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1、专题一专题一 句子成分句子成分1.1.主语：动作的发出者，或：一个句子中的陈述对象。主语：动作的发出者，或：一个句子中的陈述对象。He laughed.Swimming is interesting.拓展：He laughs best who laughs last.（人称代词和关系代词）Swimming is interesting.（动名词作主语）His words are true.（名词作主语）What he said is true.（主语从句）2.2.谓语：主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语：主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。He is lying on the groun
2、d.（动词作谓语,表示：主语状态）拓展：He is crying now.（谓语动词：现在进行时）I have seen the movie before.（谓语动词：现在完成时）3.3.宾语：动作的对象或承受者或内容。宾语：动作的对象或承受者或内容。I love English.拓展：I love him.（代词作宾语）I love dancing.（动名词作宾语）I want to see you.（不定式作宾语）I believe your words.（名词作宾语）I believe what you said.（从句，即宾语从句）4.4.宾补：补充、说明宾语的成分。宾补：补充、说明宾
3、语的成分。He gradually found English interesting.We all choose him monitor.拓展：He gradually found English interesting.（形容词）We all choose him monitor.（名词）The hotel makes me at ease.（介词短语）The teacher told me to leave at once.（不定式）Can you see the girl dancing over there?（现在分词）I saw the boy taken to the offic
4、e.（过去分词）怎么辨别怎么辨别“主主谓谓宾宾宾宾”和和“主主谓谓宾宾宾补宾补”？宾语和宾补之间其实是主谓关系。He calls me uncle.I am his uncleI saw him taken away.He was taken away.I found him in the room.He was in the room.而两个宾语之间不存在主谓关系：He gave me a book.不能理解为：*I am a book.5.5.表语：说明主语的身份、特征、状态的成分表语：说明主语的身份、特征、状态的成分,位于系动词后面。位于系动词后面。He is a teacher.He
5、is tired.拓展：He is a teacher.(名词)My hobby is swimming.(动名词)He looks nice.(形容词)My suggestion is that you start at once.(表语从句)表语通常位于系动词后。英语中有哪些系动词呢？表语通常位于系动词后。英语中有哪些系动词呢？“是”:be,prove,turn out;remain;stay;keep;“变得”：become,get,turn,go,fall;“感官”:feel,smell,sound,taste,look,seem,appear系动词具有哪些特征呢？系动词具有哪些特征呢
6、？后面通常跟形容词不跟副词。比较：She looks beautiful.She sings beautifully.不用被动形式。错误：The dish is tasted delicious.正确：The dish tastes delicious.错误：Tasted nice,the dish was eaten up quickly.正确：Tasting nice,the dish was eaten up quickly.6.6.定语：修饰制名词的成分。定语：修饰制名词的成分。He is a careful driver.拓展：Our chemistry teacher put a
7、kind of chemical substance on the desk.（名词；形容词）He is a careful driver.（形容词）He is a driver who drives carefully.（定语从句）I know the boy wearing a jacket.（现在分词短语）I like the boy who is wearing a jacket.（定语从句）I like the books written by Lu Xun.（过去分词短语）I like the books that were written by Lu Xun.（定语从句）7.7.
8、状语：修饰制动词、形容词和句子的成分。状语：修饰制动词、形容词和句子的成分。I visited the Great Wall yesterday.(时间状语)拓展：He studies hard.(副词)He could dance at the age of seven.(介词短语)He could dance when he was seven.(从句)I am sorry for coming late.(介词短语)I am sorry because I am late.(从句)8.8.同位语：句子中指代同一事物的另外一个名词短语或名词性从句。同位语：句子中指代同一事物的另外一个名词短
9、语或名词性从句。I am Li Hua,Chairman of the Students Union.（名词作同位语）The fact that the earth moves around the sun is well-known.（同位语从句作同位语）拓展：Yesterday I met Tom,a friend of mine.(名词短语)We students should respect teachers.(名词短语)Longhu Lake,the largest lake in Henan,attracts many visitors every year.(名词短语)He ma
10、de a promise that he would give me a bike on my birthday.(同位语从句)判断同位语：若两个名词性成分之间加个判断同位语：若两个名词性成分之间加个 bebe 成立，则二者为同位关系。成立，则二者为同位关系。9.9.插入语：插入语是插在句子中独立于其他成分的一个词、短语、或从句。插入语：插入语是插在句子中独立于其他成分的一个词、短语、或从句。Reading will,no doubt,enlarge your vocabulary.拓展：Generally/In general/Generally speaking,the more you
11、eat,the fatter you will be.To make matters worse,he failed again.Reading,no doubt,can broaden our horizons.插入语通常被逗号、破折号或句子的其他部分隔开插入语通常被逗号、破折号或句子的其他部分隔开,与句子的其他部分之间没有语法上的关系。与句子的其他部分之间没有语法上的关系。专题二专题二 简单句简单句1.1.简单句：只有一个主语部分和谓语部分的句子叫简单句。有五大基本句型：简单句：只有一个主语部分和谓语部分的句子叫简单句。有五大基本句型：主谓：He left.主谓宾：He left Beij
12、ing.主谓宾宾：He left his son a large fortune.主谓宾宾补：The earthquake left many people homeless.主系表：He is tall.“系表”结构也叫谓语部分。拓展：不难看出：一个简单句，有且仅有一个谓语动词。2.2.省略句省略句在口语中，上文已经出现的信息或者谈话双方都知道的信息不必重复；这就形成了省略句。在口语中，上文已经出现的信息或者谈话双方都知道的信息不必重复；这就形成了省略句。下面的句子属于哪种句型？Good idea!Good morning!Sounds great!How clever!Any other
13、questions?Stand up!【答案】“主系表”，前面省略了 It is a“主系表”，前面省略了 It is a“主系表”，前面省略了 It“主系表”，后面省略了 you are“主谓宾”，前面省略了 Do you have“主谓”，前面省略了 YouTest 1 压缩句子找句子主干；判断简单句的“五大基本句型”。1.The naughty boy,after hearing the news,left angrily.2.Li Hua,chairman of the Students Union,gave a wonderful speech yesterday.3.My dear
14、 mother,to my surprise,bought me an expensive bike on my birthday.Test 2 单句改错语法规则：一个句子必须有一个谓语动词。语法规则：一个句子必须有一个谓语动词。“群龙不可无首！群龙不可无首！1.My computer on the desk.2.Today Monday.3.Look!The girl dancing over there.4.That book written by Lu Xun.5.My school near my home.【答案】puter 后加 is；2.Today后加 is；3.girl 后加
15、is；4.book 后加 was；5.school 后加 is。Test 3 单句改错语法规则：一个句子不能超过一个谓语动词。语法规则：一个句子不能超过一个谓语动词。“一山不容二虎一山不容二虎”！1.Learn English is hard.2.Play basketball is my hobby.3.I want see you.4.I am like English.【答案】1.LearnLearning；2.PlayPlaying；3.seeto see；4.am重要的事情说三遍：一个简单句，有且仅有一个谓语动词。重要的事情说三遍：一个简单句，有且仅有一个谓语动词。拓展：【误】Tod
16、ay is Sunday,we have no classes.【正】Today being Sunday,.【误】Weather permits,we will pay a visit to the park.【正】Weather permitting,.【误】There are fifty students in our class,half of them are girls.【正】There are fifty students in our class,half of them being girls.【误】Class was over,all the students went h
17、ome.【正】Class being over,【误】Their homework had been finished,they went home.【正】Their homework finished,以上由“名词+非谓语动词”结构，叫独立主格结构。专题三专题三 复合句复合句I.I.两个或多个简单句，由连词连接起来的后组成的句子叫复合句。两个或多个简单句，由连词连接起来的后组成的句子叫复合句。II.II.由并列连词由并列连词 andand；butbut；yetyet；oror；for(for(因为因为)；so(so(所以所以)；whilewhile（而）（而）连接的两个或多个句子，叫并列复连
18、接的两个或多个句子，叫并列复合句；简称并列句。合句；简称并列句。He likes English but/and/while I like Chinese.He put on his clothes and went out.III.III.由从属连词由从属连词 henhen；whilewhile（当（当时）时）；whatwhat；becausebecause；asas；sincesince；afterafter；even ifeven if；beforebefore；untiluntil；althoughalthough；thoughthough 等等连接的两个或多个句子，叫从属复合句。连接
19、的两个或多个句子，叫从属复合句。I have lived in China since I was born.（时间状语从句）Because it rained yesterday,many students were absent.（原因状语从句）This is the best film that I have ever seen.(定语从句)拓展：为什么两个句子要有连词连接？逗号表示停顿，没有连接作用；当然，分号、破折号可以连接两个句子。【误】Today is Sunday,we have no classes.【正】Today is Sunday,so/and.（并列句）【正】Beca
20、use today is Sunday,.（原因状语从句）【误】Weather permits,we will pay a visit to the park.【正】If weather permits,（条件状语从句）【误】There are fifty students in our class,half of them are girls.【正】There are fifty students in our class,and(并列句)【正】There are fifty students in our class,half of whom are girls.【误】Class was
21、over,all the students went home.【正】Class was over,and/so（并列句）【正】Because class was over,all the students（原因状语从句）构句原则：如果没有连词连接，逗号不能连接两个简单句。构句原则：如果没有连词连接，逗号不能连接两个简单句。专题四专题四 谓语动词和非谓语动词谓语动词和非谓语动词形式（时态和语态）do/doesbe doingwill do充当谓语。功能to doto be doneto be doing形式功能充当谓语之外的成分：主语；宾语；would dohave donehad donew
22、ill be doingwill be donehas been donehad been doneto have doneto have been done定语；状语；补语；doingbeing donehaving donehaving been done表语；同位语；插入语。doneTest 1语法填空1.Look!The girl _(go)upstairs.2.Look!Can you see the girl _(go)upstairs?3.The books _(write)by Lu Xun.4.I like the books _(write)by Lu Xun.【答案】1.
23、is going 2.going 3.were written 4.written解题策略：一个简单句如果没有谓语动词，则一定填谓语动词形式；如果有谓语动词，则填非谓语动词。解题策略：一个简单句如果没有谓语动词，则一定填谓语动词形式；如果有谓语动词，则填非谓语动词。Test 2翻译练习1.这个孩子正在睡觉。2.这个孩子假装正在睡觉。3.老师发现这个孩子正在睡觉。4.这个问题正在讨论中。5.我们都在关注正在讨论中的这个问题。6.演讲比赛明天在我校举行。7.我想要请您参加明天在我校举行的演讲比赛。Keys1.The child is sleeping.2.The child pretended t
24、o be sleeping.3.The teacher found the child sleeping.4.The question is being discussed.5.All of us are concerned about the question being discussed.6.The speech contest will be held in your school tomorrow.7.I would like to invite you to attend the speech contest to be held in our school tomorrow专题五
25、专题五 非谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词充当谓语之外的成分。非谓语动词充当谓语之外的成分。I.I.作主语。作主语。Doing+谓语部分：Learning English is easy.To do+谓语部分：To learn English is easy.It is+adj.+to do：It is easy to learn English.It is no use doing：It is no use crying over spilt milk.II.II.作宾语。作宾语。表示未来动作用 to do。下面动词后常跟不定式：agree 同意做choose 宁愿做remember 记住去做r
26、egret 很遗憾要做expect 期待做offer 主动提出做plan 计划做stop 停下来去做pretend 假装要做promise 答应做refuse 拒绝做wish 希望做decide 决定做prepare 准备做want 想要做try 试图做determine 决心做afford负担得起做manage设法做成afford负担得起做hesitate做犹豫remember 记得要过表示过去动作用 doing。下面动词后常跟动名词：escape 逃脱admit 承认做remember 记得做过regret 做了后悔forget 做过但忘了appreciate 感激做miss 错过做表示经
27、常性的动作、或者发生时间不太明确的动作也用doing。下面动词后常跟动名词：give up 放弃做stop 停止做risk 冒险做finish 完成做delay 推迟做enjoy 喜爱做imagine 想象做avoid 避免做keep 继续做suggest/advise 建议做recommend 建议做permit/allow 允许做mind 介意做consider 考虑做try 尝试表示正在进行的动作用to be doing。下面动词后常跟动名词：pretend 假装III.III.作定语。作定语。happen 碰巧seem 似乎表示未来动作to do：I have many questio
28、ns to ask.表示未来的被动动作to be done：There are many problems to be solved.表示正在进行的动作doing：Do you know the boy singing in the next room?表示正在进行的被动动作being done：The problem being discussed now is very important.表示经常性、或者发生时间不太明确的动作doing：She is dancing girl.表示功能doing：Where is the nearest dancing hall？表示完成的动作done：
29、The retired worker,lying on the fallen leaves,is drinking boiled water.表示完成而且被动的动作done：The problem discussed yesterday is very important.IVIV.作状语：作状语：表示未来动作to do多为目的状语：To go to a key university，he works very hard。表示未来的被动动作to be done：To be accepted to a key university,he works hard.表示正在进行的、或者与谓语动词同时发
30、生的动作doing：Seeing the teacher,she blushed.Not knowing her number I wrote her a letter.She went to school,singing cheerfully all the way.表示正在进行的被动动作being done：Being interviewed by some reporters,I have no time to see you.注意：如果 done 已经形容词化了，作状语时不可以being：Born and brought up in a rural area,he knows fami
31、ly very well.表示完成的动作having done：Have you finished their homework,the students went home.表示完成而且被动的动作done 或 having been done：Encouraged by the teacher,he works even harder.Haing been encouraged by the teacher he works even harder.V V.作补语：作补语：表示未来动作to do 或 do：advise sb.to 建议allow sb.to 允许ask sb.to 请（叫）
32、beg sb.to 请求cause sb.to 导致drive sb.to 驱使expect sb.to 期望forbid sb.to 禁止force sb.to 强迫get sb.to 使（要）invite sb.to 邀请permit sb.to 允许persuade sb.to 说服teach sb.to 教tell sb.to 告诉intend sb.to 打算mean sb.to 打算have sb.dohave sb.do 让让注意：want sb.to 想要wish sb.to 希望make sb.domake sb.do 让让remind sb.to 提醒order sb.to
33、 命令let sb.dolet sb.do 让让千万不要说 hope/demand sb.to；expect，suppose，require 多用于被动语态结构：be expected to do 有望be supposed to 应该be required to 被要求表示正在进行的、或者与谓语动词同时发生的动作doing：feel sb.doing 感觉hear sb.doing 听见listen to sb.doing 听表示动作的整个过程do：feel sb.do 感觉hear sb.do 听见listen to sb.do 听表示被动的动作done：see sth.donefind
34、sth.donemake oneself understoodkeep sb.informed有时候也可以用 to be done：want sth.(to be)done 想要want sth.(to be)done 打算keep sth.updatedget sth.donehave sth.doneleave sth.untouchedsee sb.do 看见watch sb.do 看到notice sb.do 注意到help sb.(to)do 帮助see sb.doing 看见watch sb.doing 看到notice sb.doing 注意catch sb.doing 逮住leave/keep sb.doing 使.一直做