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1、牛津英语八年级第二学期(Oxford English 8B)单元教与学基本内容Module 1 Nature and environmentUnit 3 ElectricityI Vocabulary词汇 本课基本词汇1. servant n. 仆人,serve v.服务2. electricity n. 电,电能,electric adj.电的,electronic adj.电子的3. trick v. 哄骗,n. 诡计,花招,trick sb.哄骗某人,戏弄某人,play a trick on sb. 捉弄某人4. foolish adj. 愚蠢的,fool n.傻瓜,v.愚弄5. wir
2、e n. 金属丝,金属线6. measure v.测量,度量7. bill n. 帐单8. monthly adv. 每月一次,month n.月(复数months)9. in a way 在某种程度上10. explanation n.解释,说明,explain v.解释,说明11. careful adj. 小心的,谨慎的,谨慎处理,be careful with 小心对待12. connect to (使)连接,联结13. power station 发电厂,发电站14. polite adj. 有礼貌的,politely adv. 有礼貌地,客气地15. contain v. 包含,含
3、有,容纳,container n.容器16. clear adj. 明白清楚的,清晰的,明亮的,清楚的,v.清除,清扫,(天气)放晴 clearly adv. 清晰地,明亮地,清楚地17. iron n. 熨斗,铁18. switch v.开或关(电器),switch on = turn on 打开,switch off = turn off关上19. lock v. (用锁)锁上20. test v. 试验,测试;n. 测验,考试21. encourage v. 鼓励,encourage sb to do鼓励某人去做某事22. behave v. 表现23. staff n. 全体职工24.
4、 customer n.顾客25. energy n. 能量,活力,heat energy热能,moving energy动能,light energy光能,sound energy声能 本课拓展词汇1. meter n.计量器,计量表,a water meter水表2. scratch v. 挠,搔3. invisible adj.看不见的,隐形的,visible adj.看得见的,明显的4. bulb n.电灯泡5. bury v. 埋藏6. grin n.露齿而笑 本课重点词汇用法1. servant n. 仆人;master n. 主人,(男)主人;mistress(女)主人Fire
5、and water may be good servants, but bad masters. 水火是忠仆,用之不慎成灾主。【同根词】 serve v. 为服务,招待,His grandfather served in the army during the Second World War. 他爷爷二战期间在部队服役。【同根词】service n. 服务,招待,The food at the hotel is good, but the service is poor. 这家餐馆饭菜很好,但服务很差。2. electricity n. 电,电能The power station suppl
6、ies electricity to this area. 这家电站供应这个地区电。Turn off the lights when you leave. It saves electricity. 当离开时把灯关了,节约用电。【同根词】electric adj.电动的,用电的(指与电有关的,电产生的,电带动的,带电的),如:electric toys电动玩具,electric kettles电水壶【同根词】electrical adj.电的,电气科学的(指与电学有关的),如:an electrical engineer电气工程师,electrical appliances电器【拓展】elec
7、tron n.电子,electronic adj.电子的3. change v. 改变,更改,兑零钱;n. 变化,找头,零钱【同根词】changeable adj. 可变的,多变的 The weather in spring is very changeable. 春天天气多变。【用法】changeinto把变成 We can change electricity into different kinds of energy. 我们可以把电转换成不同种能源。4. careful adj. 小心的,谨慎的,谨慎处理【用法】be careful with 小心对待,Be careful with
8、my vase. Dont break it. 小心我的花瓶,别打碎了。【同根词】care n./v.小心,关心,照管,用法:take care of= care for= look after照顾,照料Hes very good at caring for sick animals. 他擅长于照顾生病的动物。【同根词】carefully adv. 仔细地,carelessly adv.粗心地【同根词】 careless adj. 粗心的5. laugh v. 大笑 【同根词】laughter n.笑声【用法】laugh at sb.嘲笑某人Nobody enjoys being laughe
9、d at. 没有人喜欢被(别人)嘲笑。6. packet n. 包,袋【用法】a packet of sweets 一包糖果,two packets of chocolates 两袋巧克力in packets一包包地,She thinks she can buy electricity in packets, like sweets. 她认为能像买糖果一样一包包地买电能。Rice in supermarkets is always sold in packets. 超市里的大米常常是以袋装出售。7. at last = in the end = finally 最终,最后He waited f
10、or the bus for an hour. At last, it arrived. 他等公共汽车等了一个小时,最后终于到了。8. through prep.(从中间)穿过,通过 ,如:travel through the forest旅行穿过森林Electricity flows through a wire. 电从电线中流过。Water comes to our home through pipes. 水从管子里流到我们家里。【区别】across prep.(从表面)穿过,横过 walk across the street 穿过马路9. monthly adv. 每月一次,month
11、n.月(复数months)monthly属兼类词,作adj.表示“每月一次的”,作n.表示“月刊”。同类的还有:daily adj./adv.每天的,每天;weekly adj./adv.每周的,每周;yearly adj./adv.每年的,每年10. different kinds of energy: electricity energy, heat energy, moving energy, light energy, sound energy11. sound, light, heat, iron兼类词用法1)sound n.声音,v. 听起来(系动词),adj.健康的=withou
12、t any illness, in very good health2)light n.光,光线,v.点亮,adj.轻的=not heavy3)heat n.热,v.加热4)iron n.铁,熨斗,v.熨(衣服)12. invisible adj.看不见的,隐形的反义词visible adj.看得见的,明显的。常见的构成形容词反义词的前缀有in-, im-, il-, ir-, un-, dis-等,如:1)大多数adj.前面加un-构成反义词,如:happyunhappy, kindunkind, ableunable, comfortableuncomfortable, healthyun
13、healthy2)有些adj.前面加dis-构成反义词,如:honestdishonest, agreeabledisagreeable 3)ir-加在以r开头的adj.前面,如:regularirregular 4)im-加在以b, m, p开头的adj.前面,如:possibleimpossible, politeimpolite 5)in-加在除l, b, m, p, r以外开头的adj.前面,如:visibleinvisible, correctincorrect, accurateinaccurate, sensibleinsensible另外,构成adj.反义词还有一些其它的方法,
14、如:carefulcareless, helpfulhelpless将后缀-ful变为-less等。II Sentences句型1. 宾语从句(详细要点可参照Unit 1语言点9)She doesnt even know what electricity is. 她甚至不知道电是什么。句中what electricity is是宾语从句,作know的宾语。She thinks that she can buy it in packets, like sweets! 她认为能像买糖果一样一包包地买电能。句中that she can buy it in packets, like sweets是宾
15、语从句,作think的宾语。以下三个句中的划线部分都是宾语从句,作谓语动词的宾语。Do you know what electricity is?Can you tell me what it looks like? (look like看起来像)Do you know where electricity comes from?2. 定语从句(详细要点可参照Unit 1句型4)A meter measures the amount you use, and you get a bill for it monthly. 电表测量你使用的电量,你每月收到一张账单。这个句子是and连接的并列句,在前
16、半句中you use是定语从句,修饰前面的名词the amount(电量),定语从句的引导词that省略了。But we can change it into different forms of energy that we can see, hear or feel.但是我们能把它变成我们能看见,听见或感觉到不同形式的能量。句中that we can see, hear or feel是定语从句,修饰前面的名词energy。以下句中划线部分都是定语从句,分别修饰前面的名词wires和packets。Well, it comes into our flat through thin wire
17、s, and these are connected to thick wires that are buried under the street.They are packets that contain electricity.3. 宾语补足语(补充说明宾语)We call the thick wires cables. 我们把粗的电线称作电缆。句中call的含义是“称作”,后面跟宾语和宾语补足语,如:The people there all call him a living dictionary. 那儿的人们都把他称作活字典。常见的宾语补足语结构还有以下几种情况:1)adj.作宾补,
18、如:make the classroom clean, keep the whole class alive, keep the window open等2)动词不定式to do(或省略了to的不定式)作宾补,如:ask sb. to do, enable sb. to do, let sb. do, make sb. do等3)动词-ing形式做宾补,如:keep sb. doing, see sb. doing, hear sb. doing等4. 系表结构(系动词+adj.或n.作表语)She will really look foolish. Whos looking foolish
19、now? 以上两个句中look foolish是系表结构,表示“看起来傻”,还如:The story sounds interesting. 这个故事听起来有趣。The dish smells nice. 这道菜闻起来很好。The food tastes delicious. 这食物吃起来很美味。常见的系动词还有:sound(听起来),taste(尝起来),smell(闻起来),seem(似乎,好像),become(变得,成为),get(变),turn(变得),be(是)等,系动词后面往往跟adj.(表示感官或状态)。III Grammar (特别注意:除ought to以外,所有情态动词后面
20、都应跟动词原形)1. 情态动词can/ could 的用法:表示“能力;许可;可能性”等。1) 在口语中can可以代替may表示许可,而may比较正式。could 为can的过去式,可以表示语气较委婉。例如:Many people can use the computer now, but we couldnt ten years ago. 现在许多人能使用电脑,但十年前我们不能。2) 表示能力,can/could = be able to 3) can用于否定句中,表示否定推测,“不可能”之意,如:Mr. Smith cant be at home now because I saw him
21、 in the theatre five minutes ago. Smith先生现在不可能在家,因为五分钟前我在剧院看见他。2. 情态动词would和should的用法1) 情态动词would是will的过去式,表示的语气比较缓和、委婉。例如:Would you please pass me the salt? 请递给我盐好吗?(表示语气委婉,希望得到对方的肯定回答) 2) would like to do = want to do表示想要做某事,如:I would like to help you. 我愿意帮助你。3) should 表示义务,可用于各种句式,通常指将来。例如:You sh
22、ould do what your teacher tells you. 你应该照你老师的话办。He should do some work, but he doesnt want to. 他应该做些工作,但是他不想做。用于第一人称疑问句,表示征询意见。例如:Should I open the window? 我可以开窗户吗?3. may 和might的用法1) 情态动词may是现在时,might 是may的过去式,表示“许可”或征求对方意见。表示“可以”之意时,用may,它的否定形式是may not , 表示“不可以;禁止;阻止”等意思时,常用must not / mustnt 代替may
23、not。例如:You may go home now. 你现在可以回家了。May I watch TV after super, Mum? 妈妈,晚饭后我可以看电视吗?Yes ,you may. / No, you mustnt. / No, you may not. / No, youd better not. 是的,你可以。 不,你不可以。 不,你不可以。 不,你最好不。We may have a lot of work to do. 我们可能有许多工作要做。2) might为may的过去式,它表示“可能”时,其含义更不确定。例如:He might be ill. 他也许生病了吧。My b
24、rother might come here soon. 我哥哥也许马上就会来这里。4. must 的用法 must 表示“必须;应该”,否定式为must not / mustnt,表示“不应该;不许可;不准;禁止”等。在回答带有must的问句时,否定式常用neednt / need not 或dont have to, 表示“不必”,而不用must not / mustnt。例如:You mustnt speak like this. 你不应该这样说话。Must I stay here now? 我现在必须呆在这儿吗?Yes, you must. / No, you neednt. / No
25、, you dont have to. 是,你必须。 不,不必。 不,你不一定要去。注意:must(必须)和have to(不得不)在含义上略有区别,must表示主观上的态度,而have to表示客观环境、条件限制,如:Oh, its already three oclock, I have to leave now.IV 写作语料库(Materials for writing)1. the use of electricityAlmost everyone uses electricity in one way or another.Electricity lights streets an
26、d buildings, and warms people and animals.Electricity heats food in cookers and cool it in refrigerators.Electricity drives trains and works traffic lights and lifts.Electricity works the machines in factories that make all kinds of goods.Electricity gives computers and televisions power to bring entertainment and news to millions of families.People can not live without electricity nowadays.2. Safety Rules Dont change the bulb while the light is on. You must switch off the electricity first.No littering.You mustnt play fire at home.You are not allowed to smoke here.