《20篇中国文化.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《20篇中国文化.doc（6页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、3. 剪纸（paper cutting）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸 有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）特别 流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰 门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。 中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。Paper cutting is one of Chinas most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese paper cutting has a history o
2、f more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the
3、joyous atmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.5. 中国结最初是由手工艺人发明的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。在古代，人们用它来记录事件，但现在主要是用于装饰的目的。“结
4、”在中文里意味这爱情丶婚姻和团聚，中国结常常作为礼物交换或作用饰品祈求好运和辟邪。这种形式的手工艺代代相传，现在已经在中国和世界各地越来越受欢迎。 The Chinese knot was originally invented by the craftsmen. After hundreds of years of continuous improvement，has become a kind of elegant and colorful arts and crafts. In ancient times，people use it to record the event，but now
5、 used mainly for decorative purposes. The knot means love, marriage and reunion in Chinese，knot is often used for jewelry as a gift exchange or pray for good luck and ward off evil spirits，This form of handicrafts from generation to generation, it has become increasingly popular in China and around
6、the world。5. “你要茶还是咖啡?”是用餐人常被问到的问题。许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶。相传，中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病，在明清(The Qing Dynasties)期间，茶馆遍布全国，饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到18世纪才传到欧美。如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一，茶是中国的瑰宝，也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。 【参考译文一】 “Would you like tea or coffee?” This is a question which the dining people are frequently asked. Some
7、westerners tend to choose coffee, while the Chinese usually choose tea. There is a legend that one Chinese emperor found tea 5,000 years ago and used it to cure illnesses. During the Ming and Q ing Dynasties, tea houses were widespread throughout China. Tea-drinking was spread to Japan in the 6th ce
8、ntury but to Europe and America until the 18th century. Nowadays, tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. Tea is the treasure of China, and it is also an important part of the Chinese tradition and culture. 【参考译文二】As for the dinning people, ”Tea or Coffee?” is a question frequently as
9、ked. Coffee is usually the Westerns first choice, while tea is the preferment of Chinese. Tradition has it that tea is found by one Chinese Emperor, who lived in 5000 years ago. At that time, tea is used to heal sickness. During Ming-Qing dynasties, teahouses are across the country. Tea drinking spr
10、ead into Japanese as early as in the 6th century, yet it did not spread into Europe and America until the 18th century. Nowadays, tea is one of the most popular beverages all over the world. Tea is the treasure of China and the important component of Chinese tradition and culture. 6. 在中国，喝茶是一种仪式，一种精
11、致品味（refined taste）的展示。人们在饮茶的同时，也领略着（take delight in）品茶的情趣之意。喝茶聊天是中国人最流行的打发时间的方式。过去，他们是以进有名的茶馆（teahouse）而开始一天的生活的。中国的茶馆相当于法国的咖啡馆和英国的酒馆。人们到这里不仅是为了喝茶，也是为了议论当地的新闻或就政治话题进行激烈的争论。Tea drinking in China is a ritual and a demonstration of the refined taste. While drinking tea, people also take delight in the
12、essence if tea itself. Chatting over a pot of tea is a very popular way of pastime among Chinese. In the past, they would start the day with a visit to a well-known teahouse. Chinese teahouses would be the equivalent of French cafes and English pubs. People come here not just for tea, but also to di
13、scuss local news or to have furious political debates.7. 传统中国绘画是一门独特的艺术,无论是风格还是技巧都与世界其他艺术门类迥然不同。传统的日本绘画可能算是例外,但是不要忘了,它是深受中国文化影响的。中国人绘画采用毛笔蘸墨汁或颜料，灵巧地挥洒(wield)在纸上。画家用深、浅、浓、淡的点和线构成一幅图画。在优秀画家的手里，毛笔和墨汁不仅是绘画的工具，也是画家艺术追求的象征。Traditional Chinese paintings constitute a unique school of art, a school that, in
14、style and techniques is widely different from any other art school in the world. Traditional Japanese art may be the only exception, but it has to be remembered that it has been heavily influenced by the Chinese culture. The Chinese do paintings with brushes, dipping their brushes in ink or paint an
15、d then skillfully wielding them. Painters produce on the paper picture with lines and dotssome heavy, and some light, and some deep, and some pale. In the hands of a good painter, brushes and ink are not only tools for drawing pictures, but also the symbol of his or her artistic pursuit.8. 唐朝（Tang D
16、ynasty）被历史学家认为是中国文明最辉煌的时期。唐朝的首都在长安。在与印度和中东（the Middle East）的交流中，在他们的促进下，唐朝在许多领域里得到了长足的发展。唐朝是文学和艺术的黄金时期。唐朝通过科举制度（civil service examinations）在全国选出优秀的儒家文人（Confucian literati）为政府效力，而唐朝的政府体系在儒学官僚（Confucian bureaucratic）的支持下也日臻完善。公元8世纪中期，唐朝势力开始衰落。Tang Dynasty, whose capital is Changan, is regarded by hist
17、orians as a high point in Chinese civilization. Stimulated by the contact with India and the Middle East, the empire saw a great development in many fields. The Tang period was the golden age of literature and art. Served by a large class of Confucian literati selected through civil service examinat
18、ions, the government system of Tang Dynasty was gradually perfected under the support of Confucian bureaucratic. By the middle of the eighth century A. D., the power of Tang Dynasty began to ebb.9. 面子是某个人在他人眼中的社会地位和名声。中国人一生都用语言和行动维护和提升面子。可以小到谁先上电梯，也可以大到百万美元的合同授予。没有面子也就没有了影响力。即使是无意中让别人没面子，也是极其严重的冒犯（d
19、ishonor），可能意味着断绝关系。中国人不会公开批评、忽视或取笑他人，即使是开玩笑。点评别人的成绩时，也是先说优点，再讲不足。The concept of “face” can be described as someones social status or reputation in the eyes of others. Throughout a Chinese persons life, he maintains and enhances his “face” with words and actions. It may be something as small as who g
20、ets into the elevator first or as big as the awarding of multimillion dollar contacts. Losing face equals/ means losing power or influence. Even to make someone lose face unintentionally is a serious dishonor and could mean the end of a relationship. Chinese people never criticize, ignore or make fu
21、n of a person in front of others, even jokingly. When discussing individual performance, they always emphasize good points before bad ones.10. 二十四节气（solar terms）的划分起源于黄河流域一带（Yellow River area），是中国古代历法（calendar）特有的重要组成部分和独特创造。在古代中国，人们常用二十四节气来表示季节更替和气候变化状况。节气的制定是我们祖先在长期的农业生产实践中，逐步认识气象变化规律的结果。长期以来，甚至直到
22、今天，二十四节气在中国的农牧业生产（agricultural and animal husbandry production）中一直起着重要的作用。The twenty-four solar terms is a unique component and creative invention of the Chinese traditional calendar, first originating from the Yellow River area. It was used to indicate the alternation of seasons and climate changes
23、 in ancient China. The establishment of solar terms reflected our ancestors knowledge about climate changes during their long history of farming activities. Over years, it has played an important role in Chinas agricultural and animal husbandry production even to this day.11. 刺绣（Embroidery）是中国艺术的一颗璀
24、璨明珠， 在秦汉时期就已达到较高的水平。它是一门传统工艺，有各种样式，广泛分布于中国的各个地区。有些精致（elaborate）绣品需要花费几位熟练技工数月甚至数年才能完成。在服饰文化中，刺绣工艺占有重要地位。它不仅是中国传统艺术和手工艺的瑰宝，也是中华文化的重要组成部分。它代表了中国人民的智慧。Embroidery which had already reached a high level in the Qin and Han dynasties is a brilliant pearl in Chinese art. Embroidery is a traditional craft fo
25、und in many styles in different parts of China. Some elaborate pieces require months or even years to be finished and call on the skills of several experienced craftspeople. In the costume culture, it occupies an important position in the treasure of the Chinese traditional arts and crafts, and is a
26、lso an important part of Chinese culture. It represents the wisdom of Chinese people.12. 京剧在中国有200多年的历史。它源于华东地区的徽剧及华中地区的汉剧，后又汲取了昆曲、河北梆子两种地方戏的精华。由于这一表演艺术在北京兴起并繁荣，因此而得名。京剧是中国最有影响力的戏曲， 在社会各阶层中都有广大爱好者。晴天时，人们常常可以看到京剧票友（amateurs of Peking Opera performers）在街头（street corner）、公园或居民区周围练唱。观看京剧是到中国来的海外游客最喜爱的活动
27、之一。Peking Opera has a history of more than 200 years in China. It started as a derivative of Hui Opera in eastern China and Han Opera in central China, absorbing valuable elements from two regional operas, Kunqu and HebeiBangzi. Since this performing art arose and flourished in Beijing, hence the na
28、me. Peking Opera is the most influential opera in China, claiming numerous enthusiasts in all segments of society. It can be often seen that amateurs of Peking Opera performers sing in street corners, parks or residential areas on fine days. Watching Peking Opera is one of the most popular events am
29、ong overseas tourists to China.13. 中西方饮食习惯（eating habits）存在极大的差异。不同于西方人那种每人一盘事物的饮食习惯，在中国，菜肴是被放在桌上让大家共同分享的。如果你在中国主人家做客，就要做好有一大桌事物的心理准备。中国人对于自己的烹饪文化（culture of cuisine）感到非常自豪，而且会尽全力去展示自己的好客（hospitality）。而且有时候，中国主人会用他们的筷子把食物夹到你的碗里或盘子中。这是礼貌的体现。There are great differences between Chinese and Western eati
30、ng habits. Unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a table of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of cuisine and will do their best to show the
31、ir hospitality. And sometimes the Chinese hosts use their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plat. This is a sign of politeness.14. 敦煌莫高窟（Dunhuang Mogao Caves）坐落于中国西北甘肃省的一个小县城。如今,石窟壁上闻名世界的壁画已经变得脆弱不堪（fragile）。哪里世界著名的壁画石窟的建造横跨公元4世纪至14世纪，历经十多个朝代。一代代的花匠用手中的画笔描绘出当时的日常生活与佛教文化，使石窟熠熠生辉。这些珍贵的艺术品正遭受来自气候干燥
32、、自然恶化和旅游业的影响，出境堪忧。Dunhuang Mogao Caves lies in a small town in Northwest Chinas Gansu province. Nowadays, the world-famous paintings on the surfaces of the caves there are becoming extremely fragile. The caves were built between the 4th and 14th centuries, through more than 10 successive dynasties.
33、One generation of painters after another filled them with murals illustrating Buddhism and daily life. These precious artworks, however, are now at risk from arid weather, natural deterioration and the impact of tourism.15. 春节贴年画（pasting New Year Prints）的风俗源自于往房子外面的门上贴门神(Door Gods)的传统。随着木质雕刻品的出现，年画包
34、含了更广泛的主题，最出名的就是门神，三大神福神、薪神和寿神(Three Gods of Blessing, Salary and Longevity)，寓意着庄稼丰收、家畜兴旺和庆祝春节。年画的四大产地分别是苏州桃花坞，天津杨柳青，河北武强和山东潍坊。现在中国农村仍然保持着贴年画的传统，而在城市里很少有人贴年画。 The custom of pasting New Year Prints in Spring Festival originated from the tradition of pasting Door Gods on the external doors of the house
35、s. With the creation of board carvings, New Year paintings cover a wide range of subjects. The most famous ones are Door Gods and Three Gods of Blessing, Salary and Longevity, signifying the abundant harvest of crops, the prosperity of domestic animals and the celebration of Spring Festival. Four pr
36、oducing areas of New Year Prints are Taohuawu of Suzhou, Yangliuqing of Tian Jing, Wuqiang of Hebei and Weifang of Shandong. Now the tradition of pasting New Year paintings is still kept in rural China, while it is seldom followed in cities. 16. 在中国，小孩的满月酒（one-month-old feast）和抓周（one-year-old catch）
37、仪式独具特色。小孩出生满一个月的那天，孩子的家人一般要招呼亲朋好友，邀请他们一起来庆祝孩子满月。小孩满周岁的那天，有抓周的仪式。按照中国的传统，父母及他人不给予孩子任何的引导或暗示，任孩子随意挑选，看他先抓什么，后抓什么，并以此为依据来预测孩子可能存在的志趣和将从事的职业及前途。 In China, one-month-old Feast and One-Year-Old Catch of a baby are of unique Chinese characteristics. On the day when a baby is a month old, the family of the
38、baby will invite their friends and relatives to a ceremony to celebrate the occasion. On the day when a baby is one year old, there is a ceremony of One-Year-Old Catch. According to Chinese traditional custom, nobody will give any instruction or clue to the baby so that it is left free to choose by
39、itself. Watching the baby catch the articles it likes, the family can then make predictions about its potential interest, future career and development. 17. 农历正月十五是中国的元宵节，人们习惯在门外悬挂大红灯笼，孩子们提着彩色的灯 笼玩，大人们则上街观赏各式各样的灯笼。据记载，灯笼早在约3000年前就出现在元宵节上。到了唐代，朝廷将灯笼与佛教联系起来，从此灯笼就成了元宵节官方礼仪的一部分。不同地区的彩灯风格迥异，陕北的农民用南瓜做灯笼，用
40、棉花等材料做羊头形状。而北京因为是帝王之都，灯笼一般做成宫廷灯笼的样子。 The 15th day of the first lunar month is the Lantern Festival in China. It is the custom to hang red lanterns on the gate. Child play with colored lanterns and people go to squares and streets to view and admire decorative lanterns. It is recorded that lanterns a
41、dorned the Lantern Festival at least 3,000 years ago. By the Tang Dynasty, the court had connected lanterns with Buddhism and made lighting of lanterns at the Lantern Festival a part of official protocol. Colored lanterns in different regions have their own specific features. Farmers in northern Sha
42、nxi province make lanterns out of pumpkins, with materials like cotton and in the shape of the head of a goat. In Beijing, which had long been a dynastic capital, the colored lanterns are mainly in the style of imperial palace lanterns. 18. 在大家庭里，老一辈人的意见受到尊重，小一辈人得到全家的呵护。中国宪法规定赡养父母是成年子女义不容辞的责任。在城市里，不
43、和家人一起住的年轻夫妇给老人生活费并帮助他们干家务活。在农村，尽管大家庭解体了，许多结了婚的儿子和他的家人还和父母住同一个院子。对他们来说，分家不过是分灶而已。结了婚的儿子往往把房子盖在父母家附近，这样父母和子女互相帮助、探望都和过去一样方便。 In extended families, the older members are respected, and the youngest members are loved and taken good taken care of by all. Chinas Constitution stipulates that grown-up child
44、ren are duty-bound to support their parents. In the cities, couples who do not live with their aged parents give the latter living allowances and help them with the house chores. In the countryside, though quite a number of extended families have dissolved, many married sons and their families conti
45、nue to live in the same courtyard with parents. To them, breaking up the extended family means cooking their meals separately. Married sons most often have their houses built near their parents home, making it convenient for parents and children to help and visit each other as before. 19. 中国共有八大菜系(c
46、uisines)，包括辛辣的(pungency)川菜和清淡的(lightness)粤菜。中国餐馆在世界各地很受欢迎。然而，中国人的生活方式日益变化，无论是自己下厨还是上餐馆， 都出现了全新的饮食习惯。在一些传统的中国菜中，添加了奶酪和番茄酱。城市消费者频繁地光顾一些快餐连锁店，比如麦当劳和肯德基。收入的不断增长，对国际食品的更多了解，加上超市购物的便捷，使中国出现了更乐于尝试包装及罐装食品(packaged and canned food)的新一代消费者。 China has 8 major cuisines, including Sichuan cuisine famous for pung
47、ency and Canton cuisine for lightness. Chinese restaurants enjoy a great popularity all over the world. With the ever-changing of the Chinese lifestyle, however, people are experiencing a new diet style either when cooking at home or eating at restaurants. For instance, the cheese and ketchup are ad
48、ded to the traditional Chinese food; and urban consumers now frequently go to fast food chains, such as McDonalds and KFC. The steady growth of peoples income, more knowledge about international food and the convenience of supermarket shopping bring to the emergence of a new generation of consumers
49、who are more likely to buy packaged and canned food. 20. 歌谣跟口头流传的神话，远在文字出现之前就已大量产生。中国的文学正是发端于此。不过歌谣本是人们生活中随兴而发的（improvised）东西，上古时代也没有保存和记载它们的手段，因之也就很快湮灭，不留痕迹。如今，我们只能从古籍书中推断它们的存在。古书中记载了一些据称年代非常久远的歌谣，但是大多出于后人的伪托(derivatives)，能够断定年代的歌谣要到诗经里才能看见。从这点来看，古代神话对中国文学的影响更为重要。 Long before the emergence of the written words, ballads and myths, passed around by word of mouth, were widely popular. Chinese literature finds its origins in these traditions. Howev