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1、7.5 Science and culture in the 17th century1.After the end of the Renaissance period,the 17th century Europe witnessed a new intellectual revolution:the Scientific Revolution.It was aseries of events that marked the emergence and development of modern science including mathematics,physics,astronomy,
2、biology and chemistry.The explanation of the universe and the natural world by Aristotle became questionable.The main characteristics of the Science Revolution arematerialistic and mathematical.This revolution was supported by kings and noblemen.Royal observatories and laboratories were created.In 1
3、662the English Royal Society was established and in 1666 the French academy of Science was established.2.Nicolaus Copernicus1473 1543.In 1543 in Nuremberg,Holy Roman Empire,Copernicuss book On the Revolutions of the HeavenlySpheres was published just before his death.It was written in Latin.This eve
4、nt was considered the beginning of the Scientific Revolution.Copernicus was born and died in Royal Prussia,a region that had been part of the Kingdom of Poland since 1466.He was a mathematician andastronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the cent
5、er of the universe.Aristotle believed that the sun,moon and planets are all faultless spheres and immune from decay,the earth is at the center of the Great Chain ofBeing.This view was called heliocentrism.Copernicus challenged this view.At rest,in the middle of everything is the sun.For in this most
6、beautiful temple who would place this lamp in another or better position than that from which it can light up the whole thing at the same time.Hisview was called geo-centrism.3.Tycho Brahe(1546 1601)was a Danish nobleman and astronomer.Supported by the king of Demark he built a large observatory.He
7、hasbeen described as the first competent mind in modern astronomy to feel ardently the passion for exact empirical facts.His observations were fivetimes more accurate than the best available observations at the time.He believed that all planets but the earth revolved around the sun and the sunrevolv
8、ed around a fixed earth.Johannes Kepler(1571 1630)was Brahes student,a German astronomer,mathematician,and astrologer.Astrologer is someone whopredicts the future by the positions of the planets and sun and moon.At that time there was no clear distinction between astronomy and astrology.Kepler disco
9、vered that planets orbited the sun in an elliptical rather than a circular path.An ellipse is an oval or egg shape similar to a circle butlonger and flatter.He believed that the solar system was heliocentric and that the heavens,like the earth were made of matter and followed thephysical laws.This p
10、rovided one of the foundations for Newtons theory of universal gravitation.In physics,gravitation is the force which causesobjects to be attracted towards each other because they have mass.4.Galileo Galilei(1564 1642)was an Italian astronomer,physicist and engineer.He has been called the father of o
11、bservational astronomy,father of modern physics,father of the scientific method and father of modern science.Galileo studied speed,gravity and free fall,the principleof relativity,inertia,projectile motion.With a telescope he created he discovered four moons of Jupiter,and spots on the sun.His great
12、estcontribution was his popularization of the Copernican theory.The Roman Catholic Church tried him and forced him to recant his views and hespent the rest of his life under house arrest.5.Giordano Bruno(1548 1600)was an Italian Dominican friar,philosopher,mathematician,poet,and cosmological theoris
13、t.He was asupporter of Copernicus,and proposed that the stars were distant suns surrounded by their own planets,and he raised the possibility that theseplanets might foster life of their own.Bruno was tried for heresy by the Roman Inquisition on charges of denial of several core Catholic doctrines,i
14、ncluding eternal damnation,the Trinity,the divinity of Christ,the virginity of Mary.In 1600 the Inquisition found him guilty,and he was burned atthe stake in a public square called field of flowers in Rome.He died as a martyr for truth and science.We can see there is a statue of Brunothere.6.Sir Isa
15、ac Newton(16421727)was an English mathematician,physicist,astronomer and theologian,and natural philosopher,professor atTrinity College,University of Cambridge.He was also a FRS,Fellow of the Royal Society,and a PRS,president of the Royal Society.He iswidely recognized as one of the most influential
16、 scientists of all time,the most important figure in the scientific revolution.The publication ofhis Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy simply called Principia in 1687 was considered the completion of the Scientific Revolution.It was a work in three books written in Latin.The work formula
17、ted the laws of motion and universal gravitation thereby completing the synthesis ofa new cosmology.Newton himself often told the story that he was inspired to formulate his theory of gravitation by watching the fall of an applefrom a tree.Voltaire wrote Sir Isaac Newton walking in his gardens,had t
18、he first thought of his system of gravitation,upon seeing an apple fallingfrom a tree.He was a devout,but unorthodox Christian who privately rejected the doctrine of the Trinity;he refused to take holy orders in the Church ofEngland.Let Plato be your friend,and Aristotle,but more let your friend be
19、truth.Many people in China thought this is the school motto of theHarvard University.It is not.It is a sentence written by Newton.I think it is very inspiring.7.Sir Francis Bacon(1561-1626)was an English philosopher and statesman,who served as Attorney General,and Lord Chancellor ofEngland.Bacon has
20、 been called the father of empiricism.He was one of the leading supporters of scientific research,proposed a scientific methodthrough inductive,empirical experimentation.His works remained influential through the scientific revolution.Look at these two quotes from Bacon:Knowledge is power.Age appear
21、s to be best in four things;old wood best to burn,old wine to drink,oldfriends to trust,and old authors to read.8.The Baroque is a highly ornate and often extravagant style of architecture,music,painting,sculpture that flourished in Europe from the early17th until the early 18th century.The word Bar
22、oque derived from the Portuguese barroco,meaning“oddly shaped pearl,”The style started from1Rome,then spread rapidly to France,northern Italy,Spain and Portugal,Austria and southern Germany,mainly the Catholic counties.It wasencouraged by the Roman Catholic Church as a means to counter the simplicit
23、y and austerity of the Protestant architecture,art and music.TheBaroque style used contrast,movement,rich and lively decorative detail,deep color,grandeur and surprise to achieve a sense of awe,awe is anoverwhelming feeling of wonder and admiration.9.Sir Peter Paul Rubens(1577 1640)is considered the
24、 most influential Baroque painter.He was a Flemish.The Flemish is a Germanic ethnicgroup native to Flanders,in modern Belgium.Rubens emphasized movement,color,and sensuality,which followed the immediate,dramatic artisticstyle promoted in the Counter-Reformation.This is his famous Descent from the Cr
25、oss10.Gian Lorenzo Bernini(1598 1680)was an Italian sculptor and architect,the most important Baroque sculptor.His influence to sculpture iscompared with that Shakespeare to drama.This is Berninis most famous work,the Ecstasy of Saint Teresa.Ecstasy is a feeling of very greathappiness.Teresa was a S
26、panish Catholic nun.During her illness he believed god came to her.I saw in his hand a long spear of gold,and at thepoint there seemed to be a little fire.He appeared to me to be thrusting it at times into my heart;he seemed to draw them out also,and to leave meall on fire with a great love of God.T
27、he pain was so great,that it made me moan;and yet so surpassing was the sweetness of this excessive pain.11.William Shakespeare(1564 1616)was an English poet,playwright and actor,the greatest poet and dramatist in the world.He is calledEnglands national poet.He wrote 39 plays,154 sonnets.His famous
28、4 tragedies:Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,Macbeth.And 4 comedies:TheTaming of the Shrew,A Midsummer Nights Dream;Twelfth Night,the Tempest,The Merchant of Venice.Lets read HamletsMonologue:To be,or not to be,that is the question.And What a piece of work is a man!How noble in reason,how infinite in facult
29、y!In formand moving how expressive and admirable!In action how like an Angel!In apprehension how like a god!The beauty of the world!The paragon ofanimals!12.This is the Sonnet18Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate.Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
30、And summers lease hath all too short a date.Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmed;And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance or natures changing course untrimmed.But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst,Nor
31、 shall Death brag thou wandrest in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growst.So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long lives this,and this gives life to thee.Lets listen to the music.13.Baroque music is a period or style of Western art music composed from approximately 1600 to 175
32、0.This era followed the Renaissancemusic era,and was followed by the Classical era.Three piece of Baroque music.Johann Sebastian Bach(1685 1750)was a German composer and musician of the Baroque period.He has been generally regarded as one ofthe greatest composers of all time,most famous for his inst
33、rumental works such as the Brandenburg Concertos and vocal music such as the StMatthew Passion and the Mass in B minor.what we just listened the first one is Air on the G String from the second movement in OrchestralSuite No.3 in D major14.George Frideric Handel(1685-1759)was a German,later British
34、composer who spent the most of his career in London,well-known forhis operas,oratorios,anthems,and organ concertos.He is regarded as one of the greatest composers of the Baroque era,famous for Messiah,Water Music,and Music for the Royal Fireworks.What we just listen second part is Hallelujah.Hallelu
35、jah means praise to god.And Antonio Lucio Vivaldi(1678 1741)was an Italian composer,violinist and priest.Born in Venice,he was one of the greatest Baroquecomposers,and his influence during his lifetime was widespread across Europe.He composed many instrumental concertos,for the violin and a2variety
36、of other instruments.His most famous work is the Four Seasons,a series of violin concertos.What we just listen to was the last part calledWinter.15.Key words:the Scientific Revolution,Nicolaus Copernicus,Giordano Bruno,The Baroque,the Ecstasy of Saint Teresa,Sonnet18.16.Questions of this chapter:1,How the Thirty Years War changed Europe?2,How the English Revolution happened and ended?3,Give some best examples of theBaroque art.3