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1、形容词和副词的比较级及最高级第1页，本讲稿共65页形容词和副词及其比较等级形容词和副词及其比较等级知识点知识点:v形容词的句法功能及其在句中的位置v副词的句法功能及其在句中的位置v形容词和副词比较级、最高级的变化规则v形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法v比较等级的一些特殊用法及固定句型第2页，本讲稿共65页形容词的句法功能形容词的句法功能1.在句中作定语：E.g.The young man likes singing very much.2.在句中作表语：E.g.The story was very interesting.3.在句中作补：E.g.I cant drink it hot（宾补)这
2、东西热得我不能喝 the room was found empty.(主补）4.在句中作状语：E.g.At last he got home,tired and hungry.5.可用作副词，修饰另一形容词E.g.Dark red/dead tired/wide open6.名词化的形容词：E.g.the beautiful can never die.第3页，本讲稿共65页形容词的位置形容词的位置v1.形容词作定语，一般放在被修饰的名词之前。v2.后置：v表语形容词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后。E.g.This is the only book available.v当被修饰的词是以som
3、e,any,every,no 等和别的词构成的不定代词时，形容词要后置。E.g.I have never met someone famous.v 当形容词后面有不定式短语或介词短语时须后置。E.g.He came in to the office,full of fear.a man so difficult to please must be hard to work with.第4页，本讲稿共65页v前置形容词排列顺序v多个形容词同时修饰一个名词时，这些形容词的词序不能随意排列，需遵循一定的规则：限定词（冠词物主/指示不定代词)+序数词基数词描绘性形容词（大小形状新旧/年龄)表示颜色的形
4、容词表示国籍、出处或来源的形容词表示材料、物质的形容词表示用途或类别的形容词。E.g.a pretty purple silk dress a tall intelligent young Chinese officer第5页，本讲稿共65页Mary has just bought herself _ dress.A.a cotton,blue,expensive B.a blue expensive,cottonC.an expensive,blue,cottonD.a cotton,expensive,blueAnswer:C第6页，本讲稿共65页If the taxi arrives _
5、,we shall miss our flight.A.lately B.lateC.latenessD.more laterAnswer:B第7页，本讲稿共65页Of+名词“Of+名词”相当于一个形容词，在句中可充当表语。E.g.He is of help to our project.He is _ to speak the truth.A.too much of a cowardB.so much a cowardC.too much a cowardD.so much of a cowardAnswer:A第8页，本讲稿共65页副词的句法功能副词的句法功能副词是表示行为或状态特征的词，
6、修饰动词，形容词，副词和全句。主要作状语，也可以定语、表语、宾语补足语。例：The girl made a very careful answer.The boy threw the ball quickly.Nearly five hundred people were present at the meeting.Obviously he knew nothing about me.The meeting today is very important.Whats on this evening?We saw them off at the station yesterday.第9页，本讲
7、稿共65页副词的位置副词的位置1.表示确定的时间副词、地点副词和一些方式副词一般放在句末。E.g.He closed the window quietly.2.频度副词一般放在行为动词前，助动词、系动词和情态动词后。E.g.He always gets up at 6.She is always complaining the food in the canteen.3.程度副词一般放在被修饰的形容词、副词前。E.g.This is a very good book.4.一些方式副词修饰不及物动词时，放在被修饰的动词之后。E.g.We should study hard.第10页，本讲稿共65
8、页副词的位置副词的位置5.副词修饰及物动词时，放在被修饰的动词之前或宾语之后。E.g.He wrote some letters carefully yesterday.6.副词修饰名词时放在名词之后。E.g.The young people there are from Guangzhou.7.修饰全句的副词常放在句首。E.g.Unfortunately,he failed the exam.第11页，本讲稿共65页副词副词Quite,rather,so,too v上述几个副词可置于形容词、不定冠词等限定词之前修饰名词。E.g.Shes quite a girl.He seemed to t
9、ake rather a fancy to her.She is too young a girl to travel alone.Hes never again written so good a book since 1980.注意区别：注意区别：Hes never again written such a good book since 1980.注意：注意：so在修饰名词时，顺序应为在修饰名词时，顺序应为so+形容词形容词+冠词冠词+名词；而名词；而such在修饰名词时，顺序为在修饰名词时，顺序为such+冠词冠词+形容词形容词+名词名词.但如果但如果名词前已有名词前已有many/mu
10、ch和和little/few来修饰，则用来修饰，则用so.E.g.She ate so many chocolates during the afternoon that he began to feel sick.第12页，本讲稿共65页With _ left before Friday,it does no seem likely that we will make the deadline.A.so short timeB.such a short timeC.so short timeD.such short timeAnswer:B第13页，本讲稿共65页形容词和副词比较级、最高级的
11、变化规则形容词和副词比较级、最高级的变化规则 英语中形容词和副词有三种等级：原级，比较级及最高级。规则形容词和副词变比较级和最高级的规则如下：v单音节词末尾加-er和-est,如：great-greater-greatestv单音节词如以-e结尾，只加-r和-st,如：brave-braver-bravestv闭单节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，须先双写这个辅音字母，再加-er和-est，如：big-bigger-biggestv少数以-er,-ow,-ble结尾的双单节词，末尾加-er和-est，如：clever-cleverer-cleverest;narrow-narrower-nar
12、rowest;以-y结尾的词，如-y前是辅单字母，则变y为i，再加-er和-est,如：happy-happier-happiest.v其他双音节和多音节词皆在前面加单词more和most。如：difficult-more difficult-most difficult.第14页，本讲稿共65页形容词和副词比较级、最高级的变化规则形容词和副词比较级、最高级的变化规则v以ly结尾的副词的比较级和最高级采用more和most形式。如：happily-more happily-most happilyvOften的比较等级通常采用more和most形式。如：often-more often-mos
13、t often第15页，本讲稿共65页形容词和副词比较级、最高级的变化规则形容词和副词比较级、最高级的变化规则不规则形容词和副词的比较级、最高级变化：vGood/well-better-bestvBad/badly-worse-worstvMany/much-more-mostvLittle-less-leastvFar-farther/further-farthest/furthest (注：farther和farthest表具体概念，further和furthest表抽象概念。)vOld-older/elder-oldest/eldest （注：elder和eldest可作定语，表示家庭中
14、看见较大或最大。如：My elder brother is 3 years older than I.）形容词和副词前如果加less和least，表示“较不”和“最不”。第16页，本讲稿共65页形容词和副词比较级的用法形容词和副词比较级的用法原级As+原级+asHe is as tall as I.He likes her as much as he likes his sister.否定Not asas/not soasHe does not smoke so heavily as his brother.第17页，本讲稿共65页注：as后面的形容词如作定语，而被定语修饰的名词有不定冠词a时
15、，冠词a须放在形容词之后，如German is as difficult a language as English.I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin.第18页，本讲稿共65页形容词和副词比较级的用法形容词和副词比较级的用法 比较级用于两者的比较，其结构是：含有比较级的主句+连词than引导的从句（从句中常省去意义上和主句相同的部分）如：There are more children in this school than in that one.The climate of Kunming is better than that
16、 of Lanzhou.Mary is less clever than Jane.David drives faster than anyone I know.They speak less frequently but more correctly than we do.第19页，本讲稿共65页形容词和副词最高级的用法形容词和副词最高级的用法 最高级用于两者以上的比较，其结构是：定冠词the+最高级+表示范围的短语或从句（副词的最高级可以没有定冠词the）。如：Peter is the oldest boy of them all.London is the biggest city in
17、 Britain.This is the best film that I have ever seen.He swims the best in Class One.第20页，本讲稿共65页形容词和副词比较级的特殊用法形容词和副词比较级的特殊用法1.用twice,three times等加asas结构表示倍“几倍数于”。例：New York is ten times as big as my home town.表示“几倍于”还有下面的说法：New York is ten times the size of my home town.New York is ten times bigger
18、than my home town.2.可以用much,far,still,even,a little,no,any,a great deal,(by)far(显然；得多)等状语来修饰形容词和副词的比较级.如：She sings far better than others.This is by far the most difficult.第21页，本讲稿共65页形容词和副词比较级的特殊用法形容词和副词比较级的特殊用法3.来自拉丁语的一些形容词如senior,junior,prior,superior,inferior等本身就有比较含义，因此形式不变，后面跟to,不跟than：He is s
19、everal years senior to me.I have not met this man prior to today.They are superior in numbers to us.第22页，本讲稿共65页形容词和副词比较级的特殊用法形容词和副词比较级的特殊用法4.在比较等级中还有以下一些固定句型：vMore than 非常，不仅是，超过 E.g.They are more than glad to help.His flattery(奉承)is more than you can bear.vMorethan 与其说，不如说 E.g.Hes more mad than st
20、upid.vNo more than 只有，只不过 E.g.He has no more than twenty yuan in his pocket.v 第23页，本讲稿共65页vthe morethe more(less)越越（不）E.g.The more knowledgeable a man is,the more modest he will be.The more haste,the less speed.vMore and more 越来越E.g.I get more and more absorbed in the work here.vAll the better 更好 E.
21、g.If you can fulfill the task two days ahead of time,all the better.第24页，本讲稿共65页形容词和副词比较级的特殊用法形容词和副词比较级的特殊用法vSo much the better(worse)当然更好（更糟）E.g.If you can make friends with her,so much the better.vFor better or(for)worse 好歹，不管怎样 E.g.Youll ring us up if theres any change,for better or worse.vAsasca
22、n be 极其 E.g.They are as unreliable as they can be.v as good as 几乎已经，实际已经E.g.Everything was as good as settled.第25页，本讲稿共65页vSo(such)as to 如此已致于E.g.He studies so hard as to pass the final examination.vSo(such)that 如此已致于 E.g.It rained so heavily that we cant go climbing.vSo/as far as 就.而言 E.g.As far as
23、 I am concerned,they can go when they like.第26页，本讲稿共65页5.表示”因此而更加。“，用all,so much,none等+the+比较级，这种结构后不可在接than 从句 He told a lie about it,and that makes his fault all the worse.She looks none the better for her holiday.(一点也不）第27页，本讲稿共65页vMillions of other stars are even _(big)and _(bright)than the sun.
24、They look small only because they are much _(far)away.vDo you think maths is one of _(interesting)subjects?vYour aunt is _(fat)woman I have ever seen.vHe danced _(badly)than any other boy in the group.His elder sister danced _(well)of all.vThey all finished the work two hours _(early)than usual.bigg
25、erbrighterfartherthe most interestingthe fattestmore badlybestearlier第28页，本讲稿共65页vThere are at least _ diamonds in the sea as on land.A.five times more B.as many five times C.Five times as many D.as five times moreAnswer:C第29页，本讲稿共65页It is hotter today than yesterday and I drink _ water than yesterd
26、ay.A.less B.many more C.fewer D.much moreBeethoven is my favorite musician.I regard him as _ other musicians.A.Superior thanB.more superior thanC.Superior toD.more superior toAnswer:DAnswer:C第30页，本讲稿共65页否定句否定句v直接否定直接否定v储蓄否定储蓄否定v部分否定部分否定v全部否定全部否定v转移否定转移否定v双重否定双重否定v局部否定局部否定v延续否定延续否定v不完全否定句不完全否定句知识点：知识
27、点：第31页，本讲稿共65页直接否定直接否定特点：特点：v带有否定词带有否定词not,no,none,never,nowhere,nobody,nothing,neither,nor等。等。E.g.No students came from the south.v带有半否定词带有半否定词hardly,scarcely,rarely,seldom,little,few等。等。E.g.I could hardly hear a word at that time.v带有否定意义词缀带有否定意义词缀(如前缀如前缀dis-,non-,un-,im-,in-,il-,ir-及后缀及后缀-less等等)。
28、如。如dislike,unhappy,impossible等。等。E.g.It is impossible for her to take his advice.第32页，本讲稿共65页含蓄否定含蓄否定特点：特点：v用名词用名词absence,denial,failure,ignorance,lack,refusal,reluctance,want(缺少缺少)等表示否定。等表示否定。E.g.He was a failure as a doctor.v用形容词或形容词短语用形容词或形容词短语reluctant,absent,different,few,free from,ignorant,lit
29、tle等表示否定。等表示否定。E.g.The article is free from serious errors.v“形容词比较级形容词比较级+than”结构和最高级形式也可表示否定的含义，结构和最高级形式也可表示否定的含义，常见的有常见的有“er比较级比较级+than”,“more thancan”,“the last/least”等形式。等形式。E.g.He is the last person I want to see in the world.第33页，本讲稿共65页含蓄否定含蓄否定v用介词或介词短语表示否定，如用介词或介词短语表示否定，如off,till,against,beh
30、ind,without,past,above,beyond,beneath,instead of,except。E.g.The computer is past repair.You have to get a new one.v用动词用动词defy,deny,escape,fail,ignore,lack,miss,refuse,overlook,neglect等表示否定。等表示否定。E.g.He always fails to keep his promise.v虚拟语气的一些句子表示与现在或过去事实相反的愿望，这种肯定形式虚拟语气的一些句子表示与现在或过去事实相反的愿望，这种肯定形式的句
31、子所表示的意义往往是否定的。的句子所表示的意义往往是否定的。E.g.I wish I could sing better.v肯定形式的修辞性疑问句可以表示否定的意义。肯定形式的修辞性疑问句可以表示否定的意义。E.g.Who cares about you?第34页，本讲稿共65页部分否定部分否定v表示“全体”和“绝对”意义的代词、形容词或副词，如all,both,complete,whole,every,everything,everywhere,always,altogether,entirely,wholly,usually,exactly,very,quite,totally等，它们与否
32、定词not连用构成否定结构时，表示部分否定，谓语的形式采用“not+谓语动词”；有时也把否定词移至句首。部分否定表示的意义是“不都”、“并非都”。E.g.Your wife isnt wholly to blame.Such beautiful music is not heard quite often.第35页，本讲稿共65页vNot用来否定名词、数词等构成部分否定。E.g.Not many of us will go to the Great Wall tomorrow.v由and连接两个对等的宾语、状语或表语时，如果只否定对等部分后者，可用notand结构表示部分否定。E.g.The
33、book is not interesting and instructive.这本书有趣，但无教育意义。第36页，本讲稿共65页全部否定全部否定v如果要表示全部否定“都不”、“全不”等意思，通常要把这些具有总括意义的词(如:all,everything,everyone,both)改为相应的表示否定意义的词，如:none,nothing,nobody,neither等。E.g.None of these magazines are yours.v表示全称意义的代词、形容词或副词与带有否定词缀的词连用表示完全否定。E.g.All the workers are unkind to the ne
34、w one.v虚拟语气所表示的与事实相反，因此也可看作是完全否定式。E.g.If I had left a little earlier,I would have arrived on time.vNotor结构和notnor结构也表示全部否定。E.g.He cannot sing or dance./He cannot sing,nor dance.第37页，本讲稿共65页He _ in his saving account.A.has scarcely not any money leftB.has scarcely any money leftC.has scarcely no mone
35、y leftD.scarcely has no money leftAnswer:B第38页，本讲稿共65页_ he wrote on the blackboard were correct.A.None sentenceB.None of the sentencesC.None sentencesD.No one sentenceAnswer:B第39页，本讲稿共65页转移否定转移否定v从句中的否定词转移到主句谓语动词。1.主句谓语动词为think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,fancy表示“相信”或“臆测”的动词和表示“感知”的动词appear,seem,
36、feel(as if),look(as if)等时，从句的否定词转移到主句谓语动词。E.g.He didnt feel as if he was hurt.2.否定原因状语从句的not常常转移到主句的谓语动词。E.g.I didnt go because I want to borrow things.(注：这种情况下的not否定到底是否定主句还是原因状语从句须根据上下文判断。)v对句子其它成分的否定转移到谓语动词。1.否定宾语。E.g.I dont like both of the books.2.否定状语。E.g.Such a thing is not found everywhere.3
37、.否定主语。E.g.All books are not helpful.4.否定表语。E.g.I am not feeling very well today.第40页，本讲稿共65页I _ pass the exam.A.dont believe he canB.believe he cantC.not believe he canD.believe not he can Answer:A第41页，本讲稿共65页双重否定双重否定v双重否定的用法，一是为了强调加强说话的语气，一是为了表示委婉的陈述。表示双重否定的词和词组常见的有nono(not)(不不),notwithout(不不),nobu
38、t(没有不),neverbut(每必),neverwithout(每必),cant but+动词原形(不能不,禁不住),not(not,never)unless(没有除非),notuntil(不不),not+含否定意义的词缀的词(不是不)等.E.g.You cannot pass the exam without his help.I never look at her picture without thinking of the kindness she showed me.I couldnt help but cry when I heard such news.Whats done c
39、annot be undone.第42页，本讲稿共65页No students are able to pursue nuclear science _ mathematics.A.with no solidlyB.without a solid grasp ofC.without solidly grasping of D.with no grasping solidly ofAnswer:B第43页，本讲稿共65页局部否定局部否定vNot 否定形容词或副词。E.g.I go fishing not very often.vNot,no修饰more,less,fewer等词.在这种结构中,n
40、ot,no修饰比较级的形容词、副词，构成局部否定。No比not的否定效果更强.E.g.Its no more than a mile to his home.v否定词位于介词短语中。E.g.He answered me with not a moment hesitation.vNot置于不定式短语和动名词短语之前对其进行否定.E.g.We felt sorry for not finishing the work on time.vNotbut(不是而是)的否定结构 E.g.They want not your blame but your help.第44页，本讲稿共65页The stud
41、ents went on strike,but _.A.No the teachersB.The teachers notC.No the teachersD.Not teachersAnswer:A第45页，本讲稿共65页延续否定延续否定v“否定+否定”的形式。为了加强否定语气,后一句常用一个否定词或词组(如,not at all,not in the least等).E.g.Do you like tea?-No,not at the moment.vNor,neither,not(no)either引导的否定句.这种结构通常采用倒装.E.g.You havent finished you
42、r homework,neither have I/I havent either.vMuch less,still less引导的否定句。这两个词组往往用在否定句的后面,形成延续否定,其意义为“更不用说了”E.g.I have not even read the first page,still less finished the book.vLet alone,not to mention,not to speak of表示否定.E.g.I wont even thank him,let alone pay him.第46页，本讲稿共65页You have no class tomorro
43、w._.A.So do we.B.We dont too.C.We are too.D.Nor do we.正确答案：D第47页，本讲稿共65页不完全否定不完全否定v具有否定含义的副词可与if,or连用，此时if,or常接一个副词或代词，对前面半否定词进行补充，表示让步的概念，含义为“即使”E.g.He does little or nothing in the office.他在办公室里简直就没有做事。“Did anyone sign your petition?”“Yes,we had a hundred signatures,_”A.if no moreB.if not moreC.if
44、 moreoverD.if not large正确答案：B第48页，本讲稿共65页在很多情况下，形式上的否定句表达的却是肯定的含义在很多情况下，形式上的否定句表达的却是肯定的含义.这类句子有：这类句子有：vnot untiltill 直到才，只有才 E.g.People do not know the blessing of health until they lose it vnotlong before 很快就，不久就 E.g.It wasnt long before he told us about this affair.vCannottoo无论怎样也不会过分，越越好 E.g.This
45、 cant be stressed too stronglyvtoonot to太 一定会不会不 E.g.He is too wise not to see the reasonvno soonerthan，hardlyscarcelywhen 刚就 E.g.No sooner had he entered the office than the telephone rang v否定词与比较级连用，表示肯定含义，意为最，极其。E.g.I couldnt feel better第49页，本讲稿共65页You cant be _ careful in making the decision as
46、it was such a critical case.A.veryB.quiteC.tooD.soAnswer:C第50页，本讲稿共65页省略句省略句知识点知识点:v简单句中的省略v并列句中的省略v复合句中的省略v特殊的省略结构第51页，本讲稿共65页简单句中的省略简单句中的省略v名词所有格所修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教学或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。E.g.We can meet at Toms.I am thinking of going to the barbers.v在以what,how开头的感叹句中，常常可以省略句子的主语it和系动词be。E.g.What a
47、 wonderful victory（it is)!v如果主语是all one can do,the first(或only)thing to do,what one does to do等形式，作表语的动词不定式用来说明上文do的内容时，不定式符号to可以省略，也可不省略。E.g.All you have to do is(to)go back to work.v在前面出现过的动词在下文再次出现时，可以单独使用动词不定式符号to,表示省略了一个不定式结构。E.g.Will you play with them?-Well,Id love to(play with them).第52页，本讲稿
48、共65页简单句中的省略简单句中的省略v在独立主格结构中的being和having been可以省略。E.g.The work(having been)done,they went home on after another.v用so,not或其他 手段来替代上文或问句中的一部分或整个句意。E.g.Can he do this work?-I think so.-Can you do the job?-I am afraid not.v在某些动作后的宾语补足语和主语补足语中可将to be省略。E.g.The film is thought(to be)very valuable.They fou
49、nd the answer(to be)correct.第53页，本讲稿共65页“Will you come?”“_”A.Im gladB.I should be glad toC.Yes,I amD.Im glad to be comingAnswer:B第54页，本讲稿共65页Have you got a free evening next week?_,lets have dinner.A.If notB.If it notC.If soD.If it soAnswer:C第55页，本讲稿共65页并列句中的省略并列句中的省略v在并列句中，第二分句（或第三、四分句）往往可以省略与前句相同的
50、一些成分。如果相同的成分是谓语动词，可用助动词替代之，也可将谓语动词省略。E.g.Jim came in September but Bob(came)in October.He often regards English as easy and(he often regards)Japanese as difficult.In our class boys like sports,while girls do not(like sports).第56页，本讲稿共65页She traveled abroad and _.A.my friend did tooB.neither did her