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1、非谓语动词非谓语动词一、考点聚焦（一）概述：在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。1、非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：They built a garden.They suggested building a garden.2）都可以被状语修饰：The suit fits him very well.The suit use
2、d to fit him very well.3）都有主动与被动,“体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如：He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）Having written the composition,we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）4）都可以有逻辑主语They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）Th
3、e boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）We being League member,the work was well done.（现在分词的逻辑主语）2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。2）非谓语动词有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。（二）非谓语动词的句法功能：语法功能名称不定式动名词现在分词
4、过去分词主语宾语宾语补足语表语定语状语1、动词不定式复习中应注意的几个问题不定式的形式：主动被动一般式(not)to write(not)to be written进行式(not)to be writing(not)to be being written完成式(not)to have written(not)to have been written1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，例如：Im glad to meet you.He seems to know a lot.We plan to pay a visit.He wants to b
5、e an artist.The patient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be done.2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：I regretted to have told a lie.I happened to have seen the film.H
6、e is pleased to have met his friend.（1）不定式作表语与“be+to do sth.”的异同。不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。His job is to guard.(说明内容)be+to do sth.(表示按计划要做的事)（2）带不定式作宾语的词语。下列词语常不定式作宾语：afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire 等。下列动词后可
7、接疑问词+不定式：teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find、out、advise、discuss 等。（3）如何理解和使用不定式作宾补。动词 see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的宾补用动词原形，变被动时要加to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。常用带不定式作宾补的几种情况：主语+ask/require/tell/order/force/get/want/like+sb.to do sth.主语+think/judge/suppose/bel
8、ieve/consider/imagine/consider/feel+sb.+to be/to have done主语+call on/upon/depend on/wait for/ask for+sb.+to do sth.（4）不定式作定语的特殊用法。下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the+序词、the last、the only 等。不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。There is no one to look after her.不定式与被修饰的名词在逻
9、辑上有动宾关系。She is now looking for a room to live in.（5）不定式作状语的用法。不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。only to do 表示出人意料的结果。We hurried to the classroom only to find none there.in order(not)to,so as(not)to 用来引导目的状语,enough,too,so as to do,such+名词 as todo 作结果状语，如:The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the
10、bus.Im not such a fool as to believe that.（6）不定式的完成时的特殊用法。表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。The novel was said to have been published.I regret to have been with you for so many years.seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported 等动词常用于上面句型。此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surp
11、rised、disappointed 后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。Im sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.对不起，请稍等。（说话时还未等）Im sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。（说话时已等了很久）不定式的完成时还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。（A）should like to/wouldlike to/would love to+不定式的完成时。（B）was/were to+不定式的完成时，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。（C）expect/hope/mean/promise/sup
12、pose/think/want/wish+不定式完成时，表示过去未曾实现的愿望。（7）不定式的省略。同一结构并列由 and 或 or 连接。I want to finish my homework and go home.Im really puzzled what to think or say.特例：To be or not to be,this is a question.He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比)不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do 时，后面的 to 省略。What he did was lose the game.句中含有动词
13、 do 时，but、except、besides、such as 等后面 to 可省略。即“前有 do,后省 to”。Dont do anything silly,such as marry him.主句含有不定式，后面有rather than,rather than 后省 to。Why not、had better、would rather、cant but 等词后省 to。如：He could not but walk home.（8）不定式的替代。多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to 后的内容常承前省略（只保留 to 即可）。但如果承前
14、省略的不定式有助动用的have 或 be任何形式，后应该保留原形be 或 have。如：Susan is not what she used to be.You came late last night.You ought to have finished yourhomework.I know I ought to have.常见的有：Id like/love/be happy to.2、动名词复习中应注意的几个问题动名词的形式：主动被动一般式(not)doing(not)being done完成式(not)having donehaving been done1）一般式：Seeing is
15、 believing.眼见为实。2）被动式：He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film.我们记得看过这部电影。4）完成被动式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five yearsold.他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。（1）动名词作宾语。下列动词后只能接动名词：suggest,finish,avoid,stop,cant help,mind,enjoy,require,prac
16、tise,miss,escape,pardon,advise,consider,imagine,keep,appreciate,eacape,permit。下列动词短语接动名词：leave off,put off,give up,look forward to,feel like,have trouble/difficulty(in)doing sth.devote to,get used to,pay attention to,be fond of,be worth。介词后要接动名词。what about、how about、without、be fond of、be good at 等介词
17、后接动名词。注意 on/upon doing sth.=as soon as 引导的从中。作此意讲时on/upon 后也可以接名词。如 on his arrival。动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语的区别：begin,start,continue,like,love,dislike,hate,prefer,cant stand例句1.It began to rain.It began raining.2.It was beginning to snow.3.I love lying(to lie)on my back.4.I like listening to music,but today I
18、 dontlike to.5.I don t prefer to swim in the river now.remember,forget,regret,try例句1.I remember to meet her at the station.I remember seeing her once somewhere.解析1.remember to do sth.记住要做的事remember doing sth.回顾过去发生1.意思无差别，但谓语动词用进行时，后面只跟不定式。2.表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语，如果表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接不定式。解析2.I forgot giving i
19、t to you yesterday.is.3.I regret not having working hard.I regret to hear of your sisters death.4.Try knocking at the back door.We must try to get everything ready.5.That will mean flooding some land.I had meant to go on Monday.want,require,need例句These desks need repairing.These desks need to be rep
20、aired.The patient required examinedThe patient required to be examined.3、现在分词复习应注意的几个问题现在分词的形式：的事forget doing sth.忘记做过的事3.regret to do sth.对将要做的事抱歉regret doing sth.对发生过的事后悔4.try to do sth.设法，试图try doing sth.试试看，试一试5.mean to do sth.打算做，想要mean doing sth.意味着，就是解析1.need doing 需要被做need to be done 需要被做2.w
21、ant doingwant to be done3.require doingrequire to be doneI forgot to tell you about it.Now here it2.forget to do sth.忘记要做的事主动被动（及物动词）一般式(not)doing(not)being done完成式(not)having done(not)having been done否定式：not+现在分词1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：They went to
22、the park,singing and talking.他们边唱边说向公园走去。Having done his homework,he played basket-ball.做完作业，他开始打兰球。2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。The problem being discussed is very important.正在被讨论的问题很重要。Having been told many times,the naughty boy made the same mistake.被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错
23、误。（1）现在分词在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。时间状语（分词作状语前面可加when,while 等）Hearing the good news,he jumped with greatjoy.Not having finished her work in time,the boss fired her.原因状语Seeing nobody at home,he decided to leave them a note伴随状语The girls came in,following their parents.结果状语The poor old man died,leaving not
24、hing to his children.注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式 having done。语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。遵循的规则“主动进行，被动完成”。人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。（2）分词作表语。S.+be+动词-ed 表示被动，主语是人；S.+be+动词-ing 表示主动，主语是物。分词作宾补不定式作宾补的区别：感官动词动词原形做了某事S+宾语+现在分词正在做某事使役动词过去分词做了或被做4、复习过去分词应注意的几个问题过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed
25、 构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。过去分词作状语，相当于一个状语从句，有来说明原因、时间、条件等。（1）过去分词作原因状语Tired by the trip,he soon feel asleep.=Because he was tired by the trip,he soon fell asleep.Lost in thought,he almost ran into a car.=As he was lost in thought,he almost ran into a car.（2）作时间状语Seen from the hill,the city looks
26、 like a garden.=When the city is seen from the hill,it looks like a garden.（3）作条件状语Given more time,I would have worked out the problem.=If I have been given more time,I would have worked out the problem.（4）伴随状语The teacher came in,followed by some students.=The teacher came in and was followed by som
27、e students.分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。如：Her grandfather being ill,she had to stay at home looking after him.二、高考题1.【2013 北京】21.Volunteering gives you a chancelives,including your own.A.changeB.changing C.changedD.to change2.【2013 北京】24.the course very difficult,she dec
28、ided to move to a lower level.A.FindB.FindingC.To findD.Found3.【2013 北京】29.When we saw the roadwith snow,we decided to spend the holiday athome.A.block B.to blockC.blockingD.blocked4.【2013 福建】22._ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.A.KnownB.Having knownC.KnowingD
29、.Being known5.【2013 福建】32.Anyone,once _ positive for H7N9 flu virus,will receive free medicaltreatment from our government.A.to be testedB.being testedC.testedD.to test6.【2013 湖南】25.The sun began to rise in the sky,_ the mountain in golden light.A.bathedB.bathingC.to have bathedD.have bathed7.【2013
30、湖南】29.You cannot accept an opinion _ to you unless it is based on facts.A.offeringB.to offerC.having offeredD.offered8.【2013 湖南】30.Every day _ a proverb aloud several times until you have it memorized.A.readB.readingC.to readD.reads9.【2013 湖南】31._ warm at night,I would fill the woodstove,then set my
31、 alarm clock formidnight so I could refill it.A.StayingB.StayedC.To stayD.Stay10.【2013 江苏】24.Lionel Messi,the record for the most goals in a calendar year,isconsidered the most talented football player in Europe.A.setB.settingC.to setD.having set11.【2013 江苏】31.Shortly after suffering from a massive
32、earthquake andto ruins,the citytook on a new look.A.reducingB.reducedC.being reducedD.having reduced12.【2013 江西】34.If _ to look after luggage for someone else,inform the police at once.A.askedB.to askC.askingD.having asked13.【2013 辽宁】28.Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home,there
33、 was a pile ofmail _ for her.A.waitedB.to waitC.waitingD.was waiting14.【2013 山东】25.The room is empty except for a bookshelf _ in one corner.A.standingB.to standC.standsD.stood15.【2013 山东】29.I stopped the car _ a short break as I was feeling tired.A.takeB.takingC.to takeD.taken16.【2013 山东】33._ at the
34、 cafeteria before,Tina didnt want to eat there again.A.Having eatenB.To eatC.EatD.Eating17.【2013 陕西】13.Let those in needthat we will go all out to help them.A.to understandB.understandC.understandingD.understood18.【2013 陕西】14.The witnessesby the police just now gave very different descriptions ofthe
35、 fight.A.questionedB.being questionedC.to be questionedD.having questioned19.【2013 四川】8._ which university to attend,the girl asked her teacher for advice.A.Not knowingB.Knowing notC.Not knownD.Known not20.【2013 四川】10.The airport _ next year will help promote tourism in this area.A.being completedB.
36、to be completedC.completedD.having been completed21.【2013 天津】10.In some languages,100 words make up half of all wordsin dailyconversations.A.usingB.to useC.having usedD.used22.【2013 新课标 II 卷】5.I got to the office earlier that day,the 7:30 train from PaddingtonA.caughtB.to have caughtC.to catchD.havi
37、ng caught23.【2013 新课标 I 卷】22.They might just have a place _on the writing course一 why dont yougive it a try?A.leaveB.leftC.leavingD.to leave24.【2013 新课标 I 卷】35.The sunlight is white and blinding,hard-edged shadows on theground.A.throwingB.being thrownC.to throwD.to be thrown25.【2013 浙江】7._how others
38、 react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.A.HearingB.HearC.Having heardD.To be hearing26.【2013 浙江】19.There are some health problems that,when _ in time,can become biggerones later on.A.not treatedB.not being treatedC.not to be treatedD.not have been treated27.【2013 重庆】30.When I
39、 was little,my mother used to sit by my bed,me stories till I fell asleep.A.having toldB.tellingC.toldD.to tell28.【2013 重庆】34.The engine just wont start.Something seemswrong with it.A.to goB.to have goneC.goingD.having gone29.【2013 安徽】32.in the early 20th century,the school keeps on inspiring childr
40、en s love of art.A.To foundB.FoundingC.FoundedD.Having founded30.(2012 全国卷 I)28.The party will be held in the garden,weather _.A.permittingB.to permitC.permittedD.permit31.(2012 全国卷 I)32.Film has a much shorter history,especially when _ such art forms asmusic and painting.A.having compared toB.compa
41、ring toC.compare toD.compared to32.(2012 全国卷 II)10.Tony lent me the money,_ that I d do as much for him.A.hopingB.to hopeC.hopedD.having hoped33.(2012 全国卷 II)15.The old man sat in front of the television every evening,happy _ anythingthat happened to be on.A.to watchB.watchingC.watchedD.to have watc
42、hed34.(2012 北京卷)23.One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them.A.correctsB.correctC.to correctD.correcting35.(2012 北京卷)27._ with care,one tin will last for six weeks.A.UseB.UsingC.UsedD.To use36.(2012 北京卷)32.Birdssinging is sometimes a warning to other birds _ away.A.to stayB.stayingC.stayed
43、D.stay37.(2012 上海卷)27.As Jack left his membership card at home,he wasnt allowedinto thesports club.A.goingB.to goC.goD.gone38.(2012 上海卷)33.When Peter speaks in public,he always has trouble_ the right things to say.A.thinking ofB.to think ofC.thought ofD.think of39.(2012 上海卷)36.The club,_ 25 years ag
44、o,is holding a party for past and present members.A.foundedB.foundingC.being foundedD.to be founded40.(2012 上海卷)39.Genius is a complicated concept,_ many different factors.A.involvedB.involvingC.to involveD.being involved41.(2012 天津卷)11.He got up late and hurried to his office,_the breakfast untouch
45、ed.A.leftB.to leaveC.leavingD.having left42.(2012江苏卷)31._ an important decision more on emotion than on reason,you will regretit sooner or later.A.BasedB.BasingC.BaseD.To base43.(2012 安徽卷)24.I remembered _ the door before I left the office,but forgot to turn off thelights.A.lockingB.to lockC.having
46、lockedD.to have locked44.(2012 安徽卷)30.When _ for his views about his teaching job,Philip said he found it veryinteresting and rewarding.A.askingB.askedC.having askedD.to be asked45.(2012 湖南卷)21.Weve had a good start,but next,more work needs _ to achieve thefinal success.A.being doneB.doC.to be doneD
47、.to do46.(2012 湖南卷)23.Time,_ correctly,is money in the bank.A.to useB.usedC.usingD.use47.(2012 湖南卷)31.The lecture,_ at 7：00 pm last night,was followed by an observation ofthe moon with telescopes.A.startingB.being startedC.to startD.to be started48.(2012 福建卷)28.China recently tightened its waters co
48、ntrols near the Huangyan Island to preventChinese fishing boats from _in the South China Sea.A.attackingB.having attackedC.being attackedD.having been attacked49.(2012 福建卷)34.Pressed from his parents，and _that he has wasted too much time,the boy isdetermined to stop playing video games.A.realizingB.
49、realizedC.to realizeD.being realized50.(2012 陕西卷)15._ in a long queue,we waited for the store to open to buy a New iPad.A.StandingB.To standC.StoodD.Stand51.(2012 陕西卷)22.If he takes on this work,he will have no choice but _ an even greaterchallenge.A.meetsB.meetingC.meetD.to meet52.(2012 山东卷)26.Geor
50、ge returned after the war,only _ that his wife had left him.A.to be toldB.tellingC.being toldD.told53.(2012 山东卷)35.After completing and signing it,please return the form to us in the envelope _.A.providingB.providedC.having providedD.provide54.(2012 重庆卷)23._ to work overtime that evening,I missed a