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1、Humble Garden and Skillful WaterThe Humble Administrators Garden of Suzhou Traditional Garden Hello everyone!Today,we are talking about the Humble Administrators Garden,which is the most famous among the four classical gardens in Suzhou.So problems have cropped up.Why is it the most famous one of th
2、e four famous gardens in Suzhou?Because it is not only one of the four classical gardens in Suzhou,but also one of the four classical gardens in China.Its with the Lingering Garden in Suzhou,the Yi-HE Yuan Imperial Garden in Beijing,and Chengde Imperial Summer Resort together known as four classical
3、 gardens in China.You must be some questions.Miss，the Lingering Garden also in it,why the Humble Administrators Garden is the most famous one?This is because the Humble Administrators Garden is the representative work of the largest existing classical landscape garden in Suzhou.whats more,The Humble
4、 Administrators Garden is also a classical luxurious garden like the Grand View Garden.The interest of mountain island,bamboo dock,pine covered hillside,crooked river in the garden layout is praised as the model of the world garden and even regarded as the mother of Chinese garden.Therefore,it is no
5、t only one of the four famous gardens in Suzhou，and one of the four famous gardens in China,but also the first one of the four classical gardens in China.So,as the model of garden in the world,the Humble Administrators Garden,is certainly not something we can talk about thoroughly just through these
6、 two classes.Therefore，in these two classes,I am going to regard the four characteristics of the Humble Administrators garden as an outline,to explain the gardening feature of the Humble Administrators garden to you.As usual,before talking about the characteristics of the Humble Administrators Garde
7、n.Let me give you an overview of the Humble Administrators Garden at first.The Humble Administrators Garden is located at No.178,Northeast Street,Suzhou,which covers an area of about 83.5 mu and now has an open area of about 73 mu.The Humble Administrators Garden was built in the fourth year of Zhen
8、gde of Ming Dynasty(1509).Wang Xianchen invited his best friend Wen Zhengming to participate in the construction of the garden,and name it“Humble Administrators Garden”which comes from Pan Yues Living with leisure of Jin Dynasty:“build a house and plant trees.enjoy freedom.Irrigate gardens and culti
9、vate vegetables for three meals a day.This is also the lifestyle of the clumsy people”.It means that artless people run their own gardens like doing politics.This can be confirmed in the Record of Wangs Humble Administrators Garden written by Wen Zhengming.This record not only points out the origin
10、of the name of Humble Administrators Garden,but also using the allusion of it,compares Wang Xianchen with Pan Yue,who is an ancient famous official in order to praise Wangs morality of disregarding the temptation of official affairs,retreating bravely in torrent and enjoying in the officialdom.Throu
11、gh the previous courses,you maybe clearly aware that the Humble Administrators Garden is definitely a garden with the intention to retreat to seclusion.The Humble Administrators Garden we see now basically retains the scale of the late Qing Dynasty,which is divided into four parts:the east area,the
12、central area,the west area,and the residence area,The east area is also called Espace Elastique,with interphase mountains region，transparent and bright layout and natural wild interest.The central area full of mountains and rivers luxuriant flowers and trees,halls,buildings,pavilions and winding pat
13、hs is the essence of the whole garden.It has always been the name of Humble Administrators Garden.The west area is also called Pu Yuan Garden，which has undulating waves,scattered courtyard，limpid lake water and quiet and tranquil environment.The overall layout of the Humble Administrators Garden is
14、characterized with a sparse eastern layout and a dense western layout surrounded by verdant lanscapes.Well,after talking about the origin of the garden name and basic situation,lets talk about the gardening feature of the Humble Administrators Garden.1.Adjust measures to local conditions and use wat
15、er as the highlight We still refer to Wen Zhengmings record of the Record of Wangs Humble Administrators Garden:“There are many depressions in the residence,and often filled with ponding.After dredging slightly,it turned surrounded by trees”It can be seen that the garden site of the Humble Administr
16、ators Garden was originally a depression filled with ponding.In the preliminary of building the garden,the ponding in the depression was used to make a pool,and the garden was surrounded by trees thus forming a landscape garden priority with water.However,dredging slightly is definitely an exaggerat
17、ion.After all,in the garden we see now the water surface was about one-third of the total area,which was far from being finished just by dredging slightly.However,the garden was built according to the terrain in the site and the conditions of the pit ponding were utilized to form a water feature.Fin
18、ally,through water dredging and site arrangement,many view spots were built around the water surface.As the place where Wang Xianchen retired to enjoy,the Humble Administrators Garden is certainly not only gorgeous,but also full of the style of simplicity and sincerity.This is also consistent with t
19、he principle put forward from the chapter on Xiang Di of the book Gardening Rule by Ji Cheng that the construction must be suitable for the local conditions and the garden.And what is Xiang Di?It refers to the field survey of the garden site,the evaluation of the environment and natural conditions,t
20、he assumption of the relationship between topography,topography and landscape composition,and even the planning consideration of the garden content and artistic conception until determining the final selection of the base site.The Humble Administrators Garden forms a cheerful atmosphere of garden sp
21、ace through a large area of water.All the pavilions and buildings are built across water which basically maintains the characteristics of broad pool and lush forest in Ming Dynasty.In the Humble Administrators Garden,water management generally adopts two forms of concentration and dispersion which a
22、re suitable for both movement and stillness.There are agminated and scattered water areas.It is vast in the concentration areas and twists in the scattered areas.The concentrated and quiet water surface can make people feel cheerful and peaceful.The central area of the Humble Administrators Garden a
23、dopts the method of gathering to manage water.The central area of the garden takes the pool as the center and is surrounded by buildings,thus forming a centripetal and cohesive pattern.This kind of layout often makes the limited space have a sense of openness.In the plan,we can see that,the water su
24、rface in the central part of the garden is not only large and concentrated,but also in a horizontal rectangle.In the pond,the sludge from dredging the water of the pond and the yellowstone are used to form the three large or small island mountains in the East and West,forming the famous one pond and
25、 three mountains layout mode.The three islands in the water are arranged to the north of the pool bank which not only plays a role in dividing the water,but also divides the water into two spaces of different sizes in the north and the south.While enriching the spatial level of the landscape,it also
26、 forms the artistic conception of water,mountain and water.This kind of artistic conception of the mountain is active because of the water,and the water changes with the mountain has a natural mountain forest flavor pattern of quiet,clear,bright and silence.Next,we are going to talk about the decent
27、ralized water using as opposed to the centralized water using.Decentralized water using is designed to divide the water surface into several interconnected small pieces so that the passive flow of water can create vague and inexhaustible hallucinations.Then,the water surface is divided into several
28、pieces by small bridges and dikes.The water in the garden forms a number of large or small areas,with the change of the water surface.Where the water surface is open,a relatively independent space environment is formed by the configuration of pavilions,mountains or rocks,and the streams with relativ
29、ely narrow water surface serves as a role of communication and connection.Lets look at the plan of the central area.Please take a look at the long and narrow water surface in the lower left corner of the plan.Because of the design of the Small Pavilion of Quiet Meditation and Small Flying Rainbow Br
30、idge,the long and narrow water surface is divided into several small pieces.In this way,while increasing the water level,it also effectively handles the landscape processing difficulty of narrow and long water surfaces,which makes the water in the garden give people a sense of passive and inexhausti
31、ble flow.Lets expand it a little bit here.We can see the Small Flying Rainbow Bridge now is an overhead corridor bridge,which not only plays a role of space division,but also due to the transparent building structure above,plays a role of space buffer.It makes the space landscape on both sides penet
32、rate each other,thus strengthening the sense of spatial hierarchy of the view spot,which is half open and half separated,with a long artistic conception.However,we can see that after nearly 20 years of construction of the Humble Administrators Garden,Wen Zhengming redraws“the Album of the Humble Adm
33、inistrators Garden”.Expect the paints,he also wrote a poem for each paint.Qian Yong a calligrapher in the Qing Dynasty,called it Mr.Hengshans Three Unique Album,which means that the poems,calligraphy and paintings in“the Album of the Humble Administrators Garden”are all excellent works.Now lets take
34、 a look at the one paint about Small Flying Rainbow Bridge among the eight paints that are still preserved.As we can see in the paint,there is an old man holding a crutch.The old man should be Wang Xianchen,who“irrigate gardens and cultivate vegetables”.He stands at the gate of a courtyard surrounde
35、d by simple fences.A simple peace bridge was across the water outside the courtyard.It should be the Small Flying Rainbow Bridge when the garden was first built,while the pavilion in the courtyard should be the Small Pavilion of Quiet Meditation.Why?We can see the poem proposed by Wen Zhengming:“the
36、re is ponding in the garden,stretching across several mu,which is similar to the Canglang pool built by Su Zimei,Because of the building of pavilions in it,it is called little Canglang.In the past,Zimei moved to Wu from Biandu,and the owner also came from Beidu,with similar traces,therefore,it inher
37、ited the name of Canglang.”From the verse above,we know the origin of the name“Small Pavilion of Quiet Meditation”.Yes,its the Canglang Garden built by Su Shunqin,which we talked about earlier in the course.Dear students,maybe you find that the scenery depicted in this paint is quite different from
38、what we see in the Humble Administrators Garden now.The Small Flying Rainbow Bridge we see now is a vermilion gallery bridge.While in the paint,there is a very common peace bridge in the garden.And now the Small Pavilion of Quiet Meditation is located to the south of Small Flying Rainbow Bridge.Whil
39、e in the paint,the Small Pavilion of Quiet Meditation is located at one end of Small Flying Rainbow Bridge.Why is that?Its the same saying that“people in,the garden exists.people go,the garden becomes waste”.Expect the Jichang Garden,which has always been owned by the Qin family,most of the other Ch
40、inese classical gardens have changed their owners for many times and undergone constant repair,reconstruction and expansion.In this process,it is inevitable to be injected the aesthetic interest of the people in the specific time in it.So we say that in the garden,you can see the garden elements fro
41、m different periods.What the garden presents is not a solidified history,but a dynamic history of a period of time.OK,lets summarize the knowledge of this lecture.The first knowledge point is that from the perspective that“Irrigate gardens and cultivate vegetables for three meals a day.This is also
42、the lifestyle of the clumsy people”,we can know that the Humble Administrators Garden is a garden with the theme of reclusion.The second knowledge point is that the Humble Administrators Garden has been built in the principle that“the construction must be suitable for the local conditions and the ga
43、rden”.And based on the“Xiangdi”principle of the classical garden,it makes full use of the current situation of the garden site that there are many depressions in the residence,and often filled with ponding,forming the garden“dredging slightly and being surrounded by trees”.The third knowledge point
44、is that the Humble Administrators Garden uses water as the highlight.In water management and treatment,there are agminated and scattered areas.The agminated one is the“one pool and three mountains”in the central area,and the typical one of scattered is the Small Flying Rainbow Bridge area we just ta
45、lked about.The Humble Administrators Garden has a natural view of wide pools and luxuriant trees.And there are different shape Buildings and scattered heights adjacent to water with clear priorities.You see,this is the way of water management in the Humble Administrators garden,which consists of gat
46、hering and scattering,moving and static.Today,So much for the general overview and the first garden feature of Humble Administrators Garden.In the next class,we are going to talk about the other three garden features of the Humble Administrators Garden.Thank you,everyone.We are going to finish today
47、.See you in the next class!拙园巧水拙园巧水苏州园林之拙政园苏州园林之拙政园 各位同学，大家好！我们今天这一讲，讲的就是苏州四大名园之中最富盛名的拙政园。那么问题来了，它为什么是苏州四大名园中最富盛名的呢？因为，它不仅是苏州四大名园，它还是中国四大名园。它与苏州的留园、北京的颐和园、承德避暑山庄一起并称中国四大名园。有的同学肯定要问了，老师留园不也在其中，为什么说拙政园是最富盛名的呢？这是因为拙政园是苏州现存面积最大的古典山水园林的代表之作，不仅如此，拙政园还是一座大观园式的古典豪华园林，园林布局中的山岛、竹坞、松岗、曲水之趣，被胜誉为“天下园林之典范”，更被誉为“中
48、国园林之母”。因此，它不仅是苏州四大名园，还是中国四大名园，更是中国四大名园之首。那么作为“天下园林之典范”的拙政园，必然不是我们这两讲可以讲完讲透的。所以这两讲我将以拙政园的四大造园特色，为纲来给大家讲解拙政园的造园手法。老规矩，在讲拙政园造园特色之前，我先给大家总体的介绍一下拙政园。拙政园位于苏州市东北街 178 号，占地面积约 83.5 亩，现开放面积约 73 亩。拙政园始建于明正德四年（1509），王献臣邀请挚友文征明参与园林营建，取名“拙政”源自晋朝潘岳闲居赋的一段话：“筑室种树，逍遥自得灌园鬻蔬，以供朝夕之膳此亦拙者之为政也”。意为朴实之人在自家经营花园为政之意。这在文征明所写的王
49、氏拙政园记中可以得到印证。这段不仅点出“拙政”之名的由来，并借“拙政”之典故，将王献臣与古之名宦潘岳相提并论，以盛赞王之能不顾仕宦诱惑，激流勇退，优游林下的作法。同学们通过前面的课程学习，听到这里是不是就可以很明显的认识到，拙政园肯定是一个以归隐为建园立意的园林了。我们现今所见的拙政园基本保留了清末时期规模，共分为东、中、西和住宅四个部分。东部又称为归田园居，山地相间，开阔疏朗，天然野趣；中部山光水影，花繁树茂，厅、楼、榭，曲径通幽，是全园的精华所在，历来一直沿用拙政园这一名称；西部又称补园，水浪起伏庭院错落，水波倒影，清幽恬静；拙政园整体布局的特点是东疏西密、绿水环绕。好！讲完园名的由来及基
50、本概况，我们接下来来讲拙政园的的造园特色。一、因地制宜，以水见长 我们还是看文征明的王氏拙政园记：“居多隙地，有积水亘其中，稍加浚治。环以林木。”可知，拙政园的园址其实最初是一处积水弥漫的洼地，初建园时，利用洼地积水，浚制成池，环以树林，形成一个以水为主的风景园。其中“稍加浚治”肯定是有夸张的成分的，毕竟以现今所见园中水面约占全园面积的三分之一，稍加浚治是远远不够的。但建园依据场地中以故有的地势，对园内低凹积水的条件加以利用形成水景，最终通过水体疏浚和场地的整理围绕水面建成众多景点。拙政园作为王献臣退隐优游之所，园景肯定是不尚华丽且颇具朴茂之风的。这也与计成所著园冶一书中相地篇所提出“相地合宜