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1、下面我们对一些在英语写作中典型的病句实例逐一加以剖析一 不一致（Disagreements）所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等例 When one have money ,he can do what he want to .(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么)剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has ;同理，want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致改为：Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)二 修饰语错位（Misplaced Modifiers）英语与汉语不同，
2、同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解例 I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus. 剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末三 句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生例 There are many ways to
3、 know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on . 剖析：本句后半部分for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句改为：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.四 悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers）所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清例如：At the age
4、 of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中at the age of ten只点出十岁时，但没有说明” 谁”十岁时按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了改为：When I was ten, my grandfather died.例 To do well in college, good grades are essential.剖析：句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚改为：To do well in college, a student needs good
5、 grades.五 词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等例 None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。改为：None can deny the importance of money.六 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句：Mary was friendly to my sister beca
6、use she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。)读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself. 剖析：句中人称代词we 和反身代词you
7、rself指代不一致。改为： We can also know society by serving it ourselves.七 不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。例 There are many ways we get to know the outside world. 剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。改为：There are many ways for us to
8、learn about the outside world. 或：There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world八 措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。例 The increasing use of chemical obstacles in
9、 agriculture also makes pollution.(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。改为：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.九 累赘(Redundancy)言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的
10、不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。如：In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：In spite of his laziness, I like him.例 For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need. 剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。 改为： Diligent,
11、caring people use money only to buy what they need.十 不连贯(Incoherence) 不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。例 The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. 剖析：The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。改为：Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.十一 综合性语言错误(Comprehensiv
12、e Misusage)所谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十种错误以外，还有诸如时态，语态，标点符号，大小写等方面的错误。例1Today, Money to everybody is very importance, ours eat, cloth, live, go etc.1.句子成分残缺不全 We always working till late at night before taking exams。(误) We are always working /We always work till late at night before taking exams(正) We should
13、 read books may be useful to us. (误) We should read books which may be useful to us. (正) 2.句子成分多余 This test is end, but there is another test is waiting for you. (误) One test ends, but another is waiting for you. (正) The driver of the red car was died on the spot. (误) The driver of the red car died
14、on the spot. (正) 3.主谓不一致 Someone/Somebody think that reading should be selective. (误) Some think that reading should be selective. (正) My sister go to the cinema at least once a week. (误) My sister goes to the cinema at least once a week. (正) 4.动词时态、语态的误用 I was walking along the road, and there are
15、not so many cars on the street. (误) I was walking along the road and there were not so many vehicles on the street. (正) We have little time to read some books which we interest. (误) We have little time to read some books in which we are interested. (正) I am a student who has studying in the college
16、for two years. (误) I have been studying in the college for two years(正) 5.词类混淆 It is my point that reading must be selectively. (误) In my opinion, reading must be selective. (正) Honest is so important for everyperson. (误) Honesty is so important for everyone. (正) The old man was hit by a car when he
17、 across the street. (误) The old man was hit by a car when he was crossing the street. (正) 汉语和英语中有许多和动物相关的词汇。由于中西方文化的差异，英汉两种语言中的动物词汇也传达出不同的含义。汉语中“狗”常用在含贬义的词语中，如“狐朋狗友”、“狗嘴吐不出象牙”；而英语中的dog常常被视为人类的伴侣和爱物，常用来比喻人或人的生活，比如top dog（有优势的人、团体），see dog（老练的水手）等。又比如，龙在中国人的心中占有崇高的地位，和龙相关的词语多是褒义。而在英语中，dragon常含有贬义，比如dr
18、agons teeth用来指“相互争斗的根源”，the Old Dragon用来指“魔鬼”。再如，汉语说“非驴非马”，英语却说Neither fish nor fowl；英语说to work like a horse，汉语中则用“老黄牛”来形容辛勤工作的人。下面，我们就进一步详细地分类列举一些和动物相关的词汇的有趣翻译。 1 直译汉英动物词汇中也有相似的比喻含义，可以相互直译。例如：鸭蛋（零分） ducks egg井底之蛙，不知大海 The frog in the well knows nothing of the great ocean.2 意译（1）把一种语言中的动物译为另一种语言中的另一
19、种动物例如：吹牛 talk horse鸡皮疙瘩 goose bumps热锅上的蚂蚁 a cat on hot bricks狐假虎威 an ass in a lions skin（2）借用英汉语言中都存在某种固定表达，虽然译语不一定是动物词汇，但译语的比喻义完全与源语言相同。例如：to teach fish to swim 班门弄斧One swallow does not make a spring. 一枝独秀不是春。A crow is never the whiter for washing herself often. 江山易改，本性难移。（3）将动物词汇翻译成人或物直接将动物词汇的比喻意翻译出来而忽略其字面含义。例如：a horse of another color 那完全是另一回事black dog 沮丧yellow dog 卑鄙的人I hate those persons who like to make others cats paws. 我讨厌那些利用别人的人。（4）将动物词汇转化为普通动词动物词汇作动词时，就是在利用动物的形象来表达一定的动词性质的意义，从而使语言更加形象生动。例如：to worm ones confidence 骗取某人的信任horse on him 作弄他to dog ones steps 追随某人