done sth.By the time you get back，I shall have finished the work.3).如果主句动作不强调已经完成， 只是说明某个时候的状况，（主句是be 的系表形式或者是表示像know,
27、 find,believe 等表示认知的持续性动词，则往往用一般时态，不用完成时态。 ）此时主句不用完成时，而应根据实际需要选用适当的时态，此时by the time 相当于 when。 例如：He was out of breath by the time he reached the top. 登上顶端时，他气喘吁吁。2. 过去完成时的被动语态：had+过去分词3. 间接引语。英语中常用两种方式引用别人的话。一种是直接引述别人的原话，把它放在引号内，叫直接引语；另一种是用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语。如果把直接引语变为间接引语，从句中的人称、时态、代词、时间状语和地点状语等一般都要作相
28、应的改变。3. 定语从句。Module 4重要短语cut out 剪除;切掉;割掉cut in 插嘴cut up 切碎;使伤心cut down 砍掉;消减cut of 切断;停掉;隔绝dig up 挖出be caught in 被困在(风、雨、雪)中walk up to 认识到/意识到catch up with 赶上;跟上sweep away 扫除/清除/冲走/刮走catch hold of 抓住,握住take in 吸入（空气）;欺骗;体会;收容catch sight of 看见give out 分发;发出(气味、热气)；用尽take away 带走give in 屈服;让步,投降take
29、off 脱下,拿掉,起飞give off 送出;发出（光等）take on 承担give away 赠送;放弃;泄漏;出卖have an effect on take up 举起,开始做;占据give up 放弃complain to sb 向诉苦/发牢骚the masses 群众,平民complain about/of sth 抱怨某事in the mass 大体而论,总体上one after another 一个接一个a weather forecast 天气预报look through 仔细检查give/make a forecast 预言,预报solve problemsbe part
30、 of 成为的一部分masses of/a mass of 许多,大量if possible 如果可能if any 如果有的话if ever 如果曾经有的话if necessary 如果需要的话if not 不这样的话if so 如果是这样的话think seriously about 认真考虑prevent/stop/keep(from)doingbe concerned with/in 与有关in a nutshell/ in a word/ in brief/ in short一言以蔽之as far as sth.is concerned 就某事而言be concerned for/ab
31、out/over 对关心,担心,忧虑重要句型1. appear to似乎，好像/ It appears that He is only forty , but appears to be (be) quite old. It appears to me thatThe girl appears to have known (know) it.这女孩好像已经知道了这件事。It appears to me that you are all mistaken. 我觉得你们全错了。2.wordsstrengthforceenergypowermeanings着重指人的力气，物的强度。自然力量；暴力，势
32、力；法律，道德，感情力量；军事力量等主要指人的精力；自然界的能量用途最广，包括能力，功能；事物的力量；职权，权力或政权3. sothat/ such that. 引导结果状语从句【注意】1)such 与 so2)little 少/小3)当 so 或 such 置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序。The boy was so frightened that he didnt know what to do.改为倒装句：So frightened was the boy that he didnt know what to do.4.I couldnt agree with you more / it
33、couldnt be worseif possible语法要求：一：to do 不定式(一)结构: to do (否定) not to do(二)不定式的各种时态一般式进行式完成式完成进行式主动语态 to do to be doing to have done to have been doing被动语态 to be done - to have been done -(三)用法1). 主To see is to believe.Its important to learn .用 it 作形式主语.2). 表My job is to help the patient.Your task is
34、to clean the classroom.3) 宾I want to go home.think/ consider/ find /make/feel it + adj.+ to do常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有：hope, refuse, learn, set out choose, decide, agree, manage, pretend, plan.4). 宾warn, tell, allow, help, ask, forceThe teacher told me to clean the blackboard.I expect you to give me some help
35、.五看 watchseelook atobservenotice三使 letmakehave二听 listen tohear一感觉: feel不定式用在介词 but, except, besides 后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do 的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带 to,相反则带 to.She could do nothing but cry.I have no choice but to go.What do you like to do besides sleep.注：在 cant but ，cant help but ，cant choose but （意思是不得不，只能，只好）
36、，的结构后， 不定式不带 to5). 定语I have something to say.(如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则不定式中要有介词.)不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰词的后面，而且放在其他后置定语之后。不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有三种关系：动宾关系I have a lot of work to do.我有很多工作要做。主谓关系He is always the first to come.他总是第一个来。同位关系We all have a chance to go to college.我们都有上大学的机会。不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，即使是及物动词，不定式后面仍
37、须有相应的介词。不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place 或 way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。He had no money and no place to live.他没钱没地方住。something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词常用不定式做后置定语。注意比较：Do you have anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗？（不定式to send 的动作执行者是 you）Do you have anything to be sent?你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？（不定式 to be sent 的动作执行者是已被省略
38、的me 或 someone else）6) 状I came here to see you.in order to , so as to ,enough to ,only to , too.to.,(7).独立结构To tell the truth, I dont agree with you.to be frank, to be honest, to tell the truth不定式与疑问词 who,which, when, how, what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。He didnt know what to say.他不知道说什么。(宾语)Howtosolve
39、theproblemisveryimportant. 如 何 解 决 这 个 问 题 很 重 要 。 ( 主 语 )My question is when to start.我的问题是什么时候开始。(表语)注意：在与 why 连用时， 只用于 why 或 why not 开头的简短疑问句中， 后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。 Why not havea rest?固定句型:had better/had best + (not) do sth.最好（不）做某事Why (not) do sth.?prefer to do/prefer doingprefern./doing to n./doing
40、prefer to do rather than(to) do would rather (not) do sth.would rather do than (do) would rathersb. did（虚拟语气） 要做(1).They pretended not to see us.(一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/几乎/发生在它之后.)(2). He pretended to be sleeping.(在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行)(3).She pretended to have known it before.(完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前)(4).Were hap
41、py to have been working with you.(完成进行式表示谓语动作发生之前,不定式的动作一直在进行而且可能之后也继续)Module 5重要短语：be related to 与.有关bring down 使倒下,消减be equal to 等于bring back 恢复,使想起human beingbring in 收(庄稼);引进be born good 人之初,性本善be at war with 与.交战live a (n)lifetell the time 报时follow / take ones advicebring up 养育,教育;提出;呕吐a sense
42、of responsibility责任感make sense of 懂,理解make sense有意义,讲的通There is no sense in doing sth做某事不明智/没意义论reach /arrive at/ draw/ come to a conclusion得出结place stress on sth.in conclusion 最后，总之make a contribution to stress the importance ofin some ways 在某些方面have an influence on/upon sth.对某事有影响lay stress on sth
43、. 强调某事influence sb. to do sth. 影响某人做某事put stress on sth.be influencedIt is/was a time when那是一个的时期travel from state to state周游列国argue with sb about/over sth某人争论The reason why is that 的理由是argue for 据理力争The reason for sth. is that 某事的理由是argue against 反对in good/ poor condition状况良好(不好)on no condition 决不o
44、n one condition 有一个条件no faster than 和一样不快= as slowly ason condition that 如果,条件是,只要重要句型：1.ordern. & v. 秩序，顺序，命令，订购，eg.1)Then they called out our names in order and we answered yes or no . (翻译)然后他们按顺序点我们的名字，我们回答对错。out of order 无序的，杂论无章的 in order (of) 以顺序 in order to 为了in order that 为了 place an order w
45、ith sb for sth 向某人订购某put in order 按顺序排列，整齐摆放2. If ,then 3. No more than语法要求：一：限制性定语从句：用来修饰某个名词或代词的从句，叫定语从句。引导定语从句的关系代词：that，which，who, whom, whose, as关系副词：when, where, how, why注意：1. 介词放在关系代词前面时，介词宾语只能用which 代物，用 whom 代人。2. 在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词在从句中担任介词宾语而介词在句尾时，关系代词可省略。3. 有时为了行文需要，定语从句中的关系代词和部分谓语动词可省略。Mod
46、ule 6重要短语：provide sth. for sb. /sb. with sthdream of 梦想date from /back to 起源于dream adream 做一个梦work outout of date 过时come trueup to date 最新global warmingfix a date for sth 给某事约定日期have a date with sb 和某人约会of all time 有史以来think ofhold back 阻挡,忍住,抑制(情感hear fromhold ones breath 屏住气now that .hold up 耽搁;妨碍
47、(交通等)hold on 坚持;(电话)请等一下make a note /notes 作笔记bring an end to 结束a large amount ofon the spotbe pleased withcrash into 撞上，坠毁freezing point 冰点in a sense 就某种意义而言重要句型：1.It takes sb. Time to do sth.2.be of + n. = be + adj.3.accommodate sb. with sth.提供某人某物accommodate to sth.适应，顺应accommodate oneself to sth
48、.使自己适应于accommodate sb. for (the night)留某人(过夜)provide accommodations for为提供膳宿语法要求：非限制性定语从句引导词非限定性定语从句即“引导定语从句的关系词”引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词：as,which,who引导非限定性定语从句的关系副词主要有：when,where。非限定性定语从句注意不能用 that 作为关系代词的两种情况：非限定性定语从句介词+关系代词who 引导Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook.whom 引导关系代词 whom 用于
49、指人，在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句首。which 引导关系代词 which 在非限制性定语从句，中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句，在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。when 引导关系副词 when 在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语，指代主句中表示时间的词语。as 引导as 引出非限定性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明但通常用于像as we all know, as it is known, as isknown to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned
50、 above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported inthe newspaper 等句式中。as 在非限定性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，且引出的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as 有“正如， 就像”之意。区别1、as 引导的定语从句可以放在句首、句中和句尾，which 引导的定语从句可置于句中或句尾。2、当 as 后面有“is 或 was+过去分词”构成的被动语态时，be 动词 is 或 was 可省略。3、 as 有时也可用作关系代词 。若as 在从句中作主语，其引导的句子