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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上FOOD PACKING TECHNOLOGYPackaging is critical to a consumers first impression of a product, communi- cating desirability, acceptability, healthy eating image etc. Food is av
2、ailable in a wide range of product and pack combinations that convey their own processed image perception to the consumer e.g. freshly packed/prepared, chilled, frozen, ultra-
3、heat treated (UHT) aseptic, in-can sterilised and dried products. One of the most important quality attributes of food, affecting human sen- sory perception, is its flavour,&#
4、160;i.e. taste and smell. Flavour can be significantly degraded by processing and/or extended storage. Other quality attributes that may also be affected include colour, texture
5、60;and nutritional content. The quality of a food depends not only on the quality of raw ingredients, additives, methods of processing and packaging, but also on distribu
6、tion and storage conditions encountered during its expected shelf life. Increasing competition amongst food producers, retailers and packaging suppliers; and quality audits of suppliers
7、 have resulted in significant improvements in food quality as well as a dramatic increase in the choice of packaged food. These improvements have also been aided by&
8、#160;tighter temperature control in the cold chain and a more discerning consumer. One definition of shelf life is: the time during which a combination of food processing
9、 and packaging can maintain satisfactory eating quality under the particular system by which the food is distributed in the containers and the conditions at the point
10、0;of sale. Shelf life can be used as a marketing tool for promoting the concept of freshness. Extended or long shelf life products also provide the consumer and/or&#
11、160;retailer with the time convenience of product use as well as a reduced risk of food wastage. The subject of Packaged product quality and shelf life is discussed&
12、#160;in detail in Chapter 3. Packaging provides the consumer with important information about the product and, in many cases, use of the pack and/or product. These
13、include facts such as weight, volume, ingredients, the manufacturers details, nutritional value, cooking and opening instructions. In addition to legal guidelines on the minimum si
14、ze of lettering and numbers, there are definitionsfor the various types of product. Consumers are seeking more detailed nformation about products and, at the same time, m
15、any labels have become multilingual. Legibility of labels is an issue for the visually impaired and this is likely to become more important with an increasingly elderly&#
16、160;population. A major driver of food choice and packaging innovation is the consumer demand for convenience. There are many convenience attributes offered by modern packaging.
17、60;These include ease of access and opening, disposal and handling, product visibility, resealability, microwaveability, prolonged shelf life etc. Demographic trends in the age profile&
18、#160;of the UK and other advanced economies reveal a declining birth rate and rapid growth of a relatively afflu- ent elderly population. They, along with a more dem
19、anding young consumer, will require and expect improved pack functionality, such as ease of pack opening (The Institute of Grocery Distribution, IGD). There is a high cos
20、t to supplying and servicing the retailers shelf. Failure to stock a sufficient variety of product or replenish stock in time, especially for staple foods such as fr
21、esh milk, can lead to customer dissatisfaction and defection to a competitors store, where product availability is assured. Mod- ern distribution and packaging systems allow c
22、onsumers to buy food when and where they want them. Consumer choice has expanded dramatically in recent years. In the UK, for example, between the 1960s and 1990s
23、60;the number of product lines in the average supermarket rose from around 2000 to over 18 000. . Since the 1970s, food health and safety have become increasingly
24、60;major concerns and drivers of food choices. Media attention has alerted consumers to a range of issues such as the use of chemical additives and food contamination
25、0;incidents. These incidents have been both deliberate, by malicious tampering, and accidental, occurring during the production process. However, many consumers are not fully aware
26、;of the importance of packaging in maintaining food safety and quality. One effect has been the rapid introduction of tamper evident closures for many pre-packaged foods
27、in order to not only protect the consumer but also the brand. Another impact has been to motivate consumers to give more attention to the criteria of freshness/shelf
28、 life, minimum processing and the products oringin. Consumers have direct environmental impact through the way they purchase and the packaging waste they generate. Consumers p
29、urchase packaging as part of the product and, over the years, the weight of packaging has declined relative to that of the product contained. However, consumption pattern
30、s have generated larger volumes of packaging due to changing demo- graphics and lifestyles. It is the volume of packaging rather than the weight of packaging that is
31、 attracting critical public attention. In addition, the trend toward increased pre-packaged foods and food service packaging has increased the amount of plastics packaging waste
32、60;entering the solid waste stream. Packaging has been a key to the evolution of modern fast-moving consu goods retailing that in turn has spurred on packaging developmen
33、ts to meet its requirements. The most significant development for the food packaging supply industries has been the emergence of large retail groups. These groups exert e
34、normous influence and control over what is produced, how products are pre- sented and how they are distributed to stores. The large retailers handle a major share of
35、 the packaged grocery market and exert considerable influence on food manufacturers and associated packaging suppliers. It is, therefore, import ant for packaging suppliers to
36、;be fully aware of market demand and respond quickly to changes. In addition, the concentration of buyer power at the retail level means that manufacturers may have
37、to modify their distribution and packaging operations in response to structural changes in retailing. Packaging for fast-moving consumer goods (f.m.c.g.) has been referred to as
38、60;part of the food retail marketing mix and thus closely affects all the other marketing variables i.e. product, price, promotion, and place (Nickels & Jolsen, The d
39、iscussion on packaging in the multiple food retail environment may be considered in terms of its role in brand competition and retail logistics. The role of packaging
40、0;in brand competition. Packaging plays a vital role in food marketing representing a significant key to a brands success or mere sur- vival in
41、a highly competitive marketplace. Packaging innovation and design are in the front line of competition between the brands of both major retailers and product manufacturers, ha
42、ving been driven in recent years by dramatic retail growth, intense industry competition and an increasingly demanding and sophisticated consumer. On an individual product/brand ba
43、sis, success is dependent on the product manufacturers rapid innovative response to major trends. One of the most effective ways to respond is through distinctive pack- a
44、ging, and this has become one key factor in the success of a brand. The retail- ers own brand products compete intensely with manufacturers brands in virtually every
45、 product category. Brand differentiation can be enhanced by drive the growing niche market for biodegradable and compostable packaging. They are using it as a point of
46、60;communication with their customers. Packaging is closely linked to advertising but it is far more focused than advertising because it presents the product to the consumer&#
47、160;daily in the home and on the retail shelf. Merchandising displays that present the pack design in an attractive or interesting way and media advertising consistent wi
48、th the packs image also serve to promote the brand. The brand owner is frequently responsible for the merchandising operation. A key to promotional activities is through&
49、#160;effective use of packaging and there exist many kinds of on-pack promotions such as free extra product, money-off, special edition, new improved Bar code scanning i
50、nformation linked to the use of retailers loyalty card schemes has made a big impact on buying and marketing decision-making by retailers. Their task is to make bett
51、er use of this information on con- sumer behaviour for promotional purposes and to build store brand loyalty. Retailers can also use this information to evaluate the
52、;effectiveness of new pack designs, on-pack promotions and the sales appeal of new products. The role of packaging in multiple retail logistics. There are tight constrai
53、nts on physical distribution and in-store merchandising. The retailer is receptive to packaging that reduces operating costs, increases inventory turnover, trans- forms to attractive
54、60;merchandising displays such as pre-assembled or easy- to-assemble aisle displays and satisfies logistics service levels (reliability, responsiveness and product availability). For
55、example, combined transit and point-of-sale packaging saves store labour through faster shelf loading, pro- vides ease of access to product thereby obviating the need to use&#
56、160;potentially dangerous unsafe cutting tools, and presents an opportunity for source reduce. The total distribution cost affects the total volume of demand through its influence&
57、#160;on price (McKinnon, 1989). For some fast-moving commodity type products, such as pasteurised milk, the cost of distribution and retail mer- chandising is usually a sizeab
58、le proportion of total product cost representing up to 50 per cent or more of the sales price. The cost of packaging materials and containers also adds slightly
59、;to the cost but design of the optimal packaging system can significantly reduce cost in the retail distribution chain. The development of global food supply chains has&#
60、160;meant that many points of production have located further away from the points of consump- tion, often resulting in higher distribution cost. Controlling distribution cost
61、;through improved operational efficiency in the supply chain is a key to competitive advantage for a retailer. The retailer must maximise operational efficiency in the distrib
62、ution channel (West, 1989). The goal of distribution is to deliver the requisite level of service to customers at the least cost. The identification of the most cost
63、-effective logistical packaging is becoming more crucial. Cost areas in distribution include storage, inventory, transport, administration and packaging. Storage, inventory, transport and st
64、ore labour are major cost areas for the retailer while transport, storage and packaging are the main cost areas for the food manufacturer. The efficiency of the mult
65、iple retail food supply chain relies on close com- munication between retailers, food manufacturers and packaging suppliers. It also relies on accurate order forecasting of li
66、kely demand. Massive investment in information technology has enabled closer integration of the supply chain and, through electronic data interchange (EDI), has ensured that stock&
67、#160;moves to stores on a just-in-time (JIT) basis, and is sold well before the expiry date. The bar code is a code that allows the industry-wide identification of&#
68、160;retail product units by means of a unique reference number, the major application being the electronic point of sale (EPoS) system at the retail checkout. The use of the bar code for identification of primary, secondary and tertiary packaging has enabled efficient distribution management and stock control.专心-专注-专业