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1、美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的
2、利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目录(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释 (Foot
3、notes) (三)参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。 进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作
4、。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。 就算是小报告，也至少应含 (一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期 (二)Summary： 即主要的结论 (三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容 (四)Technical
5、 Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。 (五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论 (六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项 美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改
6、，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。 论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。新编剑桥商务英语（中级）学生用书（经科版）作文范文Unit 2b P26下Dear Ms GoddardWith reference to your letter of November 3, I am writing to thank you fo
7、r your kind invitation.I would be very pleased to accept your invitation to visit Oxford and see Trackplus production facilities. I would also be interested in meeting your colleagues at Head Office, the design team in particular. I should also be delighted to accept your offer of arranging for me t
8、o see a play in the West End.Unfortunately, due to a business trip abroad, I am unable to come to England at the end of November as you suggested.However, as I feel it is important that we meet before Christmas, I would be grateful if you could tell me if the second week of December would be suitabl
9、e for you?I look forward to hearing from you again.Yours sincerelyPaolo FelliniUnit 3a P32下Dear Korinna Re:Order for Faci（） and Cristi ()skirtsThank you for your fax concerning the above skirts.I discussed the problems regarding the two skirts with Mr Hubner during his trip to Italy.The skirt made b
10、y Faci has a slit at the bottom, which might make it difficult if the customer wanted to change the length of the skirt.We therefore agreed that the vendor would have to supply the skirt in two different lengths.Mr Hubner also thought it might be better to leave the two different lengths of the Cris
11、ti skirt.The skirt has a special knitting technique; as a result, it might be difficult if the customer wanted to shorten it.When Mr Hubner left Italy, I thought we had sorted the problems out .I was therefore surprised by your fax cancelling the other sizes.Please let me know if you definitely want
12、 to cancel the other length skirts. As for reducing the total quantinty, I will wait for confirmation of the information about lengths before I contact the vendors.Thanks and best regards.Unit 3a P36Dear Antonella Thank you for your fax. In answer to your queries, I can confirm that the measurements
13、 charts do not need changing and all knitted skirts will now be produced in a standard length. We would like to propose a delivery date of 30 June. Does that suit you?Best regardsKorinnaUnit 3b P37Hi SteveIts good to know that business is going well, of course Ill help! I think Sues idea could be on
14、e solution but wait and lets discuss it together in more detail. How about a meeting on Friday at 10 am in my office? See you then.Barbara Unit 4b P50下Dear Mr DowneI am pleased to be able to invite you to the launch of English Tomorrow.the exciting new multi-level CD-ROM program for business English
15、 learners. English Tomorrow is published by Talk International in cooperation with Bookers Publishers.The official launch will take place at 3pm on 25th July at Tht Royal Bell Hotel. South Harford, Somerset.During the afternoon there will be an opportunity for you to try out the material. Moreover,
16、the designers-Mark Brightman and Sally Waters, and representatives of Bookers Publishers will be present to answer any questions you may have.Yours sincerelyRuth WilliamsPR ManagerUnit 5a P58A comparison of ERS and Worldwide RelocationIntroductionThe aim of this report is to assess which of the two
17、companies, ERS or Worldwide Relocation, would be the most suitable for the relocation of Fenway employees and their families from Seattle to Dublin.FindingsBoth ERS and Worldwide Relocation offer an accommodation and school search services. Both companies can organise visas and work permits. In addi
18、tion to these basic services, ERS also offers removal and shipping assistance whereas Worldwide Relocation offers an integretion programme and assistance with partner employment. The latter is a key requirement for Fenway.ConclusionIt was concluded that both companies go some way to fulfilling Fenwa
19、ys needs, but neither meets all its needs.RecommendationWe would recommend that Worldwide Relocations be chosen to facilitate the relocation process as its services match Fenways requirements more closely than ERS do.Unit 5b P60 上4 place Jean MoulinDear Mr SlaterI am writing to say that, after havin
20、g visited the site, my company is very interested in renting the office premises at 4 place Jean Moulin. However, I would be very grateful if you could give me some further information.Firstly, would it be possible for you to tell me which companies share the site?Could you also tell me how many flo
21、ors there are in the building in total? We are only interested in renting a single floor of the building. Would this be possible?You say the property is near two metro stations. Please can you tell me which they are? I would also like to know where the additional surface car-parking is exactly.I loo
22、k forward to hearing from you soon.Yours sincerelyExam focus P78下To: Sales TeamFrom: Huge Jones, Assistant Sales ManagerUnfortunately, I have to postpone next weeks sales meeting. I have to go to Munich early in the week because Rosemary is ill. Ill be back on Thursday. Could we therefore have our m
23、eeting on Friday at eleven oclock?Unit 6a P86下Ramsden Breweries and Bute Chemicals:Investment PotentialIntroductionThis report aims to assess which company,either Ramsden Breweries or Bute Chemicals, this company should invest in.RamsdenThe company had mixed results last year;although turnover incre
24、ased by approximately 25%, net profit rose by less than 4%. However, restructuring may be able to eliminate these inefficiencies and expected growth in the drinks industry suggests opportunities for increased profits.ButeResults were disappointing, with turnover and profit both falling slightly. Nev
25、ertheless, the company managed to increase its dividend to shareholders. The rumoured merger seems likely to push up the share price considerably.ConclusionDespite the merger rumours, any investment in Bute Chemicals would involve a risk.Ramasden, on the other hand, despite its present inefficiency,
26、 is still profitable and has definite potential for further growth.RecommendationWe would recommend investment in Ramsden Breweries.Unit 6b P90下Environmental performanceIntroductionThis report sets out to compare our environmental performance over the last four years with the targets which we have s
27、et out for next year.Waste reductionThere was an increase in non-hazardous waste three years ago, this was due to by-products resulting from the new processing system. Although the amount has fallen steadily since then it seems unlikely that next years target level will be achieved.In contrast, the
28、introduction of the new waste processing system enabled us to reduce hazardous waste to target levels three years ago.Energy dfficiencyEnergy consumption has decreased steadily and it seems likely that target levels will be reached by next year.ConclusionIn conclusion, the measure taken have led to
29、significant environmental improvements. It is expected that most targets will be achieved or exceeded by next year.Unit 7b P101上MemoTo: All staffFrom: Charles DyerDate: 7 July 2000Re: Smoking policyAs there are only two smokers in this building, they have agreed to smoke outside. However, they will
30、need regular cigarette breaks. Please consider smokers when organising meetings.You are advised to plan breaks at least every two hours.Unit 8a P110To: All staffFrom: Roger HargreavesRe: ExpensesMay I remind all stsff that you need to include receipts with all expenses claims. Claims will not be acc
31、epted without receipts. Expenses are now all paid by cheque rather than in cash and it will take approximately two weeks to process each claim.Thank you.Unit 9b P126下To: all managersSubject: Staff AppraisalsI would like to remind you that you should be holding your staff appraisals this month. Once
32、you have completed them could you please send me a copy of each report? If you would like to use an interview room please remember to reserve it in advance. Thank you.英语作文常用谚语、俗语1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。 2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。 3、
33、All rivers run into sea. 海纳百川。 4、All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。 5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。 6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。 7、Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 8、A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音难觅。 9、A friend in need is a friend indeed.
34、 患难见真情。 10、A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友难，失朋友易。 11、A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。 12、A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。 13、A good book is a good friend. 好书如挚友。 14、A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。 15、A mothers love never changes. 母爱永恒。 16、An apple a day keeps the
35、doctor away. 一天一苹果，不用请医生。 17、A single flower does not make a spring. 一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。 18、A years plan starts with spring. 一年之计在于春。 19、A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。 20、Better late than never. 不怕慢，单怕站。 21、By reading we enrich the mind.读书使人充实，22、Care and diligence bring luck. 谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。
36、23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success. 自信是走向成功的第一步。 24、Custom is a second nature. 习惯是后天养成的。 25、Custom makes all things easy. 有个好习惯，事事皆不难。 26、Doing is better than saying. 与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。 27、Do nothing by halves. 凡事不可半途而废。 28、Dont put off till tomorrow what should be done
37、 today. 今日事，今日毕。 29、Dont trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自找麻烦。 30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起身体好。 31、Easier said than done. 说得容易，做得难。32、Easy come, easy go. 来也匆匆，去也匆匆。 33、Eat to live, but not live to eat. 人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。 34、Every man ha
38、s his faults. 金无足赤，人无完人。 35、Every man is the architect of his own fortune. 自己的命运自己掌握。 36、Every minute counts. 分秒必争。37、Each coin has two sides. 38、Fact speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 39、Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。 40、God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。41、Health is better than
39、 wealth. 健康胜过财富。 42、Honesty is the best policy. 做人诚信为本。 43、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. 抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。 44、It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。 45、Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量46、Like mother, like daughter. 有其母必有其女。 47、No pain， no gain.（不劳无获。）48、You never know till you have tried. 不尝试
40、，不知晓。49、An idle youth, a needy age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。50、Diligence is the mother of success.勤奋是成功之母。51、Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起，使人健康、富裕和聪颖。52、Experience is the best teacher.经验是最好的教师。53、Nothing in the world is difficult if you set your mind to it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。
41、54、Where theres a will, theres a way. 有志者事竟成。55、Practice makes perfect （熟能生巧。）56、Pride goes before a fall（骄傲必败。）Superstar and IIts common that many students are crazy about those singers and actors. However, liyundi, a pianist, is the superstar in my heart. He is a man of few words and he even looks
42、 like the greatest pianistChopin. When listening to his music , I can get rid of everything noisy around. Whats more, I can feel his strong love for music. Rome wasnt built in one day. He achieved the great success through huge effort. I can learn from him that we should never give up to realize our
43、 dreams.Superstar and IHer name first appeared as a joke then like a wonder. She is Susan Boyle, the superstar in my heart. Although shes not beautiful, her voice and spirit moved all the audience, including me. The song I dreamed a dream that she sang touched everyones heart who had a dream and wanted to realize it. She taught me how to go on my dreams as well as never to give up. She is like a sunshine that gives me hope. Where there is a will, there is a way.