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1、语法专题一名词-可数名词规则变化1| 一般情况在词尾加-s,例词:pen-pens,doctor-doctors,boy-boys2| 在以-s, -sh, -ch, -x结尾的名词后面加-es,例词:bus-buses,dish-dishes,box-boxes3| 将-f或-fe变为v再加-es,例词:knife-knives,leaf-leaves,wolf-wolves3|以-f或-fe结尾的名词直接加s,例词:roof(屋顶)-roofs,gulf(海湾)-gulfs4| 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,要将y变为i再加-es,例词:family-families,story-storie
2、s5| 以元音字母加y结尾的名词,只加-s,例词:boy-boys,day-days,toy-toys6| 以辅音字母加o结尾的名加-es,(中考常见4个)tomato-tomatoes,potato-potatoes,hero-heroes,negro-negroes(黑人)顺口溜巧记:1. 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词变复数,常见词尾加-es的词有四个,即tomato, potato, hero, negro(黑人)四个词,我们可以这样记:黑人(negro)英雄(hero)爱吃西红柿(tomato)和 马铃薯(potato)。2.以f(e)结尾的名词变复数,需要把-f(e)改为v,再加-es
3、,常见的有9个,它们分别是wife, knife, wolf, thief, shelf, self, life, half, leaf可以这样记:妻子(wife)持刀(knife)去宰狼(wolf),小偷(thief)吓得发了慌;躲在架子(shelf)后保护自己(self)的命(life),半(half)片树叶(leaf)遮目光。3.由self构成的复合词,其变化与self相同。如:myselfourselves, yourselfyourselves。不规则变化1.单复数形式相同:sheep,fish,deer等以及汉语中的计量单位如jin(斤),yuan(元)2.只有复数形式:glass
4、es(眼镜),trousers,pants, shorts,clothes(衣服)3.一些集体名词总是用作复数:people,police,staff4.部分集体名词既可作单数(整体),也可作复数(成员):class,family,team,group5.复数形式表示特别含义:times(时代),papers(报纸),looks(外表),sands(沙滩),manners(礼貌)6.改变名词中的元音字母:man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,tooth-teeth,mouse-mice7.词尾发生变化:child-children;ox-oxen8
5、.合成名词-主体名词变复数:girl students 合成名词-两部分都变复数:men teachers9.表示国籍,即“某国人”- 单复数同形:Chinese, Japanese, Swiss 表示国籍,即“某国人”- 直接加-s:Germans,Americans,Australians,Canadians,Indians 表示国籍,即“某国人”- -man,-woman结尾的,改为-men,-womenEnglishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen10.有些名词虽然以-s结尾却表示单数,如:news,grass,physics,politics等。
6、语法专题一名词-不可数名词不可数名词的类别:物质名词,表示无法分为个体的物质或实物,如:water,time,air等。抽象名词,表示品质、状态、感情等抽象的概念,如:happiness,honesty(诚实)等。不可数名词的量:常见的不可数名词有:music,fun,news,information,advice,weather,homework,work,air,time,money,paper,traffic,practice,progress等。它们不能直接和表示数字的词或a/an连用,没有复数形式。但可以借助量词来表示数量,即“量词+名词”,little,a little,much,
7、a large/small amount of,a great deal of+不可数名词some,any,plenty of,enough,a lot of/lots of+可数/不可数名词。如:a piece of paper,a glass of water,two bowls of rice。常用搭配:a piece of paper / news / bread / meat / advice / information / chalk。常见短语:a bottle of,a cup of coffee,a drop of water,two pieces of,a pair of.注
8、意:有些名词既可做可数名词,也可作不可数名词。如:名词用作可数用作不可数名词用作可数用作不可数paper试卷,报纸纸light灯光glass玻璃杯玻璃room房间空间chicken小鸡鸡肉orange橘子橘子汁语法专题一名词-名词所有格名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系。s所有格(主要表示有生命的人或物的名词)1.单数名词加 s:my dads dog, Toms car等。2.以s结尾的复数名词加 :the teachers office, her parents bedroom等。3.不以s结尾的复数名词加 s:Childrens Day,peoples life等。4.表示两人共同拥有
9、,在最后一个名词后加 s:Mary and Peters desk 两人共用的桌子5.表示两人各自拥有,在各个名词后加 s:Marys and Lucys rooms两人各自的房间6.表示某家、店铺等处所,所有格后名词可以省略:my aunts(house),in the shoes(shop)注意:表示时间、距离、国家、城市的名词,也可以用s所有格。如:todays newspaper今天的报纸,the worlds biggest problem世界最大的问题,an hours walk/ride一小时的路程,eight days holiday=an eight-day holiday八
10、天的假期。等等of所有格主要用于无生命的名词,如:the gate of the school,a window of the room房间的窗子或者是名词或名词的定语较长,如:the death of Dr. Norman Bethune诺尔曼白求恩大夫的死。等等双重所有格 双重所有格的构成形式:名词+of+名词性物主代词/名词所有格如:a teacher of mine/his/hers/yours/ours/theirs我的/他的/她的/你的/我们的/他们的一位老师some friends of my fathers我父亲的几个朋友注意:有些名词是用介词to来表示所有格。如:the ke
11、y to the door门的钥匙,the way to school学校的路,the answer to the question问题的答案练习(真题):( )1. Hurry up!Some _ and are on sale in the supermarket.A.tomato;egg B.tomatoes;egg C.tomatoes;eggs D.tomato;eggs( )2. -Look!They are _. -Yes.We are proud of them.A.man scientist B.women scientists C.woman scientists D.ma
12、n scientists( )3. We should brush our _ every day.A.tooth B.teeth C.hand D.hands( )4. The problems are difficult to solve. Please give me _.A.many advice B.some advice C.an advice D.some advices( )5. -Can I help you,Madam? -Yes. _,please.A.Two pair of socks B.Two pairs of socks C.Two pairs of sock D
13、.Two pair of sock( )6. What else do we need to make cold beef? -_.A.Two spoons salt B.Two spoons of salts C.Two spoons of salt D.Two spoons salts( )7. -Whose jacket are those? -They are _. They said they lost them yesterday.A.ours B.Li Lei and Li Taos C.Li Leis and Li Taos D.their brothers( )8. Afte
14、r playing football for more than half an hour,the students took _ rest.A.a few minutes B.a little minutes C.a few minutes D.a little minutes( )9. Upstairs are _ bedrooms.They are tidy and nice.But are in a mess.A.Lilys and Lucys;our B.Lilys and Lucys;ours C.Lilys and Lucy;ours D.Lily and Lucys;our( )10.The three _ upstairs are too small to have enough _ for a double bed. A. room; room B. room; rooms C. rooms; room D. rooms; rooms